An analysis of the use of inversion in jane eyre

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A Thesis AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF INVERSION IN “JANE EYRE” PHÂN TÍCH CÁCH DÙNG ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “JANE EYRE” MAI THỊ HỒNG NHUNG Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung Hanoi - 2021 HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A Thesis AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF INVERSION IN “JANE EYRE” PHÂN TÍCH CÁCH DÙNG ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “JANE EYRE” MAI THỊ HỒNG NHUNG Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung Hanoi - 2021 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF INVERSION IN “JANE EYRE” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2021 MAI THỊ HỒNG NHUNG Approved by SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung Date: …………………… ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung, who has supported and helped me with his suggestions and insightful comments all these months in this difficult undertaking of writing a Master Thesis My thanks also are sent to all the teachers of Ha Noi Open University who have taught me with all their heart in unforgettable two years They have directly or indirectly contributed to the completion of this research I would also like to give my thanks to friends for their constructive opinions who willingly participated in my study and became part of it So that I could finish this paper in time Last but not least, I must thank my family for the support they provided me during this period Ha Noi, 2021 MAI THỊ HỒNG NHUNG ABSTRACT Inversion is a special grammatical phenomenon which is related to word order in sentences At the sentence level, inversion is strictly governed by syntactical rules This study aims to find out the use of inversion structure in the novel "Jane Eyre" by Bro nte basing on the theoretical framework by Halliday and Hasan (1976) Firstly, the study analyzed the use of inversion structure in novel Jane Eyre to be aware of the role of inversion in discourse that the speakers emphasize their ideas in English Secondly, the thesis pointed out that inversion constructions help to create a fertile environment for textual cohesion, where cohesive devices tend to be used for discourse connection Moreover, the thesis is a useful resource for businesses, employees, teachers, and students who are interested in writing in the workplace and in communication and overcoming these problems There are questions in the study They are: Which forms of inversion are used in “Jane Eyre”? What are the discourse functions of English inversion in the novel? What are some suggestions for studying inversion in English? With the main methods are the descriptive method with quantitative and qualitative approach Quantitative method can involve collecting quantitative information, involves gathering mass of raw data from different powerful sources Furthermore, among different types of inversion structure, subject – predicator inversion is accounted in this novel with 111 cases and Subject – verb operator appears 394 times in the total, which shows that the text is highly cohesive The research findings show that inversion structures are used in a very high rate to express the strong idea and connect the text together as well as textual cohesion and thematic development In other words, inversion structures are used in the novel helps depict the writing style of literary documents in general and of Jane Eyre in particular LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A Adverbial A N Negative adverbial A only Adverbial beginning with only A place Adverbial of place Be Be as verb C Complement Op Operator Q-element Clause element containing the Q- word Q-word Interrogative word S Subject S1 The subject in the first clause S2 The subject in the second clause E.g For example Square brackets ( ) enclosing a number indicate the number of the example used LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 3.1 : 58 TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate o originality i Acknowledgements ii Table of contents iii Abstract iv List of abbreviations v List of tables and figures Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 10 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 11 1.3 Research questions 11 1.4 Methods of the study 12 1.5 Scope of the study 13 1.6 Significance of the study 14 1.7 Structure of the study 14 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Review of previous studies 15 2.2 Theoretical background 15 2.2.1 The concept of discourse 15 2.2.1.1 What is discourse? 15 2.2.1.2 Discourse versus text 16 2.2.1.3 Spoken and written discourse 17 + Spoken discourse + Written discourse 2.2.1.4 Discourse and the sentence 19 2.2.1.5 The role of grammar in discourse 19 2.2.2 The concept of cohesion 20 2.2.2.1 What is cohesion? 2.2.2.2 Cohesion and coherence 20 2.2.2.3 Grammatical cohesion 21 2.2.2.4 Lexical cohesion 22 + repetition + synonymy + contextual synonymy + meronymy + collocation + general words 2.2.3 The concept of inversion 23 2.2.3.1 What is inversion? 23 2.2.3.2 Operator 24 2.2.3.3 Inversion & Theme - Rheme structure 25 2.2.4 The role of inversion in discourse structure 27 2.2.5 Inversion as a source of cohesion in discourse 28 2.2.6 Stylistic features of inversion 28 2.3 Classification of Inversion 29 2.3.1 Subject – Verb Inversion 29 2.3.1.1 Inversion with the initial here 29 2.3.1.2 Inversion with the initial there 30 2.3.1.3 Inversion in reported speech 32 2.3.1.4 Inversion in formulae 33 2.3.1.5 Inversion with initial adverbials (of place) 33 2.3.2 Subject – operator inversion 34 2.3.2.1 Inversion in questions 34 2.3.2.2 Inversion in command with question tags 38 2.3.2.3 Inversion in exclamations 39 2.3.2.4 Inversion in statements 39 + Inversion in sentence with ―if‖ + Inversion after ―as‖ + Inversion after ―neither, nor‖ + Inversion after ―so‖ + Inversion after adverbials with initial ―only‖ 2.3.2.5 Inversion in negative adverbials 42 + Inversion after ―Seldom, Rarely, Never‖ + Inversion after adverbials containing the word ―No‖ 2.4 Summary 44 Chapter 3: THE USE OF INVERSION IN “JANE EYRE” 3.1 Forms of inversion used in “Jane Eyre” 46 3.1.1 Subject – predicator inversion 46 3.1.2 Subject – operator inversion 48 3.1.2.1 In questions 48 3.1.2.2 In statements 52 3.2 The discourse functions of English inversion in the novel 59 3.2.1 Creating anaphoric grammatical cohesion 59 3.2.2 Creating cataphoric grammatical cohesion 60 3.2.3 Creating lexical cohesion 61 3.2.4 The dual function of the initial element 64 3.2.5 The role of inversion in thematic development 64 3.3 Implication of the study for the effective learning of inversion in English 66 3.4 Summary 67 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 69 4.1 Recapitulation 69 4.2 Concluding remarks 70 4.3 Limitation of the research 71 4.4 Recommendations/Suggestions for further research 72 REFERENCES 73 10 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation In conclusion, inversion as a syntactical phenomenon occurs quite frequently in modern English It is considered one of the linguistically- specified formal devices In a word, it can be claimed that there is diversity in the usages of English inversion My study expresses a thorough look into the research on inversion structures in the novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte, in which, a variety of issues are addressed First, some relevant theoretical concepts including definition, classification, grammatical functions of English inversion as well as the role of inversion in discourse structure The study also made attempts to find out the frequency of inversion in the novel "Jane Eyre" and the discourse functions of English inversion in this novel Each part of the study is mentioned its own content The INTRODUCTION is about rationale, aims, methods, scope, and the design of the study In the DEVELOPMENT, chapter two presents theoretical background, including the concept of discourse, the concept of cohesion, the concept of inversion, the role of inversion in discourse structure, stylistic features of inversion and classification of inversion Chapter three is about the use of inversion in the novel "Jane Eyre" Besides, the study is also talk about the discourse functions of English inversion in the novel The researcher also supplies some effective ways of learning inversion in English for all learners The CONCLUSION summaries all parts in the study, there are recapitulation, concluding remarks, limitation of the research and suggestions for further research In recapitulation, I talk about the duration of the research In concluding remarks states the results of the research The limitation of the research shows about shortcomings of the research Recommendations/Suggestions for further research is included in this part In short, the researcher really hopes to receive readers support and comments in order to make the study more effective Due to limitation of my knowledge and time, this paper could not go through all the aspects of inversion, just some discourse functions of English inversion are discussed in this novel So, in order to get a more comprehensive understanding, the researcher wishes that in the future the researcher would like to continue studying inversion but in other aspects that is “inversion in some English famous literature works” 4.2 Concluding remarks 67 No one can deny that English, like any other languages, is an interesting but difficult language The difficulty implies not only in remembering new words but also in connecting words into sentences Therefore, mastering English grammar is definitely important because grammar tells the learners rules to put words in the right order, so that they are able to demonstrate their ideas clearly in the target language Vietnamese learners of English in general find a lot of difficulties in the process of mastering English grammar because there are no equivalents in English and Vietnamese grammar in most of the cases Among, English inversion is a typical type which is acknowledged to cause many problems for learners in learning and using it With the hope to help English majors of learners to cope with these problems, I have made up my mind to choose the title “An analysis of inversion in Jane Eyre” as the objective of my study So far, in this study, I have discussed in details “the use of inversion in Jane Eyre” The analysis and comment on them provide learners with the basic knowledge about the matter At this point, the research on “the use of inversion in Jane Eyre” has been finished Now we shall sum up the results of the study Part one is “Introduction” including five sub sections They are rationale, aims of the study, methods of the study, scope of the study, and design of the study Part two is “theoretical background”, This chapter is classified into two sections to deal with different kinds of inversion “Subject–verb inversion and Subject–operator inversion” There are two types of inversion: subject-operator inversion and subject – predicator inversion in which the operator or the predicator precedes the subject 31 cases of inversion are found to be used in the four main syntactic classes namely statements, questions, commands The operator or predicator also comes before the subject in several English formulaic sentences Inversion is embedded within some structures In a number of cases, inverted word order can be regarded as variations of the normal word orders, resulting in prominence and emphasis These are marked word orders, which are motivated to some extent by marked Theme, end-weight or end –focus One remarkable point is that English appears to allowed for the initial placement of certain sentence elements causing inversion such as negative adverbials or semi- negative adverbials Inversion is common in ordinary English in questions, commands with questions tags and after “here”- “there”, “neither”, “nor”, “so”; other uses of inversion are formal, literary or rhetorical: in addition, some are journalistic and some are even archaic In chapter is “the use of inversion in Jane 68 Eyre” In the novel "Jane Eyre", there are 505 inversion sentences, in which, Subject – predicator inversion is accounted in this novel with 111 cases and Subject – verb operator appears 394 times in the total Also, the discourse functions of English inversion in the novel are analyzed It creates anaphoric grammatical cohesion, cataphoric grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion and the role of inversion in thematic development The researcher listed some solutions to these problems suggestions and the last part is “Conclusion Nevertheless, I emphasize studying inversion in sentences This thesis may be considered as my first step in language research, and due to the short time as well as limited knowledge, mistakes and errors are unavoidable So the graduation paper has left room for further discussion, criticism and improvement by those who concern All remarks, comments, suggestions and contribution are deeply welcome and highly appreciated 4.3 Limitation of the research Although great efforts have been made, this research paper certainly cannot avoid shortcomings and still leaves much to be desired The topic under investigation may not have been thoroughly analyzed as it should have been due to the lack of time In addition, the materials supporting the thesis are rather limited, which makes a challenge for the researcher to reach a much more convincing conclusion Moreover, there are a lot of interesting and famous examples of inversion in other genres such as prose, drama but the researcher cannot study them all This research paper concentrates only on inversion in English in “Jane Eyre” Finally, this study has been an attempt at finding out the cases of English inversion in “Jane Eyre” No attempt has been made to analyze units on a higher level than the sentence This does not mean that inversion is not related to larger units of language On the contrary, inversion does have discourse value, it serves as a syntactic device that reflects discourse structure In other words, inversion can be viewed from the angle of pragmatics 4.4 Recommendations/Suggestions for further research Although this study exists many mistakes and limitation for the lack of experience and knowledge of the writer, I still feel satisfy with what I have done in this study, a small effort to make the English learning process become more interesting With the hope that the study can go further in detail in latter time, If I have a chance, I certainly would like 69 to another research of not only inversion in English but also Vietnamese equivalent Or I will do: - investigations into linguistic features of inversion used in newspapers or magazines - investigations into semantic features 70 of inversion used in poems References English sources ALG Alexander, LG (1988) Longman English Grammar London and New York: Long man Alexander, LG (1988) Longman English Grammar London and New York: Long man BHV Buu, Ha Van Undated A descriptive English grammar Youth publish house BRJ Bell, Roger J(1991) Translation ád translating Theory and Practice London: Longman Group Limited CAM Mc Carthy.M (1991) Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers: Cambridge University Press Carthy, M.M (1993)Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers CG Cook Guy (1999) Discourse London: Oxford University Press EAJ Eastwood, John (1994) Oxford Guide to English Grammar Oxford: Oxford University Press Eastwood, John (1994) Oxford Guide to English Grammar Oxford: Oxford University Press 10 Firbas, J(1972) On the interplay of prosodic and non- prosodic means of functional sentence perspective Oxford University Press 11 Galperin , I R English stylistics/ Ed.by L.R Todd M Librocom 2018 12 GGYG Brown, Gillian &Yule, George (1983) Discourse Analysis Cambridge University Press 13 Halliday M.A.K & Hasan R (1976) Cohesion in English Longman 14 Halliday, M.A.K (1985) An Introduction to Functional Grammar Edward Arnold 15 Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë 1869 16 Lang, Andrew (1844 – 1912): “The Bronze Ring”- The Blue Fairy Book 17 MR Murphy, Raymond (1985) English grammar in use Cambridge University Press 18 Murphy, Raymond (1985) English grammar in use Cambridge University Press 19 NUD Nunan, David (1993) Introducing Discourse Analysis: Penguin English 20 Peter Cullicover and Levine (1991) Topicalization, inversion, and complementizers in English 71 21 Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, Sidney (1973) A university grammar of English London: Longman 22 SWM Swan, Michael (1980) Practical English Usage, Oxford University 23 Thomson, AJ and Martinet, AV (1985) A practical English grammar London: Oxford University Press 24 Tran Thi Hong Hanh [2010], a research on English inversion and difficulties encountered by English majors of Hai Phong Private University MA thesis 25 Vu Thi Mai Que (2007), a study on inversion in English discourse and its pedagogical implication and a case study at the faculty of English, HaNoi open university.M.A thesis 26 WIH Widdowson, H (1977) Explorations in Applied Linguistics Cambridge University Press Vietnamese sources 27 Ban, Diep Quang (1989) Ngu Phap Tieng Viet Pho Thong, Volume Ha Noi: Education and Publishing house 28 Hồ Ngọc Trung (2012) House Phép tiếng Anh Social Sciences Publishing 29 Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa (2004) Khảo sát cấu trúc- ngữ nghĩa tượng đảo ngữ tiếng Anh tiếng Việt PhD disertation 72 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC MỞ HÀ NỘI CỘNG HOÀ XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập – Tự – Hạnh phúc Hà Nội, ngày 19 tháng năm 2021 BẢN GIẢI TRÌNH (Về nội dung bổ sung, sửa chữa luận văn theo góp ý Hội đồng) Kính gửi: Trường Đại học Mở Hà Nội Tên là: Mai Thị Hồng Nhung Sinh ngày:06-12-1979 Khóa học: 2019-2021 Hình thức đào tạo: Chính quy Sau thực bổ sung, sửa chữa luận văn theo góp ý Hội đồng, đến tơi chỉnh sửa hồn thiện luận văn thạc sĩ với đề tài: “ An analysis of the use of inversion in Jane Eyre” Ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 22 02 01 Sau nội dung bổ sung, sửa chữa luận văn: 73 Những thiếu sót, vấn đề cần Stt sung học viên (nội bổ sung, sửa chữa theo Nội dung sửa chữa, bổ Mục Trang dung không tiếp nhận xét phản biện thu góp ý Hội đồng nêu rõ lý do) Phần Abstract viết lại Phần mục tiêu số 11 sát hướng luận câu hỏi số giữ văn ngun em đưa thêm phần cơng cụ tìm kiếm.Phần mềm Finding –microsoft giúp em tìm kiếm ví dụ tiểu thuyết phục vụ việc tra cứu phân tích mẫu câu luận văn xác triệt để Lỗi đánh máy phần mục 12 3.1.2 58 lục sửa Phương pháp thu thập liệu thêm vào phần 1.4 Sau bảng 3.1 có phần giải thích Đã dùng phần mềm “Sort” để xếp lại trật tự tài liệu tham khảo Những thiếu sót, Stt vấn đề cần sung học viên (nội bổ sung, sửa chữa theo Nội dung sửa chữa, bổ thu góp ý Hội đồng nêu rõ lý do) Đã sửa phần đề mục approach Trang dung không tiếp nhận xét phản biện research Mục 12 and research methods CHỦ TỊCH HỘI ĐỒNG (Ký, ghi rõ họ tên) GIÁO VIÊN HƯỚNG DẪN (Ký, ghi rõ họ tên) Hồ Ngọc Trung HỌC VIÊN (Ký, ghi rõ họ tên) Mai Thị Hồng Nhung TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC MỞ HÀ NỘI HỘI ĐỒNG ĐÁNH GIÁ LUẬN VĂN CỘNG HOÀ XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập - Tự - Hạnh phúc QUYẾT NGHỊ CỦA HỘI ĐỒNG ĐÁNH GIÁ LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Căn Quyết định số 4339/QĐ-ĐHM ngày 27 tháng 08 năm 2021 Hiệu trưởng Trường Đại học Mở Hà Nội việc thành lập Hội đồng đánh giá luận văn thạc sĩ cho học viên: Mai Thị Hồng Nhung Sinh ngày: 06/12/1990 Tên đề tài luận văn: An analysis of the use of inversion in “Jane Eyre” Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8220201 Hội đồng đánh giá luận văn thạc sĩ họp hồi hồi 15 30 phút, ngày 10 tháng 09 năm 2021 Trường Đại học Mở Hà Nội Sau nghe học viên trình bày tóm tắt luận văn thạc sĩ, phản biện đọc nhận xét, học viên trả lời câu hỏi, Hội đồng họp, trao đổi ý kiến thống nghị: - Tên đề tài Phù hợp với chuyên ngành nội dung nghiên cứu - Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Phương pháp nghiên cứu cần viết cụ thể - Kết nghiên cứu Kết nghiên cứu có ý nghĩa thực tiễn khoa học - Ý nghĩa thực tiễn Một phần quan trọng nghiên cứu, mức độ đó, góp phần vào trình dạy học tiếng Anh cách hiệu Hầu hết kết trình bày rõ ràng nên có giá trị độ tin cậy cao - Ý nghĩa khoa học Đề tài có ý nghĩa khoa học - Những điểm học viên cần chỉnh sửa + Học viên cần chỉnh sửa theo góp ý tất thành viên Hội đồng + Cần sửa abstract cho phù hợp với nội dung + Phương pháp nghiên cứu cần viết cụ thể +Câu hỏi nghiên cứu chưa phù hợp với nội dung nghiên cứu + Sửa lại bảng 3.1 cho phù hợp + Tài liệu tham khảo cần sửa chuẩn - Kết luận Hội đồng Nghiên cứu mang đến nhiều điểm mới, có giá trị độ tin cậy cao Nghiên cứu đáp ứng điều kiện luận văn thạc sĩ sau chỉnh sửa theo góp ý hai phản biện thành viên hội ðồng Luận văn đạt 8.3/10 điểm Quyết nghị tất thành viên có mặt Hội đồng trí thơng qua THƯ KÝ HỘI ĐỒNG TS Lê Thị Minh Thảo CHỦ TỊCH HỘI ĐỒNG PGS.Phan Văn Quế HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH EXAMINER’S REPORT ON MASTER THESIS Candidate’s information Full name: MAI THỊ HỒNG NHUNG Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Thesis title: AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF INVERSION IN “JANE EYRE” Examiner’s information Full name: Nguyen Thi Van Dong Faculty/University: Hanoi Open University Contact: 0989146035 Evaluation and comments on the candidate’s work General comments The thesis has provided a sufficiently comprehensive investigation of the topic It is Analysis of the use of inversion in ―Jane Eyre” The methodology adopted is properly justified and applied that shows the writer‟s deep understanding and good preparation for the study The findings suitably displayed and accompanied by adequate exposition and interpretation The conclusion on the subject shows great implications appropriately developed and clearly linked to the nature and content of the research framework and findings The study as a whole has a significant contribution to knowledge in the subject area to which it deals with Merits and Demerits in terms of the thesis content and format Merits: The study has attained some significance in theory and practice The content of the chapters is logically structured and the materials are well selected The writer has succeeded in contributing to the field of linguistics, especially in the field of studying the use of inversion The thesis shows a suitable format for a MA thesis Demerits 1) The abstract doesn‟t match the content of the study 2) The name of chapter in The table of content needs to be edited It is “inversions”, not “invention” 3) The objective of the study is not clear, it‟s on “Inversion structures”, “the discourse functions of English inversion”, “forms of inversion used” or “the use of inversion” Research question should be reconsidered 4) Data collection method should be mentioned and explained more clearly 5) The author has not given the meaning of the numbers in Table 3.1 6) The Reference has not been presented according to the prescribed standards 7) The study still contains a number of grammatical, dictation and expression mistakes that need to be reviewed and corrected Questions What does "Meronymy" in page 24 mean? How is cohesion applied when analyzing "Inversion" in "Jane Eyre"? Does "Inversion" have any value in "Jane Eyre"? If your answer is “yes”, why? Conclusion I agree that the thesis could be submitted for further evaluation to get the Master‟s Degree in English Linguistics when all the weak points pointed out have been avoided Hanoi, th September, 2021 Examiner Nguyễn Thị Vân Đông HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY EXAMINER’S REPORT Candidate: MAI THI HONG NHUNG Title of Thesis: AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF INVERSION IN “JANE EYRE” Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Examiner: Pham Lan Anh, PhD Date: 7/9/2021 On examining the dissertation, I have the following comments:       In general, this is an impressive study on discourse functions of inversion in the work “Jane Eyer” The title and contents of the research are relevant to the field of study The study was conducted with clear aims and good research questions The literature review is an attempt to provide the theoretical framework for the study It covers the key concepts of inversion in a syntax-discourse interface In terms of methodology, the candidate combined qualitative and quantitative methods, which enabled the candidate to construct the analytical framework for the study In the final part of the thesis, a summary of the study and the recommendations based on the main findings are provided, followed by the limitations Regarding the written presentation, the thesis is a satisfactory piece of an academic writing style However, there still exist awkward expressions and typo mistakes here and there Areas for improvement The thesis, however, has several points for considerations as follows,  The abstract does not seem to reflect the contents of the thesis The candidate claims to employ corpus to process the data but in the research methodology section, no information on this is elaborated Furthermore, the candidate mentions that “Based on a corpus of natural examples of inversion found in English discourse, adopting descriptive method and method of discourse analysis, the article will investigate discourse functions of English inversion in the areas of textual cohesion and thematic development.”; whereas the aims of the study are stated as analyzing the use of inversion and its discourse function in the novel “Jane Eyre” to help the Vietnamese learners of English better understand the use of inversion at the discourse level  The third objective and the third research question should be removed since no research tools were employed to seek the data answering this research question Rather, the implications should be drawn out in the Conclusion     There is a confusion between research approach and research methods Descriptive methods should be justified under the subsection Research methods while quantitative and quantitative should be described as approach The candidate should specify the research tools used in this study, namely document analysis, descriptive statistics and the data collection instrument like corpus to detect inversion structures It‟s better if the candidate can discuss the findings, comparing and contrasting with the results from the existing research referred in the literature review The references not follow APA style and there is a mismatch/inconsistence in presenting the entries The work should be in italics There should be an appendix for the raw data extracted by the corpus software Conclusion Overall, this is a good piece of work and the candidate is recommended to be awarded the Master degree after revising the dissertation as recommended by the board of examiners Question: How did you collect and analyze the data? How did you use corpus software? Examiner Phạm Lan Anh, PhD