Roles of socio economic cultural and technical factors in on farm agro biodiversity via farmers seed choice

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: “ROLES OF SOCIO- ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND TECHNICAL FACTORS IN ON- FARM _AGRO-BIODIVERSITY VIA FARMER’S SEED CHOICE” Student : Tran Thi Thanh Van Student code : 611747 Class : K61KHCTT Supervisor : Msc Nguyen Thi Phuong Department : Horticulture and Landscaping Hanoi, 2021 CONFIRMATION I confirm that the research on assessing roles of different socio-economic, cultural and technical factors in on- farm _agro-biodiversity via farmer’s seed choice is the result of my own research and has never been published in any work of others During the implementation process of this project, I have seriously taken research ethics and all findings of this project are results of my own work; all references in this project are clearly cited according to the official regulations I bear full responsibility for the fidelity of the numbers, data and other contents of my research project Hanoi 28, February 2021 Author Tran Thi Thanh Van i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To conduct my undergraduate thesis, the work would not have been done without the help and support from my respectful people Foremost, I am deeply grateful to my supervisor, MSc Nguyen Thi Phuong, Department of Horticulture and Landscaping - Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture for her help throughout my undergraduate thesis Her advice, guidance, professionalism, and understanding of the scientific process have greatly contributed to my learning experience Without their substantial support, it would be impossible to conduct this thesis My sincere thanks also go to teachers in the Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, whose encouragement, guidance and inspiration supported me during my time at the university Besides that, I am thankful to my dear classmates, the advanced crop science class (KHCTT, K61), for all the time we had within these five years Last but not least, special thanks are given to my parents for all their help, encouragement and love over the years Thank you sincerely Hanoi 28, February 2021 Author Tran Thi Thanh Van ii CONTENTS CONFIRMATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii CONTENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS vi TABLE OF FIGURE vii ABTRACT ix PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objective and requirement 1.2.1 Objective 1.2.2 Requirement PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The importance of vegetable production to the socio-economic development 2.1.1 Origin of vegetable crops 2.2 The value of vegetables 2.2.1 The economic value of vegetables 2.2.2 Nutritional value of vegetable crops 2.2.3 The Social value of vegetables 12 2.3 Vegetable production and consumption 14 2.3.1 Vegetable production and consumption in the world 14 2.3.2 Vegetable production and consumption in Vietnam 18 2.4 The role of vegetable crops in ensuring food security and nutrition 21 2.4.1 Food Security Through Production of Vegetables 21 PART III MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 3.1 Object and Materials research 23 3.2 Experiment site and research time 23 iii 3.3 Research Contents 23 3.4 Research methods 24 3.4.1 Evaluating the importance of socio-economic and technical factors in driving on-farm agro-biodiversity (with a focus on vegetables) via the seed choice of farmers 24 3.4.2 Farmer’s choice in seed procurement in different ethnic groups 24 3.4.3.Evaluate the performance of the bush common bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) from two seed sources: local seed and improved seed 25 3.5 Measurements 26 3.6 Data analysis 27 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 4.1 Evaluating the importance of socio-economic, cultural and technical factors in on-farm agro-biodiversity (with a focus on vegetables) via the seed choice of farmers 28 4.1.1 Vegetables group 29 4.1.2 Soybeans 36 4.1.3 Grain crops 36 4.1.4.Other crops 46 4.2.Vegetable production and farmer’s seed choice in ethnic minority farmers (Dao and Thai) in Sapa – Lao Cai and Mai Son – Son La 54 4.3 Interview farmers in Hung Yen to determine the decision in farmer’s seed choice 58 4.4.Evaluation of growth and development of two bush common bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) 64 4.4.1 Testing the germination rate of two bush common bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) in laboratory 64 iv 4.4.2 Growth and development of two bush common bean varieties from two seed sources (local and improved seed) on-field 67 4.4.3.Ability to grow stems of local and improve varieties grown in the field in Hanoi, in Autunm-Winter season 2020-2021 68 PART V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 71 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 71 PART IV: REFERENCE 73 STATISTIC 78 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Table 2.1 Chemical composition of vegetables (content per100 g) 11 Table 4.1 Summary of studies on vegetables seed system interventions categorized according to their entries in the impact pathways 30 Table 4.2 Summary of studies on cereal seed system interventions categories according to their entry in the impact pathways 37 Table 4.3 Summary of studies on the others crops seed system interventions categories according to their entry in the impact pathways 46 Table 4.4 Vegetables crops grown in the field and garden of Dao and Thai ethnics people and the ratio of farmers planted 55 Table 4.5 The relation between land size, farmers age, purpose and vegetables types of Kinh people in Hung Yen province 62 Figure 4.4 The seed germination rate of bush common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) from two seed sources: local seed and improved seed that were sourced in Gia Lam – Hanoi 64 Tables 4.6 The growth and development indicators of the bush common bean varieties sourced from two seed sources: local seed and improved seed in Gia Lam – Hanoi in autumn -winter season, 2020 67 vi TABLE OF FIGURE Figure 2.1 Comparison of global production of primary vegetables in 2008 and 2018, by major regions (Source: FAO,2018) Figure 2.2 The growth rate of Vietnam Fruits and Vegetable market Figure 2.3 Global production volume of vegetables from 2000 to 2018 15 Figure 2.4 Vegetable production for export of some nations in the world 15 Figure 2.5 Vegetable production for import of some nations in the world 17 Figure 2.6 The global vegetable production in 2019 17 Figure 2.7 The export value of fruits and vegetables in 2016-2018 18 Figure 2.8 Top 10 markets that Vietnam exports most fruit and vegetables in July (Source: General Department of Customs,2020) 19 Figure 2.9 Vegetable, fruits and other commodities’ export turnovers in the first quarter of 2020 (Source: General Department of Customs, 2020) 20 Figure 4.1 The crop groups according to distribution areas 29 Figure 4.2 The relationship between seed type and land area, main purpose and the age of farmers in Sapa 58 Figure 4.3 The types of vegetables grown and percentage of household interviewed in Hung Yen 60 Figure 4.5 Seed germination of two bush common bean varieties from two seed sources: local seed and improved seed, which were sown without water treatment 65 Figure 4.6 Seed germination of two bush common bean varieties from two seed sources: local seed and improved seed, which were treated with cold water prior to sowing 66 vii Figure 4.7 Seed germination of two bush common bean varieties from two seed sources: local seed and improved seed, which were treated with warm water prior to sowing 66 Figure 4.8 The plant height (cm) of the bush common bean crop grown from two sources of seed: local seed and improved seed in Gia Lam – Hanoi 68 Figure 4.9 The plant width (cm) of the bush common bean crop grown from two sources of seed: local seed and improved seed in Gia Lam – Hanoi 69 Figure 4.10 The length of leaf (cm) of the bush common bean crop grown from two sources of seed: local seed and improved seed in Gia Lam – Hanoi 70 viii ABTRACT A literature review of papers relating farmer seed choice Validation of findings by analyzing farmer survey in different Ethnic groups and ecological regions and a controlled experiment Clearly that the on-farm agro-biodiversity maintained by farmers is directly influenced by farmer’s seed choice It was hypothesized that there would be multifaceted factors involving in this process, including either socio-economic, cultural or technical aspects Yet we lack a holistic how these factors work in specific farmers’ context and how they are interplayed The review part was presented in three main sections: socialcultural, social-economic, and environment factors mediating the choice of farmers in seed for use in each crop groups It also went on to unpack the benefits and challenges associated with the seed under these themes A further interview campaign with farmers in different ethnic groups (Dao, Thai and Kinh) and ecological regions (Sa Pa – Lao Cai, Mai Son – Son La and Hung Yen) was administered to validate and gain an evident-based findings supporting the outputs from the previous literature review The review results show that socio-cultural factors play a role in preferences of culinary taste, food quality and traditional customs of local varieties (also from local seed) while socioeconomic factors such as markets, gender, education, age of household head, wealth, land size have different outcome effects on farmer’s choice of seeds This result was also proved in the further additional survey: seed quality per se may play an essential role in mediating farmer’s seed choice as the local seed we got from the local market does not guarantee the quality while the improved one does better ix (from 3.63 cm to 18.67 cm) While it is 7.28 times in local seed varieties, ranging from 2.26 cm to 16.46 cm  Leaf length The length of leaves (cm) 16 14 12 10 11,23 13,19 13,05 5,99 4,06 2,85 14,49 9,78 11,82 4,89 days after 14 days after 35 days after 50days after 63 days after germination germination germination germination germination Local seed Improved seed Figure 4.10 The length of leaf (cm) of the bush common bean crop grown from two sources of seed: local seed and improved seed in Gia Lam – Hanoi There is not much difference between the final leaf length obtained by the experimental The final length of leaves measured in local seed varieties and improved seed varieties is 13.05 cm, 14.49cm, respectively  The local seed varieties shown the clear development of leaf between the two varieties The improved seed varieties have higher leaf which had higher length and width of leaf than local varieties The width of leaf had much difference between two varieties than the length It showed that improved seed variety developed very well in leaf size, suitable for natural conditions in Hanoi than local seed varieties 70 PART V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 CONCLUSIONS The review results show that the farmer’s seed choice is co-determined by multifaceted factors interplaying Vegetables, legumes, cereals and other crops all have no exceptions Overall, socio-cultural factors play a role in preferences of culinary taste, food quality and traditional customs of local varieties (also from local seed) while socio-economic factors have different outcome effects on farmer’s choice of seeds In which, markets seem to be central in terms of farmer’ integration in incentive to purchase seed or save seed by their own The proximity to input markets seem to bring more seed options to farmers, thereby promoting them to adopt more improved seeds while remote farmers tend to conserve their traditional varieties and local seed as the main source The household’s attributes such as gender, education, age of household head, wealth and land size have inconsistent effects on seed choice Land size, education and the wealth status seem to play more outstanding role in driving farmer’s choice of seed This result was also proved in the further additional survey with Dao and Thai ethnic farmers in Sa Pa and Mai Son as well as Kinh farmers in urban areas in Hung Yen Seed quality per se may play an essential role in mediating farmer’s seed choice as the local seed we got from the local market does not guarantee the quality while the improved one does better The poor germination led to a very poor crop performance and inuniform individual plant population disappointed and may in reality discourage farmers from continuing saving seed and conserving the local variety on-farm This triggers an urgent need for interventions to support farmers in maintaining their crop seed to promote them conserve agro-biodiversity on-farm 71 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS From the scoping review results, I give the following suggestions  It is needed to build up a comprehensive framework in linking the causes and effects of different factors and outcome in farmer’s seed choice via multifaceted factors We did see the factors were diverse and scattered around the literature body  It is advisable to conduct experiments to assess local seed and improved seed of many more crops to have a more confident data to argue our finding in a specific case of bush common bean  There is a need to have an evident-based dialogue among different stakeholders in the seed systems to find out the appropriate solutions to support farmers in terms of conserving agro-biodiversity 72 PART IV: REFERENCE 1.Domestic documents Nguyễn Thị Hồng Viên,Trường Đại học Khoa học.Kiến thức địa người Thái canh tác nương rẫy vùng ven thành phố Sơn La UBND huyện Mai Sơn (2019) Niên giám thống kê năm 2017 huyện Mai Sơn, tỉnh Sơn La 2.Foreign documents Akinola, R., Pereira, L M., Mabhaudhi, T., de Bruin, F M., & Rusch, L (2020) A Review of Indigenous Food Crops in Africa and the Implications for more Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems Sustainability, 12(8), 3493 Almekinders, C J., Louwaars, N P., & De Bruijn, G H (1994) Local seed systems and their importance for an improved seed supply in developing countries Euphytica, 78(3), 207-216 Amri, E., & Kimaro, C (2010) The role of gender in management and conservation of seed diversity of crops and varieties: A case study in Bariadi, Tanzania American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environment Science, (8), Babiker, A Z., Dulloo, M E., & El Balla, M M (2010) Effects of low cost drying methods on seed quality of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech African Journal of Plant Science, 4(9), 339-345 Badstue, L B., Bellon, M R., Berthaud, J., Ramírez, A., Flores, D., & Juarez, X (2007) The dynamics of farmers’ maize seed supply practices in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico World Development, 35(9), 1579-1593 Badstue, L B., Bellon, M R., Berthaud, J., Ramírez, A., Flores, D., Juárez, X., & Ramírez, F (2005) Collective action for the conservation of on-farm genetic diversity in a center of crop diversity: An assessment of the role of traditional farmers’ networks (No 577-2016-39221) Bam, R K., Craufurd, P Q., Dorward, P T., Asiedu, E A., Kumaga, F K., & Ofori, K (2007) Introducing improved cultivars: understanding farmers'seed drying and storage practices in central ghana Experimental Agriculture, 43(3), 301-317 Baniya, B., Joshi, B., Barjracharya, J., Yadav, R., Tiwari, R., Shrestha, P., & Shrestha, P (2006) On-farm diversity management of sponge gourd, cucumber and buckwheat in Nepal On-farm Management of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal: Lessons learned, 64 Baoua, I B., Amadou, L., Ousmane, B., Baributsa, D., & Murdock, L L (2014) PICS bags for post-harvest storage of maize grain in West Africa Journal of Stored Products Research, 58, 20-28 Barua, H., Rahman, M M., & Masud, M M (2009) Effect of storage containers environment at different storage period on the quality of chilli seed Int J Sustain Crop Prod, 4(4), 28-32 73 Bicksler, A., Bates, R., Burnette, R., Gill, T., Meitzner Yoder, L., Ricciardi, V., & Srigiofun, Y (2012) Methodologies for strengthening informal indigenous vegetable seed systems in northern Thailand and Cambodia Acta Horticulturae, (958), 67 Chala, M., & Bekana, G Review on Seed Process and Storage Condition in Relation to Seed Moisture and Ecological Factor De Vitis, M., Hay, F R., Dickie, J B., Trivedi, C., Choi, J., & Fiegener, R (2020) Seed storage: maintaining seed viability and vigor for restoration use Restoration Ecology Devkota, R., Khadka, K., Gartaula, H., Shrestha, A., Upadhya, D., Chaudhary, P., & Patel, K (2014) Farmers’ Seed Networks and Agrobiodiversity Conservation for Sustainable Food Security: A Case from the Mid-Hills of Nepal Biodivers Watch, 4, 109133 Ficiciyan, A., Loos, J., Sievers-Glotzbach, S., & Tscharntke, T (2018) More than yield: Ecosystem services of traditional versus modern crop varieties revisited Sustainability, 10(8), 2834 Garcia-Yi, J (2014) Market participation and agro-biodiversity loss: The case of native chili varieties in the Amazon rainforest of Peru Sustainability, 6(2), 615-630 Govender, V., Aveling, T A S., & Kritzinger, Q (2008) The effect of traditional storage methods on germination and vigour of maize (Zea mays L.) from northern KwaZulu-Natal and southern Mozambique South African Journal of Botany, 74(2), 190196 Greig, L (2009) An analysis of the key factors influencing farmer’s choice of crop, Kibamba Ward, Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60(3), 699-715 Gurung, R., Pudasaini, N., Sthapit, S., Palikhey, E., & andDevendra Gauchan, A R A (2020) Seed system of traditional crops in the mountains of Nepal Traditional Crop Biodiversity for Mountain Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal (D Gauchan, BK Joshi, B Bhandari, HK Manandhar and DI Jarvis, eds) Tools and Research Results of UNEP GEF Local Crop Project, Nepal Hartmann Filho, C P., Goneli, A L D., Masetto, T E., Martins, E A S., & Oba, G C (2016) The effect of drying temperatures and storage of seeds on the growth of soybean seedlings Journal of Seed Science, 38(4), 287-295 Hellin, J., Bellon, M R., & Hearne, S J (2014) Maize landraces and adaptation to climate change in Mexico Journal of Crop Improvement, 28(4), 484-501 Jittanit, W (2007) Modelling of seed drying using a two-stage drying concept PhDThesis, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales Joshi, B K., Bachracharya, J., Pandey, D., Bimb, H P., Baniya, B K., Upadhyay, M P., & Dongol, D (2009) Seed sources, storage and production systems of barley landraces in Jumla district, Nepal Nucleus, 38, 47 Kamotho, G N., Mathenge, P W., Muasya, R M., & Dulloo, M E (2013) Effects of packaging and storage conditions on quality of spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) 74 seed African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 13(5), 8368-8387 Kan, M., Kucukcongar, M., Mourgounov, A., Keser, M., Ozdemir, F., Muminjanov, H., & Qualset, C (2016) Wheat landraces production on farm level in Turkey; who is growing in where? Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 53(1) Kiruba, S., Sam Manohar Das, S., & Papadopoulou, S (2006) Prospects of traditional seed storage strategies against insect infestation adopted by two ethnic communities of Tamil Nadu, southern peninsular India Bulletin of Insectology, 59(2), 129 Kraft, K H., de Jesús Luna-Ruíz, J., & Gepts, P (2010) Different seed selection and conservation practices for fresh market and dried chile farmers in Aguascalientes, Mexico Economic Botany, 64(4), 318-328 Kruzich, T J., & Meng, E C (2006) Wheat landrace cultivation in Turkey: Household land-use determinants and implications for on-farm conservation of crop genetic resources (No 1004-2016-78551) Kumar, D., & Kalita, P (2017) Reducing postharvest losses during storage of grain crops to strengthen food security in developing countries Foods, 6(1), Magar, D B T., Gauchan, D., & Joshi, B K (2020) Factors Influencing Cultivation and Promotion of Traditional Crops in the Mountains: A Case of Jumla District, Nepal Traditional Crop Biodiversity for Mountain Food and Nutrition Security in Nepal, 125 Maina, F N W., Gohole, L S., & Muasya, R M (2017) Effects of storage methods and seasons on seed quality of jute mallow morphotypes (Corchorus olitorius) in Siaya and Kakamega counties, Kenya African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 17(3), 12395-12412 Moreno, L L., Tuxill, J., Moo, E Y., Reyes, L A., Alejo, J C., & Jarvis, D I (2006) Traditional maize storage methods of Mayan farmers in Yucatan, Mexico: implications for seed selection and crop diversity Biodiversity & Conservation, 15(5), 1771-1795 Ngoze, S., & Okoko, N (2005) On farm seed production in Kisii district: An overview of resent situation In Proceedings of the third Horticulture Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural production in the Tropics Maseno University, Maseno (pp 33-37) Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa, Undergraduate thesis Evaluating vegetable production and seed-related issues in ethnic minorities in Sapa township and Mai Son district in Northern Vietnam Oakley, E., & Momsen, J H (2005) Gender and agrobiodiversity: a case study from Bangladesh Geographical Journal, 171(3), 195-208 Oakley, E., & Momsen, J H (2007) Women and seed management: A study of two villages in Bangladesh Singapore journal of tropical geography, 28(1), 90-106 Ojiewo, C., Tenkouano, A., Hughes, J D A., & Keatinge, J D H (2013) Diversifying diets: using indigenous vegetables to improve profitability, nutrition and health in Africa Diversifying food and diets: Using agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition and health’, Earthscan, 291-302 75 Olson, M B., Morris, K S., & Méndez, V E (2012) Cultivation of maize landraces by small-scale shade coffee farmers in western El Salvador Agricultural Systems, 111, 63-74 Pichop, G N., Abukutsa-Onyango, M., Noorani, A., & Nono-Womdim, R (2014, August) Importance of indigenous food crops in tropical Africa: case study In XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): 1128 (pp 315-322) Prakash, B G., Raghavendra, K V., Gowthami, R., & Shashank, R (2016) Indigenous practices for eco-friendly storage of food grains and seeds Adv Plants Agric Res, 3(4), 00101 Rahman, M M., Hampton, J G., & Hill, M J (2004) Effect of seed moisture content following hand harvest and machine threshing on seed quality of cool tolerant soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.) Seed Science and technology, 32(1), 149-158 Rana, R B., Garforth, C., Sthapit, B., & Jarvis, D (2007) Influence of socio-economic and cultural factors in rice varietal diversity management on-farm in Nepal Agriculture and Human Values, 24(4), 461-472 Rana, R., Sthapit, B., & Garforth, C (2006) Socio-economic and cultural factors that influence conservation of agricultural biodiversity on-farm in Nepal On-farm Management of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal: Lessons learned, 32 Rao, N K., Dulloo, M E., & Engels, J M (2017) A review of factors that influence the production of quality seed for long-term conservation in genebanks Genetic resources and crop evolution, 64(5), 1061-1074 Scariot, M A., Tiburski, G., Reichert Júnior, F W., Radünz, L L., & Meneguzzo, M R R (2017) Moisture content at harvest and drying temperature on bean seed quality Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 47(1), 93-101 Seboka, B., & Deressa, A (1999) Validating farmers' indigenous social networks for local seed supply in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 6(4), 245-254 Šimić, B., Sudarić, A., Liović, I., Kalinović, I., Rozman, V., & Ćosić, J (2006, January) Influence of storage conditions on seed quality of maize, soybean, and sunflower In 9th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection Song, Y., Fang, Q., Jarvis, D., Bai, K., Liu, D., Feng, J., & Long, C (2019) Network Analysis of Seed Flow, a Traditional Method for Conserving Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Landraces in Liangshan, Southwest China Sustainability, 11(16), 4263 Stromberg, P M., Pascual, U., & Bellon, M R (2010) Seed systems and farmers’ seed choices: The case of Maizein the Peruvian Amazon Human Ecology, 38(4), 539-553 Suma, A., Sreenivasan, K., Singh, A K., & Radhamani, J (2013) Role of relative humidity in processing and storage of seeds and assessment of variability in storage behaviour in Brassica spp and Eruca sativa The Scientific World Journal, 2013 Suriyong, S., Krittigamas, N., Pinmanee, S., Punyalue, A., & Vearasilp, S (2015) 76 Influence of storage conditions on change of hemp seed quality Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 5, 170-176 Urassa, J K (2015) Factors influencing maize crop production at household levels: A case of Rukwa Region in the southern highlands of Tanzania van Niekerk, J., & Wynberg, R (2017) Traditional seed and exchange systems cement social relations and provide a safety net: A case study from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 41(9-10), 1099-1123 Vorster, H J., Stevens, J B., & Steyn, G J (2008) Production systems of traditional leafy vegetables: Challenges for research and extension South African Journal of Agricultural Extension, 37, 85-96 Wambugu, P W., Mathenge, P W., Auma, E O., & Van Rheenen, H A (2009) Efficacy of traditional maize (Zea mays L.) seed storage methods in western Kenya African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 9(4) 77 STATISTIC Evaluate the height of crop in the field BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE HEIGHT FILE HEIGHT : PAGE Evaluate the height of crop 9/ 2/21 13: VARIATE V003 HEIGHT LN SOURCE OF VARIATION SQUARES DF SUMS OF SQUARES MEAN LN F RATIO PROB ER =================================================================== ========== REP 7.61790 3.80895 0.33 0.751 FORMUL 336.900 336.900 29.24 0.029 * RESIDUAL 23.0475 11.5237 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 367.566 73.5131 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE HEIGHT 9/ 2/21 13: : PAGE Evaluate the height of crop MEANS FOR EFFECT REP REP NOS HEIGHT 45.4700 45.1850 47.7050 SE (N= 2) 2.40039 5%LSD 2DF 14.4041 MEANS FOR EFFECT FORMUL FORMUL 3 NOS HEIGHT 38.6267 53.6133 SE (N= 3) 1.95991 5%LSD 2DF 11.7609 - 78 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE HEIGHT : PAGE Evaluate the height of crop 9/ 2/21 13: F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE GRAND MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |REP (N= 6) SD/MEAN | | | NO BASED ON BASED ON % | | | OBS TOTAL SS RESID SS | | | HEIGHT 46.120 8.5740 3.3947 7.4 0.7512 0.0292 |FORMUL | Evaluate the width of leaves in the field BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE WEIGHT FILE WEIGHT 9/ 2/21 13:57 : PAGE Evaluate the width of leaves VARIATE V003 WIDTH LN SOURCE OF VARIATION SQUARES DF SUMS OF SQUARES MEAN LN F RATIO PROB ER =================================================================== ========== REP 901232 450616 1.05 0.488 FORMUL 7.35934 7.35934 17.14 0.051 * RESIDUAL 858702 429351 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 9.11927 1.82385 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE WEIGHT 9/ 2/21 13:57 : PAGE Evaluate the width of leaves MEANS FOR EFFECT REP REP NOS WIDTH 17.6425 17.9975 17.0575 SE (N= 2) 0.463331 5%LSD 2DF 2.78032 - 79 MEANS FOR EFFECT FORMUL FORMUL 3 NOS WIDTH 16.4583 18.6733 SE (N= 3) 0.378308 5%LSD 2DF 2.27012 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE WIDTH 9/ 2/21 13:57 : PAGE Evaluate the width of leaves F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE GRAND MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |REP (N= 6) SD/MEAN | | | NO BASED ON BASED ON % | | | OBS TOTAL SS RESID SS | | | WIDTH 17.566 1.3505 0.65525 3.7 0.4879 0.0513 |FORMUL | Evaluate the length of leaves in the field BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE LENGHT FILE LENGTH 9/ 2/21 14: : PAGE Evaluate the length of leaves VARIATE V003 LENGTH LN SOURCE OF VARIATION SQUARES DF SUMS OF SQUARES MEAN LN F RATIO PROB ER =================================================================== ========== REP 585434 292717 5.52 0.154 FORMUL 3.12482 3.12482 58.88 0.013 * RESIDUAL 106133 530666E-01 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 3.81638 763277 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE LENGTH 9/ 2/21 14: : PAGE Evaluate the length of leaves 80 MEANS FOR EFFECT REP REP NOS LENGTH 14.0000 13.9850 13.3300 SE (N= 2) 0.162890 5%LSD 2DF 0.977461 MEANS FOR EFFECT FORMUL FORMUL 3 NOS LENGHT 13.0500 14.4933 SE (N= 3) 0.132999 5%LSD 2DF 0.798094 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE LENGHT 9/ 2/21 14: : PAGE Evaluate the length of leaves F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE GRAND MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |REP (N= 6) SD/MEAN | | | NO BASED ON BASED ON % | | | OBS TOTAL SS RESID SS | | | LENGTH 13.772 0.87366 0.23036 1.7 0.1544 0.0132 |FORMUL | 4.Evaluate the number of leaves in the field BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE NUMBER FILE NUMBER : PAGE Evaluate the number of leaves 9/ 2/21 14: VARIATE V003 NUMBER LN SOURCE OF VARIATION SQUARES DF SUMS OF SQUARES MEAN LN F RATIO PROB ER 81 =================================================================== ========== REP 823333 411666 4.75 0.175 FORMUL 86.2604 86.2604 995.27 0.001 * RESIDUAL 173340 866702E-01 * TOTAL (CORRECTED) 87.2571 17.4514 TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE NUMBER 9/ 2/21 14: : PAGE Evaluate the number of leaves MEANS FOR EFFECT REP REP NOS NUMBER 33.7750 32.8750 33.4250 SE (N= 2) 0.208171 5%LSD 2DF 1.24918 MEANS FOR EFFECT FORMUL FORMUL 3 NOS NUMBER 29.5667 37.1500 SE (N= 3) 0.169971 5%LSD 2DF 1.01995 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE NUMBER : PAGE Evaluate the number of leaves 9/ 2/21 14: F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL SECTION - VARIATE GRAND MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION C OF V |REP (N= 6) SD/MEAN | | | NO BASED ON BASED ON % | | | OBS TOTAL SS RESID SS | | | NUMBER 33.358 4.1775 0.29440 0.9 0.1748 0.0006 |FORMUL| 82 Appendix 2: Farmers interview question A THÔNG TIN CHUNG NÔNG HỘ Họ tên chủ hộ: Nam/nữ:………………… Tuổi SĐT: ……………………… Dân tộc: Thôn Xã Huyện (TP) Tỉnh: …… Số người gia đình: người Số lao động chính: người Thời gian trồng rau: năm Phân loại hộ: □ Khá □ Trung bình □ Nghèo B THƠNG TIN CHÍNH VỀ NƠNG HỘ Cây rau chính, lý trồng loại rau hộ gia đình anh chị? Nguồn giống rau (hạt, củ, con) cung cấp từ đâu? Lý việc nông hộ giữ giống hay mua giống ? Anh/chị thử để giống chưa? Tại Giống địa phương giống tốt hơn?( suất, chất lượng hạt,) Tiêu chí chọn hạt giống cho vụ sau Thu hoạch, xử lý rau sau thu hoạch Tiêu thụ rau sau thu hoạch hộ gia đình Những khó khăn q trình trồng rau? 10 Nguồn giống đâu đáng tin cậy nhất? tư nhân, chợ, địa phương, đại lý, cửa hang bán giống, giống tự để…) 11 Anh/chị có muốn thử giống rau khác ko? Tại sao? ( thị trường, lợi nhuận, suất, khả kháng bệnh) Appendix - Basal fertilizing: The amount of fertilizer for 112 m2: 222.4 kg green manure +0.334 kg N + 0.9kg P2O5 +0.334 kg K2O After making a bed, make a slit with a depth of 20 cm and fertilize Cover the bed with manure, flatten the bed surface 83 - Top dressing fertilizing is divided into times: + First time: 0.224 kg N+0.334 kg K2O fertilization in the period of 20 days after sowing + Second time: 0.334 kg N+0.334 kg K2O Fertilize about 40-45 days after sowing Apply between holes combined with root cultivars + Third times: 0.224 kg N + 0.1112g K2O fertilize at fruiting period, 60 -65 days after sowing Apply fertilizer in the incision between rows, or fertilize between the holes, fertilize at a depth of - 10cm, cover with soil to cover the fertilizer - Watering method: When plants have grown out of the ground, water can be used to irrigate ditches, put water into ditches deep above the height of the beds When water seeps evenly in the field, drain it out It is best to water crop with trench irrigation - Pruning: 10 - 15 days after sowing, it is possible to prune trees or remove the holes that not grow Pruning the stunted plants, not the right varieties, the plants with pests and diseases, keep only plants / hole - Weeding, cultivating in combination with top dressing: weeding before plant have first, two – three leaf 84