Research on the production process of instant tea from angelica sinensis

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LE DUC CANH RESEARCH ON THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF INSTANT TEA FROM ANGELICA SINENSIS UNIVERSITY GRADUATION COURSE Study mode: Full-time Major: Food technology Faculty: Advanced Education Program Office Supervisor: MSc Dinh Thi Kim Hoa Batch: 2017-2022 Thai Nguyen, 13/5/2022 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Food Technology Student name Canh Le Duc Student ID DTN1754290004 Thesis Title Research on the production process of instant tea from Angelica sinensis Supervisor (s) MSc.Dinh Thi Kim Hoa Supervisor’s Signature Abstract: Angelica sinensis ginseng is a type of ginseng with high nutritional and economic value grown and consumed in the northern mountainous provinces such as Lao Cai, Thai Nguyen, and Bac Can This study focuses on the extraction of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis ginseng and the development of a production process for instant tea The study used an extraction method with liquid solvent to find the optimal extraction conditions for polysaccharides The results show that the optimal extraction conditions for Angelica sinensis ginseng include: the solvent used is Ethanol, the solvent concentration is 80o, the extraction time is 120 minutes in the thermostatic tank, and the ratio of material/ethanol is obtained using 1/15 and the extraction temperature was 70°C The maximum content of polysaccharides achieved was 9.08mg/g The experiment continued with the production process of instant tea from Angelica sinensis ginseng with the mixing ratio of 54.25g glucose, 45ml of Angelica sinensis ginseng extract, and 0.75ml of stevia extract, respectively Instant tea powder was also evaluated for organoleptic and antioxidant activity The complete process is described in detail in the thesis This is the basis for future studies on the extraction and production of instant tea from Angelica sinensis ginseng .Keywords: Angelica sinensis, Polysaccharides, Teabag, Extraction Number of pages: Date of Submission: i Acknowledgment To complete this thesis, I have received enthusiastic help and encouragement from individuals and groups First, I would like to thank the teachers of the Department of BiotechnologyFood Technology, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for creating all conditions to help me successfully complete this graduation thesis I would like to acknowledge the dedicated dedication of Mr Dinh Thi Kim Hoa and Ms Luu Hong Son, a lecturer at the Department of Biotechnology-Food Technology, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, who did their best to help, give advice and useful knowledge so that I could complete my graduation thesis I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the teachers who helped and created all conditions for me during my research project I thank the Advanced Education Program Office and the administration of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry for providing detailed information and guidelines and helping me to complete my graduation thesis Thai Nguyen, May 13, 2022 Student Canh Le Duc ii Table contents DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT i Table contents iii Table of tables Table of Figures PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale 1.2 Research objectives 1.2.1 Overall objective 1.2.3 Detail objective 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.4Limitations PART 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Angelica sinensis 2.1.1 Morphology 2.1.2 Distribution 2.2 Chemical composition of Angelica sinensis 2.2.1 Phthalides 2.2.2 Organic Acids and Substances 2.2.3 Polysaccharides 2.3 Bioactivity and health effects of Angelica sinensis 10 2.3.1 Pharmacological effects 10 2.3.2 Anti-inflammation 11 2.3.3 Anti-microbial effect 11 2.3.4 Anti-cancer effect 12 2.3.5 Anti-cardiovascular effects: 12 2.3.6 Anti-platelet effect 12 iii 2.3.7 Neuroprotective effect 12 2.3.8 Immune and hematopoietic support: 13 2.4 Extraction of Angelica sinensis 13 2.4 The processing technology of instant tea 14 2.4.1 Origin 14 2.4.2 Procedure 15 2.4.3 Storage 20 PART III METHODS 21 3.1 Materials 21 3.1.1 Raw material 21 3.1.2 Chemicals, equipment 21 3.2 Place and time of research 23 3.3 Research content 23 Content 1: Research on the chemical composition of Angelica sinensis 23 Content 2: Research on the extraction process of Polysaccharides in Angelica sinensis 23 Content 3: Research on creating instant tea products from total polysaccharide extracts from Angelica sinensis 24 3.4 Research Methods 24 3.4.1 Experimental set-up method 24 3.5 Analytical methods 31 3.5.1 Determination of moisture by drying to constant mass 32 3.5.2 Determination of ash content TCVN 8124: 2009 32 3.5.3 Quantitative method of total polysaccharide after extraction 33 3.5.4 Evaluation of antioxidant capacity 34 3.5.5 Data processing methods 35 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36 4.1 Analytical results of the chemical composition of Angelica sinensis 36 iv 4.2 Research results of the process of extracting Polysaccharide from Angelica sinensis 36 4.1.1 Research results on the types of solvents for extracting polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis 36 4.2.2 Research results on the concentration of solvents for extracting polysaccharides from Ginseng Angelica sinensis 38 4.2.3 Research results on the effect of treatment time with a water bath on the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides in Angelica Sinesis Ginseng 39 4.2.4 Research results on a selection of the ratio of Angelica sinensis material/extraction solvent 41 4.2.5 Research results on a selection of extraction temperatures for compounds from Ginseng Angelica sinensis 43 4.3 Research results on formulating instant tea production 44 4.3.1 Research results on antioxidant activity 44 4.3.2 Research results on mixing ratio 45 4.3.3 Complete diagram of the production process of instant tea from Angelica sinensis 48 4.3.4 Preliminary product cost calculation: 50 V CONCLUSION 51 5.1 Conclusion 51 REFERENCES 52 APPENDIX 56 APPENDIX 69 v Table of tables Table 1: Research equipment 21 Table 2: The selection of suitable solvent will improve the extraction efficiency of compounds Conduct surveys on the following type of solvent: Water, ethanol, methanol 24 Table 3: The selection of suitable solvent concentration will improve the extraction efficiency of compounds Conduct surveys at the following concentrations: 60, 70, 80, 90, and 96% as follows: 25 Table 4: Survey conducted at time points: 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 26 Table 5: Experimenting with the ratio of raw materials/solvent according to formulas: 1/10, 1/15, 1/20, 1/25 26 Table 6: The extraction temperature strongly influences the extraction process and gives the energy and solvent costs Conduct surveys at the following temperatures: 60, 70, 80, and 90 under the same conditions: 27 Table 7: Extraction time strongly influences the extraction process on energy and solvent costs Survey the following time levels: 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes under the same conditions: 28 Table 8: Mixing ratio between extracts from ginseng Angelica sinensis, glucose, and stevia 31 Table 9: Sensory evaluation results will be evaluated through the Hedonic scale taste evaluation board by giving a score from to with the following points: 31 Table 10: Development of a calibration curve using glucose 34 Table 11: Results of total ash and moisture content 36 Table 12: Effect of type solvents on the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides in Ginseng 36 Table 13: Effect of ethanol solvent concentration on the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides in Ginseng 38 Table 14: Effect of the treatment time of the water bath on the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides in Angelica sinensis Ginseng 39 Table 15: Effect of ethanol/raw material ratio on polysaccharide extraction efficiency in Angelica sinensis Ginseng 42 Table 16: Effect of temperature on the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides in Ginseng Angelica sinensis 43 Table 17: Results of the sensory evaluation 46 Table 18: Sensory evaluation scores for the criteria 47 Table of Figures Figure 1: Angelica sinensis root (Credit: Ebay) Figure 2: Ferulic acid Figure 3: Angelica sinensis 21 Figure 4: The glucose standard graph 34 Figure 5: Results of the type of solvents for extracting polysaccharides 37 Figure 6: Results of the ethanol concentration for extracting polysaccharides 39 Figure 7: Results of extraction time 41 Figure 8: Results of material-slovent ratio 42 Figure 9: Results of extraction temperature 44 Figure 10: DPPH scavenging ability of Angelica sinensis 45 Figure 11: Complete diagram of the production process of instant tea from Angelica sinensis 48 PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale In today's modern life, synthetic drugs are very rich and diverse, with quick effects, and a short treatment time, but long-term use will cause many side effects affecting the health of patients Therefore, the use of natural medicines is becoming more and more popular In Oriental medicine, Danggui has a sweet, spicy taste, has the effect of tonic blood, energizing blood, laxative, active field, regulating blood, and opening the meridian Angelica sinensis is a very popular medicine, the first ingredient in the treatment of women's diseases, and also used in many other tonic and medical prescriptions According to traditional medicine, Angelica sinensis is a very popular medicine in oriental medicine, the first ingredient in medicine for women, and is also indicated in many tonics and medical prescriptions such as for anemia and pain head, body emaciation, heart failure, fatigue, back pain, abdominal pain, arthritis, cold pain in the limbs, paralysis, paralysis, constipation, boils, itchy sores, hemorrhagic lesions, Irregular menstruation, menstrual pain, menstrual bleeding (taken days before menstruation) Take 10-20g a day, in the form of a decoction or medicinal alcohol, Angelica sinensis is used to treat irregular menstruation, blood stasis, menstrual pain, menstrual cramps, uterine prolapse, bleeding, rheumatism, boils, constipation, baldness, anemia, tuberculosis, high blood pressure, cancer, and as a pain reliever, anticonvulsant, sweating, stimulating appetite Women who drink Angelica sinensis decoction a few days before giving birth will ease labor and relieve pain during childbirth According to modern medical research, Angelica sinensis contains many groups of precious active ingredients such as Essential oils, the most important of which is ligustilid, which increases blood circulation, and n-butylphtalid to treat stroke caused by an acute ischemic stroke count; immune-boosting and tumor-suppressing polysaccharides; coumarins have hemodynamic effects; phytoestrogens reduce the oxytocin-type effects of pituitary hormones, inhibit uterine contractions, anti-inflammatory, and lower blood pressure; Ferulic acid has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation 1.2 Research objectives 1.2.1 Overall objective Overall objective: Developing high-tech scientific products from Angelica sinensis ginseng, towards commercializing products branded in Thai Nguyen province Thereby promoting the production of medicinal herbs, sustainable agricultural products, restructuring crops, and fully exploiting the fund of upland land, single-crop rice land, and maize-growing land to take advantage of leisure labor resources, contributing to increasing the number of farmers’ income for people in the province Creating commercial products associated with research and technology transfer 1.2.3 Detail objective  Developed a process to extract polysaccharides from Ginseng Dang Quy Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels  Testing and proving the activity of natural compounds obtained  Developed a formula to mix the obtained active ingredients and excipients to create instant tea products from Angelica sinensis ginseng root 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses Is there a way to disseminate Angelica Sinensis ginseng to consumers? Ginseng Angelica Sinensis is a precious medicine in oriental medicine with many good effects for the health of users Now people can use Angelica Sinensis ginseng to cook nutritious dishes such as pork heart stew with Angelica Sinensis, and chicken stew with Angelica Sinensis The most used method is that of Angelica Sinensis soaked in alcohol However, no studies have been conducted to produce tea from Angelica Sinensis ginseng Dubbed the "Land of Tea", this is a potential opportunity for Thai Nguyen mediated immunity] Xi bao yu fen zi mian yi xue za zhi = Chinese journal of cellular and molecular immunology, 21(6), 782-783,788 28 Yang, T., Jia, M., Meng, J., Wu, H., & Mei, Q (2006) Immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide isolated from Angelica sinensis International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 39(4–5), 179–184 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.02.013 29 Younas, F., Aslam, B., Muhammad, F., Mohsin, M., Raza, A., Faisal, M N., Hassan, S.U.-, & Majeed, W (2017) Haematopoietic effects of Angelica sinensis root cap polysaccharides against lisinopril-induced anaemia in albino rats Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 108–113 https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1230635 30 Zhang, H Y., Bi, W G., Yu, Y., & Liao, W B (2012) Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels in China: distribution, cultivation, utilization and variation Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 59(4), 607–613 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9795-9 31 Zhang, L., Du, J.-R., Wang, J., Yu, D.-K., Chen, Y.-S., He, Y., & Wang, C.-Y (2009) Zligustilide extracted from Radix Angelica sinensis decreased platelet aggregation induced by ADP ex vivo and arterio-venous shunt thrombosis in vivo in rats Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, 129(7), 855–859 https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.129.855 32 Zhao, R., Guo, F., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, R., & Chen, Y (2014) Comparative study on distributed feature of wild Angelica sinensis resources and the difference in growth characteristics with its cultivars native to Min County of Gansu In Acta Prataculturae Sinica (Vol 23, Issue 2, pp 29–37) http://cyxb.magtech.com.cn 55 APPENDIX SOME RESULTS OF ANOVA Research on selected type of solvent for extraction polysaccharide in Angelica sinensis Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic Poly df1 df2 Sig Based on Mean 160 856 Based on Median 027 973 Based on Median and with 027 5.235 973 149 865 adjusted df Based on trimmed mean ANOVA Poly Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total df Mean Square 13.422 6.711 006 001 13.428 F 6494.323 Sig .000 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Poly 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference LSD (I) Solvent (J) Solvent -2.56000* 02625 000 -2.6242 -2.4958 -2.62000* 02625 000 -2.6842 -2.5558 * 2.56000 02625 000 2.4958 2.6242 -.06000 02625 062 -.1242 0042 2.62000* 02625 000 2.5558 2.6842 06000 02625 062 -.0042 1242 (I-J) Std Error Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Homogeneous Subsets Poly Subset for alpha = 0.05 Solvent N 56 Duncana 4.3200 6.8800 3 6.9400 Sig 1.000 062 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000 Research results on the concentration of solvents for extracting polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic Totalpoly Based on Mean df1 df2 Sig 1.693 10 228 Based on Median 410 10 798 Based on Median and with 410 7.484 797 1.545 10 263 adjusted df Based on trimmed mean ANOVA Totalpoly Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total df Mean Square 5.596 1.399 156 10 016 5.751 14 F Sig 89.904 000 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Totalpoly 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference (I) F LSD 60 70 (J) F (I-J) Std Error Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound * 10185 000 -.8369 -.3831 80 * -1.36000 10185 000 -1.5869 -1.1331 90 -1.52000* 10185 000 -1.7469 -1.2931 96 -1.56000* 10185 000 -1.7869 -1.3331 60 * 10185 000 3831 8369 80 * -.75000 10185 000 -.9769 -.5231 90 -.91000* 10185 000 -1.1369 -.6831 96 -.95000* 10185 000 -1.1769 -.7231 70 -.61000 61000 57 80 90 96 60 1.36000* 10185 000 1.1331 1.5869 70 * 75000 10185 000 5231 9769 90 -.16000 10185 147 -.3869 0669 96 -.20000 10185 078 -.4269 0269 60 * 10185 000 1.2931 1.7469 70 * 91000 10185 000 6831 1.1369 80 16000 10185 147 -.0669 3869 96 -.04000 10185 703 -.2669 1869 60 * 10185 000 1.3331 1.7869 70 * 95000 10185 000 7231 1.1769 80 20000 10185 078 -.0269 4269 90 04000 10185 703 -.1869 2669 1.52000 1.56000 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Homogeneous Subsets Totalpoly Subset for alpha = 0.05 F a Duncan N 60 70 80 7.7600 90 7.9200 96 7.9600 Sig 6.4000 7.0100 1.000 1.000 090 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000 Research results on the effect of treatment time with a water bath on the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides in Angelica Sinesis Ginseng Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic Poly Based on Mean df1 df2 Sig 1.971 10 175 Based on Median 280 10 884 Based on Median and with 280 6.686 882 1.724 10 221 adjusted df Based on trimmed mean 58 ANOVA Poly Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total df Mean Square 13.612 3.403 094 10 009 13.706 14 F Sig 362.805 000 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Poly 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference (I) Time LSD 60 (J) Time (I-J) 150 180 Lower Bound Upper Bound 07908 000 -1.8362 -1.4838 120 -2.47000 07908 000 -2.6462 -2.2938 150 -2.37000* 07908 000 -2.5462 -2.1938 180 -2.51000* 07908 000 -2.6862 -2.3338 * 07908 000 1.4838 1.8362 120 * -.81000 07908 000 -.9862 -.6338 150 -.71000* 07908 000 -.8862 -.5338 180 -.85000* 07908 000 -1.0262 -.6738 * 07908 000 2.2938 2.6462 90 * 81000 07908 000 6338 9862 150 10000 07908 235 -.0762 2762 180 -.04000 07908 624 -.2162 1362 * 07908 000 2.1938 2.5462 90 * 71000 07908 000 5338 8862 120 -.10000 07908 235 -.2762 0762 180 -.14000 07908 107 -.3162 0362 * 07908 000 2.3338 2.6862 90 * 85000 07908 000 6738 1.0262 120 04000 07908 624 -.1362 2162 150 14000 07908 107 -.0362 3162 -1.66000 60 120 Sig * 90 90 Std Error * 1.66000 60 2.47000 60 2.37000 60 2.51000 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Homogeneous Subsets Poly Time N Subset for alpha = 0.05 59 a Duncan 60 6.0500 90 150 8.4200 120 8.5200 180 8.5600 7.7100 Sig 1.000 1.000 122 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000 Research results on a selection of the ratio of Angelica sinensis material/extraction solvent Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic Poly df1 df2 Sig Based on Mean 305 821 Based on Median 037 990 Based on Median and with 037 7.264 989 262 851 adjusted df Based on trimmed mean ANOVA Poly Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total df Mean Square 11.127 3.709 051 006 11.178 11 F Sig 581.788 000 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Poly 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference (I) Ratio LSD 10 15 20 (J) Ratio (I-J) Std Error Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound 15 * -2.13000 06519 000 -2.2803 -1.9797 20 -2.25000* 06519 000 -2.4003 -2.0997 25 * 06519 000 -2.4303 -2.1297 10 * 2.13000 06519 000 1.9797 2.2803 20 -.12000 06519 103 -.2703 0303 25 -.15000 06519 050 -.3003 0003 10 * 06519 000 2.0997 2.4003 -2.28000 2.25000 60 25 15 12000 06519 103 -.0303 2703 25 -.03000 06519 658 -.1803 1203 10 2.28000* 06519 000 2.1297 2.4303 15 15000 06519 050 -.0003 3003 20 03000 06519 658 -.1203 1803 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Homogeneous Subsets Poly Subset for alpha = 0.05 Ratio Duncana N 10 6.3000 15 8.4300 20 8.5500 25 8.5800 Sig 1.000 058 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000 Research results on a selection of extraction temperatures for compounds from Ginseng Angelica sinensis Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic Poly Based on Mean df1 df2 Sig 2.644 121 Based on Median 317 813 Based on Median and with 317 2.867 815 2.343 149 adjusted df Based on trimmed mean ANOVA Poly Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total df Mean Square 8.089 2.696 084 011 8.173 11 F 255.564 Sig .000 61 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Poly 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference (I) Tempraturre LSD 60 (J) Tempraturre (I-J) 80 90 Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound 08386 000 -.7834 -.3966 80 * 34000 08386 004 1466 5334 90 1.65000* 08386 000 1.4566 1.8434 60 59000* 08386 000 3966 7834 80 * 08386 000 7366 1.1234 90 * 2.24000 08386 000 2.0466 2.4334 60 -.34000* 08386 004 -.5334 -.1466 70 -.93000* 08386 000 -1.1234 -.7366 90 * 08386 000 1.1166 1.5034 60 * -1.65000 08386 000 -1.8434 -1.4566 70 -2.24000* 08386 000 -2.4334 -2.0466 80 -1.31000* 08386 000 -1.5034 -1.1166 70 70 Std Error * -.59000 93000 1.31000 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Homogeneous Subsets Poly Subset for alpha = 0.05 Tempraturre a Duncan N 90 80 60 70 Sig 6.8400 8.1500 8.4900 9.0800 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000 Sensory evaluation criteria 62 Color Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic Poin df1 df2 Sig Based on Mean 1.361 35 267 Based on Median 1.167 35 342 Based on Median and with 1.167 21.000 354 1.309 35 286 adjusted df Based on trimmed mean ANOVA Poin Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total df Mean Square 52.600 13.150 9.000 35 257 61.600 39 F Sig 51.139 000 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Poin 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference LSD (I) Color (J) Color -.50000 25355 057 -1.0147 0147 -2.00000* 25355 000 -2.5147 -1.4853 -2.75000* 25355 000 -3.2647 -2.2353 * -2.75000 25355 000 -3.2647 -2.2353 50000 25355 057 -.0147 1.0147 -1.50000* 25355 000 -2.0147 -.9853 -2.25000* 25355 000 -2.7647 -1.7353 * 25355 000 -2.7647 -1.7353 * 2.00000 25355 000 1.4853 2.5147 1.50000* 25355 000 9853 2.0147 -.75000* 25355 006 -1.2647 -.2353 * 25355 006 -1.2647 -.2353 * 2.75000 25355 000 2.2353 3.2647 2.25000* 25355 000 1.7353 2.7647 * 75000 25355 006 2353 1.2647 00000 25355 1.000 -.5147 5147 * 25355 000 2.2353 3.2647 (I-J) Std Error -2.25000 -.75000 2.75000 Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound 63 2.25000* 25355 000 1.7353 2.7647 * 75000 25355 006 2353 1.2647 00000 25355 1.000 -.5147 5147 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Homogeneous Subsets Poin Subset for alpha = 0.05 Color a Duncan N 1.5000 2.0000 8 4.2500 4.2500 Sig 3.5000 057 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 8.000 Smell Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic Poin df1 df2 Sig Based on Mean 250 35 908 Based on Median 438 35 781 Based on Median and with 438 34.462 781 280 35 889 adjusted df Based on trimmed mean ANOVA Poin Sum of Squares df Mean Square Between Groups 61.600 15.400 Within Groups 10.000 35 286 Total 71.600 39 F 53.900 Sig .000 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Poin (I) Smell (J) Smell Std Error Sig 95% Confidence Interval 64 Mean Difference (I-J) LSD Lower Bound Upper Bound -.50000 26726 070 -1.0426 0426 -1.75000* 26726 000 -2.2926 -1.2074 -3.00000* 26726 000 -3.5426 -2.4574 * -3.00000 26726 000 -3.5426 -2.4574 50000 26726 070 -.0426 1.0426 -1.25000* 26726 000 -1.7926 -.7074 -2.50000* 26726 000 -3.0426 -1.9574 * 26726 000 -3.0426 -1.9574 * 1.75000 26726 000 1.2074 2.2926 1.25000* 26726 000 7074 1.7926 -1.25000* 26726 000 -1.7926 -.7074 * 26726 000 -1.7926 -.7074 * 3.00000 26726 000 2.4574 3.5426 2.50000* 26726 000 1.9574 3.0426 1.25000* 26726 000 7074 1.7926 00000 26726 1.000 -.5426 5426 * 3.00000 26726 000 2.4574 3.5426 2.50000* 26726 000 1.9574 3.0426 1.25000* 26726 000 7074 1.7926 00000 26726 1.000 -.5426 5426 -2.50000 -1.25000 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Homogeneous Subsets Point Subset for alpha = 0.05 Smell Duncana N 1.2500 1.7500 8 4.2500 4.2500 Sig 3.0000 070 1.000 1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 8.000 65 Taste Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic Poin df1 df2 Sig Based on Mean 1.167 35 342 Based on Median 1.167 35 342 Based on Median and with 1.167 21.000 354 1.167 35 342 adjusted df Based on trimmed mean ANOVA Point Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total df Mean Square 11.000 2.750 8.500 35 243 19.500 39 F Sig 11.324 000 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Point 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference LSD (I) Taste (J) Taste 00000 24640 1.000 -.5002 5002 -.25000 24640 317 -.7502 2502 -1.25000* 24640 000 -1.7502 -.7498 -1.00000* 24640 000 -1.5002 -.4998 00000 24640 1.000 -.5002 5002 -.25000 24640 317 -.7502 2502 -1.25000* 24640 000 -1.7502 -.7498 -1.00000* 24640 000 -1.5002 -.4998 25000 24640 317 -.2502 7502 25000 24640 317 -.2502 7502 -1.00000* 24640 000 -1.5002 -.4998 -.75000* 24640 004 -1.2502 -.2498 * 24640 000 7498 1.7502 * 1.25000 24640 000 7498 1.7502 1.00000* 24640 000 4998 1.5002 25000 24640 317 -.2502 7502 * 24640 000 4998 1.5002 (I-J) Std Error 1.25000 1.00000 Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound 66 1.00000* 24640 000 4998 1.5002 * 75000 24640 004 2498 1.2502 -.25000 24640 317 -.7502 2502 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Homogeneous Subsets Point Subset for alpha = 0.05 Taste a Duncan N 3.2500 3.2500 3.5000 4.2500 4.5000 Sig .346 317 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 8.000 Appearance Test of Homogeneity of Variances Levene Statistic Poin df1 df2 Point Based on Mean 1.550 35 209 Based on Median 1.400 35 254 Based on Median and with 1.400 27.536 260 1.585 35 200 adjusted df Based on trimmed mean ANOVA Poin Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Between Groups 10.900 2.725 Within Groups 14.875 35 425 Total 25.775 39 Sig 6.412 001 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Point 95% Confidence Interval Mean Difference (I) Appearance (J) Appearance (I-J) Std Error Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound 67 LSD -.75000* 32596 027 -1.4117 -.0883 -.62500 32596 063 -1.2867 0367 -1.50000* 32596 000 -2.1617 -.8383 -1.25000* 32596 001 -1.9117 -.5883 * 75000 32596 027 0883 1.4117 12500 32596 704 -.5367 7867 -.75000* 32596 027 -1.4117 -.0883 -.50000 32596 134 -1.1617 1617 62500 32596 063 -.0367 1.2867 -.12500 32596 704 -.7867 5367 -.87500* 32596 011 -1.5367 -.2133 -.62500 32596 063 -1.2867 0367 * 32596 000 8383 2.1617 * 75000 32596 027 0883 1.4117 87500* 32596 011 2133 1.5367 25000 32596 448 -.4117 9117 * 1.25000 32596 001 5883 1.9117 50000 32596 134 -.1617 1.1617 62500 32596 063 -.0367 1.2867 -.25000 32596 448 -.9117 4117 1.50000 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Homogeneous Subsets Point Subset for alpha = 0.05 Appearance a Duncan N 3.0000 3.6250 3.7500 4.2500 Sig 3.6250 4.2500 4.5000 063 077 448 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 8.000 68 APPENDIX SENSORY ASSESSMENT SHEET FOR INSTANT TEA PERSONAL INFORMATION: First and last name: Phone number: QUESTION ANSWER PART: You will receive coded Angelica sinensis instant tea samples Taste each sample from left to right and rate your preference for them on the scale below Record your answer with an “x” in each corresponding point box Rating on a 5-point scale: Very dislike Dislike Like a little Like Very like ! Note: Rinse your mouth with clean water after each test Sample: 69