Doctoral thesis of philosophy the impact of disruptions on routinization of goal directed grocery shopping behavior

THE IMPACT OF DISRUPTIONS ON ROUTINIZATION OF GOAL-DIRECTED GROCERY SHOPPING BEHAVIOR Adeline P.K Ong Doctor of Philosophy A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Management Business Portfolio Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Australia December 2006 DECLARATION I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone The work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award The content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program Any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged Adeline P.K Ong _ Date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my supervisor, university, friends, and family: Thank You for making a difference Prof Kosmas To Kos, for being an excellent supervisor, friend, and mentor My Smyrnios absolute appreciation for your guidance and vivacity, and for enlightening me with the baffling world of statistics, structural equation modeling, and experiments I’ve come a long way owing to your education Your confidence and patience are much valued Thanks too for availing yourself on every occasion I find your simple philosophy that students are priority truly inspiring With pleasure, I’ll still be terrorizing you during those much-needed coffee breaks Prof Harmen My sincere thanks to Harmen and David for your valued support Oppewal & Associate and guidance Prof David Bednall behavior and experimental design has cultivated my passion for Your expertise within the fields of consumer teaching and research further RMIT and RDU I am grateful for the scholarship, without which I would not have pursued my PhD unreservedly Prue, thanks for responding to my countless emails and questions You and the rest of the team at the Research Development Unit (RDU) have been especially supportive Monash University & Sincere thanks to Monash University and the Monash Research MRGS Graduate School (MRGS) for laying the groundwork of my undergraduate, honors, and postgraduate experience I appreciate the financial and scholastic support you have provided Mai Phan, Yan Huang, For the tears and joys we experienced together as office mates & friends Thanks for sharing your life with me, coping with my sporadic moments, and making my doctoral experience an unforgettable one Now who said PhD students were dull and boring? iii Sherman Ting My unreserved and humble gratitude to my dearest Sherman Thank you for being my pillar of support, never doubting but always believing in me Your unconditional love, patience, and companionship kept me sane, especially during the most trying times Thanks for your indispensable effort in reviewing my work as well All those sleepless nights are appreciated greatly And let’s face it – what would you without your routines? Lareina Ong Special thanks to my lovely sister You have and will always be my role model I am grateful for your time in editing my work, despite your heavy schedules Your aptness and attention to detail are valued truly Family To mum, dad, sis, and Benny: My wholehearted thanks for your prayers and concerns The chicken soup helped Wittily, your investments have been worthwhile In all these things, we are more than conquerors through Him who loved us (Romans 8:37, New International Version) iv CONTENTS Page Declaration …………………………………………………………………………………… Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………… Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………… List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………… List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………… Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………… ii iii v x xii Chapter Introduction ………………………………………………………………… Significance and Justification for this Research …………………………… Distinctions between Routines and other Related Concepts ………… A Contribution to Current Understanding of Consumer Routines … The Role of Goals in Routinized Behaviors …………………………… A Model of Routinization ………………………………………………… The Impact of Disruptions on Routines ………………………………… Routines from a Grocery Shopping Perspective ……………………… Overarching Research Objectives and Approach ………………………… Outline of Thesis Chapters ………………………………………………… 5 10 12 13 14 Chapter Conceptual Background …………………………………………………… Empirical Research on Consumer Routines ……………………………… Current Conceptualizations of Routines ……………………………… Current Conceptualizations of other Repetitive Patterns …………… Routines versus Habits …………………………………………………… Similarities and Distinctions between Routines and Habits Routines versus Rituals …………………………………………………… Similarities and Distinctions between Routines and Rituals Routines versus Loyalty ………………………………………………… Similarities and Distinctions between Routines and Loyalty Routines versus Addictions ……………………………………………… Similarities and Distinctions between Routines and Addictions Summary of Key Differences …………………………………………… Towards A Working Definition and Hypothesized Framework of Routines ………………………………………………………………… Drivers of Routines: Goal-Centeredness ………………………………… Script Theory …………………………………………………………… Goals …………………………………………………………………… Structural Aspects of Routines: Situational Contexts …… …………… Contextual Nature of Routines ………………………… Effects of Situational Stability on Routines ……… … ………… Structural Aspects of Routines: Anticipated Temporal Conditions … Time Allocation and Structuring …………………… Impact of Time Pressures on Routines ……… ………… Instrumental Aspects of Routines: Repetitive Value ……… ………… Variety-Seeking Behavior and Optimal Stimulation Level ……… Convenience …………………………………… Satisfaction ………………………………… Sunk Costs and Switching Barriers ………………………………… Familiarity and Expertise …………………………………………… 16 16 19 20 20 21 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 v 26 26 26 28 34 34 35 36 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 41 Page Chapter Involvement …………………………………………………………… Relationship Commitment ………………………………… Consideration Sets ………………………………………… Working Definition and Hypothesized Framework of Routines ……… Goal-Centeredness ………………………………………………………… Situational Contexts ……………………………………………………… Anticipated Temporal Conditions ………………………………… Repetitive Value …………………………………………………………… Impact of Disruptions on Consumer Routines ……………………… Significance of Disruptions ……………………………………………… Associations between Routines and Disruptions ……………………… When Disruptions Affect Routines Minimally ………… …… ………… Investigating the Influence of Disruptions on Consumer Routines … Significance of Studying Routines in Grocery Shopping …………… Summary ……………………………………… 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 46 48 49 50 52 54 Study 1: Establishing Routinization …………………… ………… Background and Research Objectives …………………… Method …………………………………………….………… Participants ………………………………………… Participant Selection Process …………………… ………… Semi-Structured Interview Schedule …………………… ……… Procedure …………………………………………… ………… Data Analytic Procedures …………………… ……… Case Analyses …………………… ………… Template Analyses …………………… ………… Results and Discussion …………………… ………… Case Analyses …………………… ………… Case 1: Kelly …………………… ………… Case 2: Elizabeth …………………… ………… Case 3: Marge …………………… ………… Summary of Main Issues Arising from Cases ……………………… Goal-Centeredness ………………………………………………… Effects of Risk-Taking Attitudes on Routinized Behaviors …… Further Factors Relating to Grocery Shopping Routines ………… Conclusion of Case Analyses ………………………………………… Template Analyses ……………… ………… Goal-Centeredness ………… ………… Focal and Peripheral Goals Drive Routines ……………………… Multi-Leveled Characteristics of Goals and Behaviors ………… Enactment of Goals for the Purpose of Value Achievement …… Extension of List of values for Grocery Shopping ……………… Situational Contexts ………… ………… Definitional Ambiguity between Situational Contexts and Anticipated Temporal Conditions ………………………………… Supporting Role of Situational Contexts in Routine Maintenance ………………………………………………………… Associations between Situational Contexts and GoalCenteredness ………………………………………………………… Anticipated Temporal Conditions ………………………………… 56 56 57 57 57 58 61 63 63 64 67 67 67 71 76 81 81 82 83 85 85 86 86 88 90 92 94 vi 94 95 98 100 Page Chapter Supporting Role of Anticipated Temporal Conditions in Routine Maintenance ……………………………………………… Associations between Anticipated Temporal Conditions and Goal-Centeredness ………………………………………………… Repetitive Value ………… ………… Definitional Ambiguity between Repetitive Value and GoalCenteredness ………………………………………………………… Functional Role of Repetitive Value in Routine Maintenance … Associations between Repetitive Value and Other Model Components ………………………………………………………… List of Common Repetitive Values ……………………………… Further Factors Relating to Grocery Shopping Routines ………… Conclusion of Template Analyses …………………………………… Fundamental Concepts of Routinization and Routine Perpetuation Following Disruptions …………………………………… Conceptual Model of Routinization ………………………………… Conceptualization of Routine Perpetuation Following Disruptions Situational Contexts ………………………………………………… Anticipated Temporal Conditions ………………………………… Repetitive Value …………………………………………………… Limitations of Study …………………….… Implications of Study ……………… ….… Theoretical Contributions ………… …… Script Theory ………………………………………………………… Goal-Related Theory ……………………………………………… Concept of Routines ………………………………………………… Means-End Chain Theory ………………………………………… Research Contributions ………… ………… Developed Conceptual Model of Routinization ………………… Clarification of Definitions and Relationships …………………… Insights from New Methodological Contributions ……………… Applied Contributions ………… ………… Goals and Personal Values ………………………………………… Model of Routinization …………………………………………… Effects of Routine Disruptions …………………………………… Typology of Repetitive Values …………………………………… Summary ………… …… ………… …………… 113 113 114 115 115 115 116 118 118 118 119 119 120 120 120 121 121 122 122 122 123 123 123 Study 2: Impact of Disruptions on Routines .………… … Background and Research Objectives …………………… Method ………… ………… …… ………………… Participants ………… ………… …… ………… Participant Selection Process … …… Socio-Economic Status … …… Marital Status and Other Household Indicators Grocery Shopping Indicators … …… Measures ………… ………… ………… ………………… Scale Development Process …………… Routinized Behavior …………………… Goal-Centeredness ………………… Situational Contexts …………… 125 125 126 126 126 126 128 128 130 130 132 134 135 vii 100 101 103 103 104 107 107 110 111 Page Anticipated Temporal Conditions ………… Repetitive Value …………… Risk-Taking Attitudes ……………… Personal Values ……….…… Social Desirability Bias ………… Demographics ………… Structure of the Online Experiment ………………………………… Procedures ………… ……… Experimental Protocol .………… … Data Analytic Procedures ………… … Data Screening ………… … Descriptive Analyses ………… … Exploratory Factor Analyses ………… ……… Structural Equation Modeling …….…… Results ………… …… Exploratory Factor Analyses … ………… Personal Values … ………… Structural Equation Modeling … Assessment of One-Factor Congeneric Measurement Models …… Routinized Behavior ……… Goal-Centeredness ……… Situational Contexts ……… Anticipated Temporal Conditions ……… Repetitive Value ……… Risk-Taking Attitudes ……… Personal Values: Self-Direction/Achievement ………………… Personal Values: Enjoyment ……… Personal Values: Maturity/Security ……… Assessment of Multi-Factor Measurement Models ……… Estimation of Hypothesized Structural Model …………………… Assessment of Construct Reliability, Variance Extracted, and Construct Validity ……… Fitting the Hypothesized Structural Model ……………………… Invariance Testing of the Hypothesized Model’s Factorial and Latent Mean Structures … …… Invariance of Factorial/Covariance Structures ………………… Invariance of Latent Mean Structure …………………… Behavioral Differences between Low and High Risk Takers …… Testing for Common Method Bias: Social Desirability …………… Discussion RQ1: What are the Key Components Supporting a Model of Routinization? ……………………………………………………………… Overall Fit of the Structural Model of Routinization ……………… Goal-Centeredness, Situational and Temporal Conditions, and Instrumentality of Repetition Support Routines ………………… Goal-Centeredness Influences Situational, Temporal, and Instrumentality Aspects of Routines ……………………………… Instrumentality of Repetition Reinforces Situational and Temporal Aspects of Routines …………………………………… Impact of Risk-Taking Attitudes on Goal-Centeredness ……… Personal Values Relevant to Grocery Shopping Routines ……… viii 135 135 136 136 137 137 138 139 139 141 141 143 143 145 150 150 151 153 153 154 155 155 155 156 156 156 157 157 157 158 158 162 164 164 171 178 178 181 181 181 182 183 184 186 187 Page Nonsignificant Associations Related to the Structural Model of Routinization ………… ………… RQ2 and RQ3: Does the extent of disruption conditions and disruption levels impact differently on a model of routinization? RQ4: Given that behavior is goal-centered, what are the effects of no, minor, and major disruptions on routinized grocery shopping behavior? ………… Situational Disruptions .………… ………… Temporal Disruptions .………… ……… Instrumental Disruptions .………… ……… Summary of Main Issues .………… ………… Limitations of Study …………………….… Implications of Study ……………… ….… Theoretical Contributions ………… …… Goal Matching Theories …………………………………………… Utility Theory ……………………………………………………… Decision Making Theory …………………………………………… Research Contributions ………… ………… Methodological Considerations …………………………………… Scale Development ………………………………………………… Effects of Routine Disruptions …………………………………… Subconscious, Intentional Routines ……………………………… Applied Contributions ………… ………… Exploratory versus Goal-Directed Search ……………………… Consumer Control over Disruptions …………………………… Significance of Understanding Consumer Values ……………… Summary ………… …… …………… Chapter Conclusion .………… ………… Unique Contributions in View of the Primary Research Problem and Questions ……………………………………………………………………… Development of a Model of Consumer Routinization, including the Role of Goals .……… The Impact of Disruptions on Goal-Directed Routines ……………… Implications and Recommendations for Future Research ……………… Do Routines Perpetuate following Disruptions Owing to Goals or the Changing Environment? .………… What is the Impact of Routine Strength on Routine Maintenance Following Disruptions? .………… … Issues Concerning Goal Consciousness and Automaticity …………… Does the Concept of Bounded Rationality Make Consumers Cognitive Misers or Decision Optimizers? Educating Healthy-Living Routines for Policy Implementation ……… Influence of Mediating Variables on the Model of Routinization …… Conclusion .…… References .………… …… Appendix A Initial List of Items Considered for Pretesting ………… ………… Appendix B Online Experiment Appendix C P-Plots of Nine Measures Relating to Routinization …………………… ix 188 190 191 191 193 194 196 198 200 200 200 201 201 202 202 203 204 205 206 206 207 207 208 209 209 210 211 213 213 214 215 215 216 217 218 219 271 273 292 LIST OF FIGURES Page Summary Figure S.1 Chapter Chapter Chapter Conceptual Model of Routinization of Grocery Shopping Behavior …………………………………………………… Conceptual Background Figure 2.1 Hierarchical Arrangement of Scripted Supermarket Behavior …… Figure 2.2 Hierarchical Goal Structure of Grocery Shopping Figure 2.3 Goal Setting and Goal Pursuit in Consumer Behavior … Figure 2.4 Hypothesized Model of Routinization of Grocery Shopping Behavior ……… Figure 2.5 Grocery Shopping Stressors ……… Figure 2.6 Continuum of Functions for Using Shopping Lists …… Figure 2.7 Research Design involving Studies and ………… Study 1: Establishing Routinization Figure 3.1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Participant Selection Figure 3.2 Interview Procedure……… Figure 3.3 Relationships between Focal and Peripheral Goals …… Figure 3.4 Marge’s Grocery Shopping Goals and Behaviors ……… Figure 3.5 Kelly’s Grocery Shopping Goal Structure ……… Figure 3.6 Supporting Role of Situational Context in Routine Maintenance Figure 3.7 Supporting Role of Anticipated Temporal Conditions in Routine Maintenance .………… …… Figure 3.8 Facilitating Role of Repetitive Value in Routine Maintenance … Figure 3.9 Conceptual Model in Routinization of Grocery Shopping Behavior .………… … Study 2: Impact of Disruptions on Routines Figure 4.1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Participant Selection Figure 4.2 Adopted Script for Grocery Shopping Event for Study Figure 4.3 Experimental Procedures ………………………………… Figure 4.4 Webpage Description of Participants Grocery Shopping Trip …………………………………………………………… Figure 4.5 Hypothesized Structural Model of Routinization Following Assessment of Measurement Models ……… Figure 4.6 Final Hypothesized Structural Model of Routinization … Figure 4.7 Repeated Measures Path Diagram of Routinized Behavior between No-Minor Disruptions and MinorMajor Disruptions ………………………………………… Figure 4.8 Profile Plot of Mean Scores of Routinized Behavior across Macro Level No, Minor, and Major Disruptions … Figure 4.9 Path Diagram for Latent Growth Model of Routinized Behavior across No, Minor, and Major Disruptions …… x 28 30 33 45 51 54 54 58 62 86 89 91 97 101 105 113 126 134 140 141 159 163 171 173 175 Again, with the adopted grocery shopping scenario in mind, please respond to the following situation: After being away for months, you realise the store layout has changed considerably What would you do? (Note: This question about impact of major disruptions was administered for EGSC) Although you usually aim to finish shopping as efficiently as possible, you are not time pressed with other after-grocery-shopping activities this week In fact, you have an unhurried weekend ahead with no activities planned What would you do? (Note: This question about impact of temporal surplus was administered for EGATC) Over previous weeks, several of your preferred brands were discontinued The store has also changed the store layout considerably owing to renovations What would you do? (Note: This question about major disruptions was administered for EGRV) Webpage 282 For each action below, please select the number (1 to 5) that best describes what you would do: Note: You must select all actions ACTION P2Q1 Follow my routine path without referring to aisle signage for direction ACTION P2Q2 Walk up to desired items only, without walking full length of aisles ACTION P2Q3 Select desired items only, without price comparisons ACTION P2Q4 Stick to my shopping list only Follow my routine path with minimal attention to aisle signage for direction Rely heavily on aisle signage for direction Walk up and down full length of selected aisles Walk up and down full length of most or all aisles Compare prices of desired items only Compare prices of desired items and check out other items (incl promotions) Stick to my shopping list with minimal openness to other options Consider other purchase options (incl in-store displays) Webpage 10 283 SECTION B This section concerns your personal grocery shopping experiences Please rate the level of importance each statement is to your personal grocery shopping needs, when shopping for yourself and for others Sense of belonging (e.g., shopping to fit in) P6-1 Excitement (e.g., shopping for the thrill) P6-2 Warm relationship with others (e.g., developing good ties) P6-3 Self-fulfilment (e.g., being praised for grocery choices) P6-4 Being well respected (e.g., being acknowledged by others) P6-5 Fun and enjoyment of life (e.g., shopping for pleasure) P6-6 Security (e.g., shopping with confidence and certainty) P6-7 Self-respect (e.g., shopping healthily) P6-8 Sense of accomplishment (e.g., shopping with achievement) P6-9 Optional Please enter details and rate level of importance of other goals/needs not mentioned in the above list: _ Important 2 3 Very Important 5 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 Webpage 11 284 For each item below, please rate the extent to which you agree with the following statements that best describe your grocery shopping experiences It wouldn’t take much to make me abandon my shopping goals P7-1 I am willing to put in a great deal of effort to achieve my shopping goals P7-2 I grocery shop with certain goal(s) in mind (e.g., for weekly meals; to shop healthily) P7-3 I grocery shop with goals that achieve one or more personal values P7-4 I visit similar grocery stores every week P7-5 I tend to purchase groceries for similar occasions every week (e.g., groceries for dinners from Monday to Friday) P7-6 I follow similar in-store routes and aisles when grocery shopping P7-7 Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 Webpage 12 For each item below, please rate the extent to which you agree with the following statements that best describes your grocery shopping experiences I find that a well-ordered mode of grocery shopping with regular hours is the one for me P8-8 I generally stick to a certain grocery shopping schedule (e.g., Saturday mornings) P8-9 10 I have only a limited amount of time in which to finish my grocery shopping P8-10 11 I have similar activities that precede and follow grocery shopping activities P8-11 12 In whatever one does, the “tried and true” ways are always the best P8-12 13 I may be “set in my ways”, but for me that is the best way to grocery shop P8-13 14 I grocery shop in similar patterns as they help facilitate other activities, surrounding grocery shopping activities P8-14 15 I grocery shop in similar patterns every week because they work for me (e.g., convenience, familiarity) P8-15 Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree 5 5 5 5 Webpage 13 285 For each item below, please rate the extent to which you agree with the following statements concerning shopping for new/unfamiliar products When I shop, I like to try the most unusual items, even if I am not sure I would like them P9-1 When I go to the grocery store, I feel it is safer to buy groceries I am familiar with P9-2 I enjoy taking chances in buying unfamiliar brands just to get some variety in my purchases P9-3 Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree 5 Webpage 14 For each item below, please rate the extent to which you agree with the following statements I stick to similar grocery shopping patterns (e.g., grocery provider, products, time) because: I am committed to my grocery store P10-1 My grocery shopping patterns are important to me P10-2 Once I find a product/ brand/provider I like and am satisfied with, I stick with it P10-3 I would rather stick with a product/brand/provider I am usually associated with, than try something I am not very sure of P10-4 It is convenient to stick with products/brands/providers I know, and have experience with P10-5 Strongly Disagree 2 3 Strongly Agree 5 5 Webpage 15 286 For each item below, please rate the extent to which you agree with the following statements I stick to similar grocery shopping patterns (e.g., grocery provider, products, time) because: I don’t get bored with buying the same brands, especially if they are good P11-6 There are demands (e.g., health, transport, memory) that restrict my choices P11-7 I have favourite products/brands, to which I limit my purchases P11-8 There is a significant benefit to significant others (e.g., son’s/partner’s request) P11-9 10 I initially invested extra effort/time/money to simplify the grocery shopping I now P11-10 11 The effort/time/money to switch would be high despite better options elsewhere P11-11 Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree 5 5 5 Webpage 16 287 Listed below are a number of statements concerning personal attitudes and traits Please indicate whether each statement is true or false for you personally True False I never hesitate to go out of my way to help someone in trouble P12-1 I have never intensely disliked anyone P12-2 There have been times when I was quite jealous of the good fortune of others P12-3 I would never think of letting someone else be punished for my wrong doings P12-4 I sometimes feel resentful when I don’t get my way P12-5 There have been times when I felt like rebelling against people in authority even though I knew they were right P12-6 I am always courteous, even to people who are disagreeable P12-7 When I don’t know something, I don’t at all mind admitting it P12-8 I can remember “playing sick” to get out of something P12-9 10 I am sometimes irritated by people who ask favours of me P12-10 Webpage 17 288 SECTION C This final section relates to your demographic Please select the response that best describes you What is your gender? Male Female 2 What is your age? Under 20 20 to 29 years 30 to 39 years 40 to 49 years 50 to 55 years What is your highest level of education? No formal education Primary school Secondary school Undergraduate degree/TAFE Postgraduate degree Other In which category does total annual household income fall? Under $20,000 $20,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $79,999 Above $80,000 Don’t know Are you currently employed? Yes No What is your highest level of education? No formal education Primary school Secondary school Undergraduate degree/TAFE Postgraduate degree Other Webpage 18 289 In which category does total annual household income fall? Under $20,000 $20,000 to $39,999 $40,000 to $59,999 $60,000 to $79,999 Above $80,000 Don’t know Are you currently employed? Yes No What is your current marital status? Single/Divorced/Widowed Married 10 How many people are currently living in the household? 1-2 person(s) 3-4 persons 5+ persons 11 Are there children currently living in the household? No children at home Youngest children 15 years 12 Do you own your home? Own Rent/Others 13 Do you currently own a motor car? Own None Webpage 19 290 14 Are you solely or jointly responsible for household grocery shopping? Sole responsibility Joint responsibility Who else? Partner 2a Child 2b Parent 2c Relative 2d Friend 2e Other 2f 15 Approximately how long have you been the major grocery shopper for your household? Less than months months to less than years 2 years to less than years years to less than 10 years More than 10 years 16 Approximately how long have your been shopping from your primary grocery store(s)? Less than months months to less than years 2 years to less than years years to less than 10 years More than 10 years PLEASE PRESS THE “SUBMIT” BUTTON THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION AND COOPERATION Webpage 20 291 APPENDIX C P-PLOTS OF NINE MEASURES RELATING TO ROUTINIZATION Normal probability plots (p-plots) are used to test for normality of the nine constructs: Routinized Behavior; Goal-Centeredness; Situational Contexts; Anticipated Temporal Conditions; Repetitive Value; Risk-Taking Attitude; and Personal Values: Self-Direction/Achievement; Enjoyment; and Maturity/Security As shown in Figures A.1 to A.9, measures are acceptably linear, indicating nonsignificant violation of normality assumptions Normal P-P Plot of Regression Factor Score (Routinized Behavior) 1.0 Expected Cum Prob 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Observed Cum Prob Figure A.1 Normal Probability Plots of Routinized Behavior Normal P-P Plot of Regression Factor Score (Goal-Centeredness) 1.0 Expected Cum Prob 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Observed Cum Prob Figure A.2 Normal Probability Plots of Goal-Centeredness 292 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Factor Score (Situational Contexts) 1.0 Expected Cum Prob 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Observed Cum Prob Figure A.3 Normal Probability Plots of Situational Contexts Normal P-P Plot of Regression Factor Score (Anticipated Temporal Conditions) 1.0 Expected Cum Prob 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Observed Cum Prob Figure A.4 Normal Probability Plots of Anticipated Temporal Conditions 293 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Factor Score (Repetitive Value) 1.0 Expected Cum Prob 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Observed Cum Prob Figure A.5 Normal Probability Plots of Repetitive Value Normal P-P Plot of Regression Factor Score (Risk Taking Attitudes) 1.0 Expected Cum Prob 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Observed Cum Prob Figure A.6 Normal Probability Plots of Risk-Taking Attitudes 294 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Factor Score (Personal Values: Self-Direction/ Achievement) 1.0 Expected Cum Prob 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Observed Cum Prob Figure A.7 Normal Probability Plots of Personal Values: Self-Direction/Achievement Normal P-P Plot of Regression Factor Score (Personal Values: Enjoyment) 1.0 Expected Cum Prob 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Observed Cum Prob Figure A.8 Normal Probability Plots of Personal Values: Enjoyment 295 Normal P-P Plot of Regression Factor Score (Personal Values: Maturity/ Security) 1.0 Expected Cum Prob 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Observed Cum Prob Figure A.9 Normal Probability Plots of Personal Values: Maturity/Security 296