Doctoral thesis of philosophy job engagement in the vietnamese higher education sector

Job Engagement in the Vietnamese Higher Education Sector A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nguyen Thao Thai PHAM Master of Science in International Human Resource Management (University of East Anglia, Norwich, the United Kingdom) Bachelor of Arts in International Relations (University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) School of Management College of Business RMIT University August 2018 This page is intentionally left blank ii DECLARATION I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed Nguyen Thao Thai PHAM 08 August 2018 iii This page is intentionally left blank iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been completed with the professional, financial, and emotional support from numerous people and organisations First and foremost, I would like to send my profound gratitude and deep respect to my senior supervisor Professor Adela J McMurray and associate supervisor Dr Nuttawuth Muenjohn for their superb guidance during my PhD journey They not only provided prompt comments and invaluable suggestions for me to direct my research but also aroused my self-confidence, passion and enthusiasm for research activities Their support and encouragement kept me moving forward even in the most difficult stages of my research process Secondly, I would like to show my genuine appreciation to my original associate supervisor Dr Michael K Muchiri for his inputs for more than half of my PhD journey Although Dr Michael K Muchiri had to leave the supervisory team due to his personal issues, I owe him thanks for motivating me to collect quantitative data from two different sources at two different times and to use Mplus software to analyse the multilevel quantitative data They, later, became two out of the four methodological contributions of my thesis Thirdly, I am immensely grateful to my principal sponsor Program 165 and RMIT University for giving their financial and administrative support for my study Additionally, I wish to thank the board of directors at Department of Home Affairs in Ho Chi Minh City - Vietnam, especially Director Mr Lam V Truong, for referring me to Program 165 and the doctoral training program at RMIT University as well as encouraging me throughout the last four years Without them, my PhD journey might never have started I highly acknowledge the support from the Representative Agency of Ministry of Education and Training, the Department of Education and Training, and 14 public and private universities in Ho Chi Minh City - Vietnam during my data collection phase Thanks to all Vietnamese university academics who voluntarily v participated in my questionnaire surveys Their data were exceptionally useful for me to address the research questions and hypotheses I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Kristopher J Preacher, Professor James Gaskin, Professor John Antonakis, Dr Linda K Muthén, Dr Ahmad Abareshi, and members in SEMNET, who devoted their precious time to answer my inquiries about structural equation modelling and multilevel structural equation modelling, which, in turn, assisted me in completing the quantitative data analysis My big thanks go to professional editor, Dr John McAndrew, for his hard work in copyediting and proofreading my thesis in accordance with the university-endorsed national ‘Guidelines for editing research theses’ Thanks to all my friends and colleagues in both Australia and Vietnam for sharing information and knowledge, encouraging me in my research work, and spending a memorable time with me during this long journey More importantly, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my parents Mr Hoang M Pham and Mrs Khoan T Thai for all the sacrifices they have made and the dreams they had to let go, just to give me a shot at achieving mine Thank you to my parents-in-law Mr Ly D Le and Mrs Lan T Nguyen for their unflagging support and complete trust in me Thanks to my brother Nguyen H T Le and brother-in-law Duc M D Le for taking over my responsibilities in the families for the past four years Their unconditional love and support have made me who I am today Last but not least, I dedicate special thanks to my husband Mr Tri M D Le for joining me in this journey Thank you very much for patiently listening to my frustrations and helping me with every household chore A lot of people say that marriage is full of responsibilities With you by my side, our marriage is a blessing vi PUBLICATIONS, GRANTS, AND AWARDS Publications Journal Pham-Thai, NT, McMurray, AJ, Muenjohn, N & Muchiri, MK 2018, ‘Job engagement in higher education’, Personnel Review, vol 47, no 4, pp 951-967 Conferences Pham-Thai, NT, McMurray, AJ, Muchiri, MK & Muenjohn, N 2017, ‘Evaluating the relationship between job engagement, transformational leadership, highperformance human resource practices, climate for innovation, and contextual performance’, paper presented to the 31th ANZAM Conference 2017, RMIT University, Melbourne, - December Pham-Thai, NT, McMurray, AJ & Muchiri, MK 2016, ‘Evaluating the relationship between job engagement, transformational leadership, high-performance human resource practices, and job performance’, paper presented to the 30th ANZAM Conference 2016, QUT University, Brisbane, - December Grants • PhD Full Scholarship by Program 165 - Vietnamese Government and RMIT University, 2014-2018 • Higher Degree by Research Travel Grant (HDRTG) by RMIT University, 2016 Awards • HDR Poster Competition Runner-Up, College of Business Research Showcase 2017 • HDR Poster Competition People’s Choice Award, College of Business Research Showcase 2017 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v PUBLICATIONS, GRANTS, AND AWARDS vii TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF TABLES xv LIST OF FIGURES xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview 1.2 Research Background 1.3 Research Aim and Objectives 1.4 Research Questions and Hypotheses 1.5 Research Design 11 1.6 Research Contributions 13 1.7 Delimitations of Scope 14 1.8 Thesis Structure 15 1.9 Summary 17 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 The Vietnamese Higher Education Context 19 2.2.1 Contemporary Development History of Vietnamese Higher Education 20 2.2.2 Vietnamese University Academics’ Job Engagement 32 2.3 The Operational Definition of Job Engagement 36 2.3.1 Different Schools of Thought in Work Engagement 37 2.3.2 The Nature of Work Engagement 44 2.3.3 The Operational Definition of Job Engagement 47 2.4 Theories of Job Engagement 47 2.4.1 Kahn’s Engagement Theory 48 2.4.2 Social Exchange Theory 51 2.4.3 The Link between Theories of Job Engagement and Key Concepts 54 viii 2.5 Proposed Conceptual Model 57 2.6 The Relationships between Demographics and Job Engagement 60 2.6.1 The Relationship between Gender and Job Engagement 60 2.6.2 The Relationship between Age and Job Engagement 60 2.6.3 The Relationship between Education and Job Engagement 62 2.6.4 The Relationships between Tenure and Job Engagement 62 2.7 The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Job Engagement 64 2.8 The Relationships between High-Performance Human Resource Practices and Job Engagement 67 2.9 The Mediating Role of Climate for Engagement in the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Job Engagement 70 2.10 The Mediating Role of Climate for Engagement in the Relationships between High-Performance Human Resource Practices and Job Engagement 73 2.11 The Relationship between Job Engagement and Job Performance 75 2.11.1 The Relationship between Job Engagement and Task Performance 75 2.11.2 The Relationship between Job Engagement and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour 76 2.11.3 The Relationship between Job Engagement and Innovative Work Behaviour 78 2.12 Summary 82 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Research Paradigm 85 3.3 Mixed Methods Research Design 88 3.4 Survey Methodology 90 3.5 Data Collection Method 91 3.6 Questionnaire Development Process 92 3.6.1 Operationalisation of Key Constructs 92 3.6.1.1 Demographics 92 3.6.1.2 Transformational Leadership 93 3.6.1.3 High-Performance Human Resource Practices 94 3.6.1.4 Climate for Engagement 96 3.6.1.5 Job Engagement 97 ix 3.6.1.6 Task Performance 98 3.6.1.7 Organisational Citizenship Behaviour 98 3.6.1.8 Innovative Work Behaviour 99 3.6.2 Common Method Variance 102 3.6.3 Questionnaire Design 104 3.6.4 Translation of Questionnaire 106 3.7 Sample Design 106 3.7.1 Target Population 106 3.7.2 Sample Size 107 3.7.3 Sampling Techniques 108 3.8 Ethical Consideration 109 3.9 Pre-Test 110 3.10 Pilot Study 112 3.11 Main Study 117 3.12 Data Matching Process 119 3.13 Quantitative Data Analysis Process 120 3.13.1 Units of Analysis 120 3.13.2 Data Analysis Method 121 3.14 Qualitative Content Analysis Process 122 3.14.1 Nature of Content 123 3.14.2 Role of Theory 124 3.14.3 Validity 125 3.14.4 Reliability 126 3.14.5 Units of Analysis 127 3.14.6 Categories 127 3.15 Summary 128 CHAPTER 4: QUANTITATIVE DATA EXAMINATION 132 4.1 Introduction 132 4.2 Missing Data 132 4.3 Outliers 133 4.4 Statistical Assumptions 135 4.4.1 Normality 135 4.4.2 Homoscedasticity 137 4.4.3 Linearity 139 x Variable JE1 JE2 JE3 JE4 JE5 JE6 JE7 JE8 JE9 JE10 JE13 0.334 0.543 0.514 0.456 0.494 0.500 0.596 0.558 0.571 0.560 JE14 0.378 0.510 0.531 0.474 0.539 0.536 0.548 0.513 0.531 0.541 JE15 0.372 0.481 0.556 0.509 0.589 0.512 0.565 0.544 0.540 0.539 JE16 0.371 0.460 0.531 0.480 0.479 0.528 0.547 0.523 0.563 0.523 JE17 0.309 0.449 0.516 0.435 0.460 0.469 0.505 0.476 0.492 0.493 JE18 0.341 0.476 0.559 0.499 0.533 0.494 0.529 0.549 0.554 0.514 Variable JE11 JE12 JE13 JE14 JE15 JE16 JE17 JE11 1.000 JE12 0.832 1.000 JE13 0.487 0.555 1.000 JE14 0.421 0.492 0.703 1.000 JE15 0.462 0.476 0.607 0.768 1.000 JE16 0.493 0.565 0.662 0.685 0.639 1.000 JE17 0.406 0.472 0.665 0.644 0.601 0.710 1.000 JE18 0.455 0.464 0.574 0.689 0.680 0.638 0.658 432 JE18 1.000 Appendix F-3.3: Results of Multicollinearity Diagnostics of Independent Variables within Transformational Leadership, High-Performance Human Resource Practices, and Climate for Engagement Variable Tolerance VIF Variable Tolerance VIF TL1 0.448 2.231 HPHRP8 0.378 2.644 TL2 0.456 2.192 HPHRP9 0.482 2.073 TL3 0.385 2.597 HPHRP10 0.533 1.874 TL4 0.412 2.428 HPHRP12 0.587 1.703 TL5 0.235 4.263 HPHRP13 0.416 2.403 TL6 0.254 3.941 HPHRP14 0.332 3.008 TL7 0.322 3.104 HPHRP15 0.430 2.327 TL8 0.419 2.386 HPHRP16 0.447 2.237 TL9 0.377 2.650 HPHRP17 0.421 2.376 TL10 0.322 3.106 HPHRP18 0.328 3.052 TL11 0.229 4.376 HPHRP19 0.323 3.097 TL12 0.316 3.164 HPHRP20 0.384 2.601 TL14 0.327 3.055 HPHRP21 0.387 2.584 TL15 0.400 2.500 HPHRP22 0.325 3.081 TL16 0.233 4.292 HPHRP23 0.318 3.140 TL17 0.187 5.354 HPHRP24 0.402 2.485 TL18 0.287 3.488 HPHRP25 0.466 2.147 TL19 0.289 3.465 HPHRP26 0.430 2.323 TL20 0.342 2.923 HPHRP27 0.365 2.738 HPHRP1 0.339 2.947 HPHRP28 0.553 1.807 HPHRP2 0.293 3.411 CFE1 0.430 2.327 HPHRP3 0.375 2.666 CFE2 0.341 2.933 HPHRP4 0.446 2.243 CFE3 0.370 2.702 HPHRP5 0.518 1.932 CFE4 0.408 2.451 HPHRP6 0.460 2.172 CFE5 0.376 2.656 HPHRP7 0.430 2.325 CFE6 0.309 3.231 433 Appendix F-3.4: Results of Multicollinearity Diagnostics of Independent Variables within Job Engagement Variable Tolerance VIF Variable Tolerance VIF JE1 0.640 1.564 JE10 0.393 2.545 JE2 0.453 2.210 JE11 0.279 3.583 JE3 0.374 2.671 JE12 0.228 4.393 JE4 0.426 2.345 JE13 0.361 2.773 JE5 0.376 2.661 JE14 0.278 3.595 JE6 0.364 2.745 JE15 0.322 3.107 JE7 0.228 4.385 JE16 0.347 2.885 JE8 0.203 4.924 JE17 0.378 2.648 JE9 0.228 4.394 JE18 0.377 2.650 Appendix F-4: Results of Common Method Variance Test Component Initial Eigenvalues Total % of Variance Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Cumulative % 22.062 22.284 22.284 11.458 11.574 33.858 6.670 6.737 40.595 4.760 4.808 45.403 3.211 3.244 48.646 2.641 2.668 51.314 2.147 2.169 53.483 1.795 1.813 55.296 1.721 1.739 57.035 10 1.656 1.673 58.708 11 1.546 1.562 60.270 12 1.444 1.458 61.728 434 Total 22.062 % of Variance 22.284 Cumulative % 22.284 Component Initial Eigenvalues Total % of Variance Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Cumulative % 13 1.337 1.350 63.078 14 1.278 1.291 64.370 15 1.200 1.212 65.581 16 1.126 1.138 66.719 17 1.096 1.107 67.826 18 1.041 1.052 68.878 19 0.980 0.990 69.867 20 0.930 0.939 70.807 21 0.877 0.886 71.693 22 0.851 0.859 72.552 23 0.835 0.844 73.396 24 0.790 0.798 74.194 25 0.771 0.779 74.973 26 0.739 0.746 75.719 27 0.712 0.720 76.439 28 0.701 0.708 77.147 29 0.675 0.682 77.828 30 0.665 0.671 78.500 31 0.631 0.638 79.137 32 0.622 0.628 79.765 33 0.614 0.620 80.386 34 0.599 0.605 80.991 35 0.585 0.591 81.582 36 0.576 0.581 82.163 37 0.568 0.573 82.737 38 0.554 0.560 83.296 39 0.543 0.549 83.845 435 Total % of Variance Cumulative % Component Initial Eigenvalues Total % of Variance Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Cumulative % 40 0.520 0.525 84.370 41 0.503 0.508 84.879 42 0.479 0.484 85.362 43 0.475 0.480 85.842 44 0.465 0.469 86.312 45 0.450 0.454 86.766 46 0.432 0.436 87.202 47 0.423 0.428 87.630 48 0.417 0.421 88.051 49 0.407 0.412 88.462 50 0.389 0.393 88.855 51 0.382 0.386 89.242 52 0.376 0.380 89.622 53 0.367 0.371 89.993 54 0.352 0.356 90.348 55 0.351 0.355 90.703 56 0.339 0.343 91.045 57 0.337 0.341 91.386 58 0.333 0.336 91.722 59 0.324 0.327 92.050 60 0.319 0.322 92.372 61 0.314 0.317 92.689 62 0.308 0.311 93.000 63 0.303 0.306 93.306 64 0.294 0.297 93.603 65 0.283 0.285 93.889 66 0.275 0.278 94.167 436 Total % of Variance Cumulative % Component Initial Eigenvalues Total % of Variance Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Cumulative % 67 0.270 0.273 94.440 68 0.261 0.264 94.704 69 0.258 0.261 94.964 70 0.250 0.252 95.217 71 0.242 0.244 95.461 72 0.240 0.242 95.703 73 0.237 0.239 95.942 74 0.224 0.226 96.168 75 0.224 0.226 96.394 76 0.216 0.218 96.612 77 0.202 0.204 96.816 78 0.201 0.203 97.020 79 0.199 0.201 97.220 80 0.195 0.197 97.417 81 0.193 0.195 97.612 82 0.180 0.181 97.794 83 0.173 0.175 97.968 84 0.164 0.166 98.134 85 0.159 0.161 98.295 86 0.158 0.160 98.454 87 0.152 0.154 98.608 88 0.147 0.149 98.757 89 0.139 0.141 98.898 90 0.134 0.135 99.033 91 0.132 0.133 99.166 92 0.129 0.131 99.297 93 0.118 0.119 99.416 437 Total % of Variance Cumulative % Component Initial Eigenvalues Total % of Variance Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Cumulative % 94 0.117 0.118 99.534 95 0.111 0.112 99.646 96 0.099 0.100 99.746 97 0.094 0.095 99.841 98 0.084 0.085 99.926 99 0.074 0.074 100.000 Total % of Variance Cumulative % Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis Appendix F-5: Results of the Overall Measurement Model Chi-Square Incremental Fit Indices Absolute Fit Indices χ2 4327.456 CFI 0.930 RMSEA 0.034 df 2982 TLI 0.926 SRMR 0.045 p-value 0.000 Standardised Parameter Estimates Estimate S.E Est./S.E Two-Tailed P-Value TL1 0.674 0.026 25.507 0.000 TL2 0.665 0.026 25.678 0.000 TL3 0.717 0.022 32.922 0.000 TL4 0.681 0.023 29.563 0.000 TL5 0.830 0.014 59.103 0.000 TL6 0.819 0.015 53.020 0.000 TL7 0.751 0.019 40.573 0.000 TL8 0.717 0.021 34.025 0.000 TL9 0.727 0.022 32.567 0.000 TL10 0.765 0.020 38.584 0.000 TL11 0.809 0.017 47.562 0.000 TL12 0.738 0.021 35.453 0.000 TL14 0.791 0.016 49.537 0.000 TL15 0.716 0.022 32.479 0.000 TL16 0.814 0.016 50.779 0.000 TL BY 438 TL17 0.835 0.014 59.560 0.000 TL18 0.817 0.016 50.291 0.000 TL19 0.771 0.019 41.355 0.000 TL20 0.744 0.022 34.300 0.000 HPHRP1 0.799 0.022 36.921 0.000 HPHRP2 0.887 0.013 68.110 0.000 HPHRP3 0.765 0.022 34.341 0.000 HPHRP5 0.646 0.034 18.923 0.000 HPHRP6 0.714 0.023 30.987 0.000 HPHRP7 0.766 0.021 36.264 0.000 HPHRP8 0.805 0.020 40.181 0.000 HPHRP9 0.773 0.023 33.240 0.000 HPHRP10 0.734 0.021 34.352 0.000 HPHRP13 0.696 0.026 27.059 0.000 HPHRP14 0.840 0.017 50.480 0.000 HPHRP15 0.745 0.024 31.207 0.000 HPHRP16 0.730 0.028 26.140 0.000 HPHRP17 0.745 0.027 27.487 0.000 HPHRP18 0.868 0.018 48.937 0.000 HPHRP19 0.789 0.024 32.911 0.000 HPHRP20 0.720 0.025 29.336 0.000 HPHRP21 0.797 0.021 37.319 0.000 HPHRP22 0.883 0.017 52.091 0.000 HPHRP23 0.789 0.027 29.023 0.000 HPHRP24 0.690 0.031 21.979 0.000 HPHRP25 0.653 0.031 21.315 0.000 HPHRP26 0.761 0.026 29.112 0.000 HPHRP27 0.855 0.019 44.536 0.000 CFE2 0.795 0.020 39.346 0.000 CFE4 0.783 0.020 38.407 0.000 CFE5 0.804 0.018 44.294 0.000 SE TD JS BY BY BY PRO PRP AUTO COM CFE BY BY BY BY BY 439 CFE6 0.804 0.019 41.946 0.000 JE2 0.749 0.023 31.895 0.000 JE4 0.785 0.023 34.726 0.000 JE5 0.796 0.019 41.850 0.000 JE6 0.832 0.018 44.972 0.000 JE7 0.895 0.013 70.204 0.000 JE8 0.907 0.011 85.150 0.000 JE9 0.901 0.011 83.321 0.000 JE10 0.763 0.023 33.450 0.000 JE11 0.729 0.021 35.341 0.000 JE12 0.782 0.018 43.541 0.000 JE13 0.803 0.018 44.289 0.000 JE14 0.837 0.017 48.567 0.000 JE15 0.792 0.020 39.045 0.000 JE16 0.826 0.017 47.335 0.000 JE17 0.803 0.019 42.072 0.000 JE18 0.796 0.019 42.798 0.000 TP1 0.810 0.019 43.239 0.000 TP2 0.783 0.021 36.874 0.000 TP3 0.794 0.017 45.659 0.000 TP4 0.764 0.022 34.331 0.000 TP5 0.536 0.034 15.974 0.000 RTP7 0.615 0.032 19.029 0.000 OCB4 0.755 0.021 36.441 0.000 OCB5 0.786 0.023 33.983 0.000 OCB6 0.747 0.025 30.300 0.000 ROCB10 0.749 0.021 35.074 0.000 ROCB11 0.710 0.024 29.375 0.000 IWB2 0.754 0.022 34.586 0.000 IWB3 0.818 0.017 49.393 0.000 IWB4 0.749 0.021 35.204 0.000 IWB5 0.749 0.022 34.304 0.000 PE EE BY BY CE TP BY BY OCBI OCBO IWB BY BY BY 440 IWB6 0.784 0.017 45.289 0.000 IWB9 0.741 0.021 34.885 0.000 PE 0.854 0.023 37.684 0.000 EE 0.858 0.018 46.603 0.000 CE 0.878 0.021 42.381 0.000 0.387 0.047 8.157 0.000 TL 0.341 0.047 7.274 0.000 SE 0.556 0.036 15.548 0.000 TL 0.245 0.052 4.738 0.000 SE 0.420 0.050 8.447 0.000 TD 0.508 0.041 12.504 0.000 TL 0.375 0.041 9.136 0.000 SE 0.654 0.029 22.506 0.000 TD 0.655 0.033 20.138 0.000 JS 0.515 0.044 11.770 0.000 TL 0.319 0.043 7.502 0.000 SE 0.589 0.034 17.154 0.000 TD 0.551 0.035 15.945 0.000 JS 0.469 0.048 9.774 0.000 PRO 0.660 0.031 21.133 0.000 TL 0.185 0.046 4.005 0.000 SE 0.342 0.045 7.578 0.000 TD 0.439 0.044 9.892 0.000 JS 0.478 0.044 10.805 0.000 PRO 0.394 0.042 9.382 0.000 PRP 0.450 0.040 11.165 0.000 TL 0.527 0.038 13.786 0.000 SE 0.549 0.035 15.822 0.000 TD 0.389 0.042 9.366 0.000 JS 0.365 0.050 7.282 0.000 PRO 0.569 0.034 16.627 0.000 JE SE BY WITH TL TD JS PRO PRP AUTO COM WITH WITH WITH WITH WITH WITH 441 PRP 0.433 0.043 10.130 0.000 AUTO 0.376 0.046 8.115 0.000 TL 0.455 0.041 10.978 0.000 SE 0.558 0.037 14.907 0.000 TD 0.509 0.040 12.708 0.000 JS 0.403 0.048 8.417 0.000 PRO 0.579 0.034 17.249 0.000 PRP 0.474 0.037 12.668 0.000 AUTO 0.274 0.048 5.710 0.000 COM 0.473 0.042 11.245 0.000 TL 0.418 0.047 8.958 0.000 SE 0.514 0.041 12.568 0.000 TD 0.444 0.043 10.393 0.000 JS 0.372 0.058 6.404 0.000 PRO 0.458 0.050 9.163 0.000 PRP 0.412 0.047 8.741 0.000 AUTO 0.323 0.053 6.139 0.000 COM 0.523 0.043 12.145 0.000 CFE 0.600 0.039 15.224 0.000 TL 0.192 0.047 4.042 0.000 SE 0.093 0.050 1.853 0.064 TD -0.058 0.045 -1.303 0.193 JS -0.065 0.053 -1.228 0.219 PRO 0.068 0.048 1.416 0.157 PRP -0.031 0.048 -0.642 0.521 AUTO 0.060 0.054 1.114 0.265 COM 0.176 0.050 3.498 0.000 CFE 0.053 0.048 1.119 0.263 JE 0.085 0.048 1.765 0.078 TL 0.166 0.048 3.460 0.001 SE 0.088 0.051 1.730 0.084 TD 0.064 0.044 1.466 0.143 JS -0.052 0.052 -0.986 0.324 PRO 0.099 0.050 1.992 0.046 PRP -0.019 0.049 -0.389 0.697 CFE JE WITH WITH TP OCBI WITH WITH 442 AUTO 0.038 0.045 0.828 0.408 COM 0.167 0.047 3.552 0.000 CFE 0.020 0.051 0.402 0.688 JE 0.035 0.053 0.654 0.513 TP 0.575 0.036 16.111 0.000 TL 0.088 0.052 1.695 0.090 SE 0.044 0.052 0.849 0.396 TD -0.091 0.047 -1.922 0.055 JS -0.054 0.056 -0.973 0.330 PRO 0.009 0.055 0.162 0.871 PRP -0.036 0.052 -0.680 0.496 AUTO -0.017 0.051 -0.331 0.740 COM 0.139 0.049 2.815 0.005 CFE 0.106 0.050 2.112 0.035 JE 0.165 0.052 3.180 0.001 TP 0.563 0.042 13.467 0.000 OCBI 0.417 0.052 7.954 0.000 TL 0.185 0.047 3.918 0.000 SE -0.011 0.047 -0.239 0.811 TD -0.066 0.046 -1.441 0.150 JS -0.089 0.052 -1.696 0.090 PRO 0.034 0.048 0.703 0.482 PRP -0.065 0.050 -1.306 0.192 AUTO 0.026 0.043 0.617 0.537 COM 0.100 0.050 1.996 0.046 CFE 0.012 0.046 0.259 0.796 JE 0.062 0.048 1.308 0.191 TP 0.532 0.034 15.752 0.000 OCBI 0.744 0.028 26.501 0.000 OCBO 0.262 0.051 5.164 0.000 0.430 0.031 13.930 0.000 0.414 0.034 12.281 0.000 0.254 0.047 5.383 0.000 OCBO IWB TL12 WITH WITH WITH TL11 TL17 WITH TL16 HPHRP20 WITH HPHRP19 HPHRP24 WITH 443 HPHRP23 JE12 0.064 6.084 0.000 0.614 0.032 19.384 0.000 0.315 0.052 6.111 0.000 WITH JE11 JE15 0.391 WITH JE14 Appendix F-6: Results of Discriminant Validity Appendix F-6.1: Results of Discriminant Validity of the First-Order Reflective Constructs Construct TL SE TD JS PRO PRP AUTO COM TL 0.752 SE 0.387 0.815 TD 0.342 0.556 0.742 JS 0.245 0.420 0.508 0.752 PRO 0.375 0.654 0.656 0.515 0.757 PRP 0.319 0.588 0.551 0.469 0.660 0.750 AUTO 0.185 0.342 0.438 0.477 0.395 0.449 0.760 COM 0.527 0.548 0.389 0.365 0.569 0.432 0.375 0.749 CFE 0.455 0.558 0.510 0.403 0.579 0.474 0.274 0.472 PE 0.363 0.428 0.376 0.323 0.365 0.325 0.249 0.424 EE 0.398 0.464 0.424 0.332 0.452 0.413 0.240 0.477 CE 0.324 0.436 0.352 0.310 0.364 0.324 0.340 0.447 TP 0.192 0.092 -0.058 -0.065 0.068 -0.031 0.062 0.176 OCBI 0.166 0.088 0.064 -0.052 0.100 -0.019 0.038 0.167 OCBO 0.089 0.045 -0.090 -0.054 0.009 -0.035 -0.016 0.140 IWB 0.185 -0.011 -0.066 -0.089 0.034 -0.065 0.027 0.101 PE EE CE TP OCBI Construct CFE CFE 0.797 PE 0.515 0.792 EE 0.545 0.716 0.786 444 OCBO IWB Construct CFE PE EE CE TP OCBI OCBO CE 0.495 0.769 0.752 0.796 TP 0.053 0.105 0.052 0.069 0.720 OCBI 0.020 0.059 0.003 0.035 0.575 0.762 OCBO 0.107 0.181 0.136 0.119 0.563 0.417 0.728 IWB 0.012 0.077 0.019 0.070 0.532 0.744 0.262 IWB 0.765 * Please note that the square root values of AVE are on the diagonal Appendix F-6.2: Results of Discriminant Validity of the Second-Order Reflective Construct of Job Engagement Construct TL SE TD JS PRO PRP AUTO COM TL 0.752 SE 0.387 0.815 TD 0.341 0.556 0.742 JS 0.245 0.420 0.508 0.752 PRO 0.375 0.654 0.655 0.515 0.757 PRP 0.319 0.589 0.551 0.469 0.660 0.750 AUTO 0.185 0.342 0.439 0.478 0.394 0.450 0.760 COM 0.527 0.549 0.389 0.365 0.569 0.433 0.376 0.749 CFE 0.455 0.558 0.509 0.403 0.579 0.474 0.274 0.473 JE 0.418 0.514 0.444 0.372 0.458 0.412 0.323 0.523 TP 0.192 0.093 -0.058 -0.065 0.068 -0.031 0.060 0.176 OCBI 0.166 0.088 0.064 -0.052 0.099 -0.019 0.038 0.167 OCBO 0.088 0.044 -0.091 -0.054 0.009 -0.036 -0.017 0.139 IWB 0.185 -0.011 -0.066 -0.089 0.034 -0.065 0.026 0.100 Construct CFE JE CFE 0.797 JE 0.600 0.864 TP 0.053 0.085 TP OCBI 0.720 445 OCBO IWB Construct CFE JE TP OCBI OCBO OCBI 0.020 0.035 0.575 0.762 OCBO 0.106 0.165 0.563 0.417 0.728 IWB 0.012 0.062 0.532 0.744 0.262 IWB 0.765 * Please note that the square root values of AVE are on the diagonal 446