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NONG LAM UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES HOW CANCER ARISES Group Lecturers: Docture Huỳnh Vĩnh Khang MEMBER LIST GROUP Huỳnh Phạm Đại Dương Nguyễn Lan Anh Nguyễn Thị Lan Anh 18126027 21126009 21126014 Phạm Thị Mỹ Hạnh Lâm Ngọc Lan Lê Hoàng Phúc 21126092 21126162 21126054 Đỗ Ngọc Bảo Chân Phan Minh Ngọc 21126287 21126426 Bùi Thùy Trang 21126549 C I P TO E N I L OUT Defining cancer Cancer is clonal in origin Insights into cancer Causes of cancer The hallmarks of cancer DEFINING CANCER t r a P DEFINING CANCER Cancer is a disease that involves changes or mutations in the cell genome These changes (DNA mutations) produce proteins that disrupt the delicate cellular balance between cell division and quiescence, resulting in cells that keep dividing to form cancers CANCER IS CLONAL IN t r a P ORIGIN CANCER IS CLONAL IN ORIGIN Cancer is a multi-gene, multi-step disease originating from a single abnormal cell (clonal origin) with an altered DNA sequence (mutation) Uncontrolled proliferation of these abnormal cells is followed by a second mutation leading to the mildly aberrant stage Successive rounds of mutation and selective expansion of these cells result in the formation of a tumor mass CANCER IS CLONAL IN ORIGIN Death as a result of cancer is due to the invading, eroding and spread of tumours into normal tissues due to uncontrolled clonal expansion of these somatic cells INSIGHTS INTO CANCER t ar P INSIGHTS INTO CANCER - Cell masses grow and expand, affecting surrounding normal tissues (such as in the brain), and can also spread to other locations in the body (metastasis) - Cancer incidence rates (number of individuals diagnosed) vary dramatically across countries - Cancer are either hereditary or environmental 10 CAUSES OF CANCER t r a P 11 CAUSES OF CANCER - Genes are distributed unequally across populations, they not explain the differences in cancer incidence rates in the world - Therefore, the risk of developing cancer seems largely environmental, accounting for more than 90% of all cancers 12 caused 4 CAUSES OF a Lifestyle and Environment CANCER - Heavy cigarette smokers ran a 20-fold higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to non-smokers - Over half a million deaths every year are expected to be caused by lifestyle choices such as obesity, physical inactivity, and diets 13 CAUSES OF b Age CANCER The incidence of common cancers (eg, breast, colorectal, prostate, lung) increases with age - Initiation and progression of cancer are also due to exposure to cancercausing agents (carcinogens, mutagens) These are present in food and water, in the air, and in chemicals and sunlight that people are exposed to - In less than 10% of cases, a genetic predisposition increases the risk of cancer developing a lot earlier (E.g certain childhood leukemia, retinal cancers, etc.) 14 THE HALLMARKS OF CANCER 15 t r a P THE HALLMARKS OF CANCER - DNA mutations result in defects in the regulatory circuits of a cell, which disrupt normal cell proliferation behaviour - There are more than 100 distinct types of cancers and any specific organ can contain tumours of more than one subtype - This model looks at tumours as complex tissues, in which cancer cells recruit and use normal cells in order to enhance their own 16 survival and proliferation 5 THE HALLMARKS OF CANCER The hallmarks of this currently accepted model can be described using a traffic light analogy: 1) Immortality: Continuous cell division and limitless replication 2) Produce ‘Go’ signals (growth factors from oncogenes) 3) Override ‘Stop’ signals (anti-growth signals from tumor suppressor genes) 4) Resistance to cell death (apoptosis) 5) Angiogenesis: Induction of new blood vessel growth 17 6) Metastasis: Spread to other sites THANKS FOR Listening! 18