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OneDimensionalMetals TV pdf S Roth, D Carroll One Dimensional Metals One Dimensional Metals, Second Edition Siegmar Roth, David Carroll Copyright © 2004 WILEY VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim ISBN[.]
S Roth, D Carroll One-Dimensional Metals One-Dimensional Metals, Second Edition Siegmar Roth, David Carroll Copyright © 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 3-527-30749-4 Related Titles from WILEY-VCH Ajayan, P., Schadler, L S., Braun, P V Köhler, M., Fritzsche, W Nanocomposite Science and Technology Nanotechnology 2003 ISBN 3-527-30359-6 An Introduction to Nanostructuring Techniques 2004 ISBN 3-527-30750-8 Caruso, F Colloids and Colloid Assemblies Komiyama, M., Takeuchi, T., Mukawa, T., Asanuma, H 2004 ISBN 3-527-30660-9 Molecular Imprinting Decher, G., Schlenoff, J B 2003 ISBN 3-527-30569-6 Multilayer Thin Films Sequential Assembly of Nanocomposite Materials From Fundamentals to Applications Manners, I 2003 ISBN 3-527-30440-1 Synthetic Metal-containing Polymers Gómez-Romero, P., Sanchez, C 2004 ISBN 3-527-29463-5 Functional Hybrid Materials 2004 ISBN 3-527-30484-3 Siegmar Roth, David Carroll One-Dimensional Metals Conjugated Polymers Organic Crystals Carbon Nanotubes Authors Dr Siegmar Roth Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstr 70569 Stuttgart Germany s.roth@fkf.mpg.de Prof Dr David Carroll Laboratory for Nanotechnology at Clemson Clemson University Clemson, SC 29534 USA dcarrol@clemson.edu Cartoons by Rolf D Wuthe, Atelier Wuthe, Weinheim & This book was carefully produced Nevertheless, authors and publisher not warrant the information contained therein to be free of errors Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate Library of Congress Card No applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie, detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim Printed on acid-free paper All rights reserved (including those of translation in other languages) No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publisher Registered names, trademarks, etc used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Composition Kühn & Weyh, Freiburg Printing betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt Bookbinding Großbuchbinderei Schäffer GmbH & Co KG, Grünstadt ISBN 3-527-30749-4 V Biographies After studying physics at the University of Vienna, Siegmar Roth carried out his thesis work at the reactor center in Seibersdorf, Austria, and received his PhD at the Institute of Professor Erich Schmid From 1968 to 1970 he worked at the Siemens Research Laboratories in Erlangen, Germany, on the solid-state physics of novel semiconductors After a three-year stay at the High Flux Reactor of the Institute Laue Langevin and four years at the High-Field Magnet Laboratory, both in Grenoble, France, where his research centered on superconductors, he joined the Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung in Stuttgart, Germany He is currently head of the Synthetic Nanostructures Group in von Klitzing’s department In addition, he is Senior Visiting Professor at the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CEO of Sineurop Nanotech GmbH Stuttgart, and Scientific Advisor to Shanghai Yangtze Nanomaterials David Carroll carried out his thesis work at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, USA, receiving his PhD in 1993 At the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, his postdoctoral work focused on the application of scanning probes to oxide surfaces After this, he joined Prof Rühle's group at the Max-PlanckInstitut für Metallforschung in Stuttgart, Germany For two years there, his work centered on the application of scanning probes to interface studies and supported nanostructures From Stuttgart, he became an assistant professor at Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA Professor Carroll now heads the Nanotechnology group at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina VII Table of Contents 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.4 Introduction Dimensionality Approaching One-dimensionality from Outside and Inside Dimensionality of Carbon Solids Three-dimensional Carbon: Diamond Two-dimensional Carbon: Graphite One-dimensional Carbon: Cumulene, Polycarbyne, Polyene Zero-dimensional Carbon: Fullerene 10 What About Something in Between? 12 Peculiarities of One-dimensional Systems 12 One-dimensional Substances 19 2.1 A15 Compounds 22 2.2 Krogmann Salts 26 2.3 Alchemists’ Gold 28 2.4 Bechgaard Salts and Other Charge-transfer Compounds 30 2.5 Polysulfurnitride 33 2.6 Phthalocyanines and Other Macrocycles 34 2.7 Transition Metal Chalcogenides and Halides 36 2.8 Conducting Polymers 38 2.9 Halogen-bridged Mixed-valence Transition Metal Complexes 41 2.10 Miscellaneous 42 2.10.1 Poly-deckers 42 2.10.2 Polycarbenes 43 2.11 Isolated Nanowires 43 2.11.1 Templates and Filler Pores 44 2.11.2 Asymmetric Growth using Catalysts 45 2.11.3 Nanotubes 46 2.11.4 Inorganic Semiconductor Quantum Wires 47 2.11.5 Metal Nanowires 48 VIII Table of Contents 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 One-dimensional Solid-State Physics 53 3.4 Crystal Lattice and Translation Symmetry 54 Classifying the Lattice 54 Using a Coordinate System 56 The One-dimensional Lattice 58 Reciprocal Lattice, Reciprocal Space 60 Describing Objects by Momentum and Energy 60 Constructing the Reciprocal Lattice 61 Application to One Dimension 61 Electrons and Phonons in a Crystal, Dispersion Relations 63 Crystal Vibrations and Phonons 64 Phonons and Electrons are Different 67 Nearly Free Electron Model, Energy Bands, Energy Gap, Density of States 68 A Simple One-dimensional System 73 Electron–Phonon Coupling, Peierls Transition 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 General Remarks on Conducting Polymers 85 Conjugated Double Bonds 86 Conjugational Defects 89 Solitons 92 Generation of Solitons 100 Nondegenerate Ground State Polymers: Polarons Fractional Charges 106 Soliton Lifetime 108 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.2 Conducting Polymers: Solitons and Polarons Conducting Polymers: Conductivity 77 85 113 General Remarks on Conductivity 113 Measuring Conductivities 118 Conductivity in One Dimension: Localization 126 Conductivity and Solitons 129 Experimental Data 133 Hopping Conductivity 139 Conductivity of Highly Conducting Polymers 145 Superconductivity 153 Basic Phenomena 153 Measuring Superconductivity 159 Applications of Superconductivity 161 Superconductivity and Dimensionality 162 Organic Superconductors 163 One-dimensional Organic Superconductors 164 Two-dimensional Organic Superconductors 167 103 Table of Contents 7.5.3 7.6 Three-dimensional Organic Superconductors Future Prospects 170 8.1 8.2 Charge Density Waves 177 Introduction 177 168 8.5 8.6 Coulomb Interaction, 4kF Charge Density Waves, Spin Peierls Waves, Spin Density Waves 178 Phonon Dispersion Relation, Phase, and Amplitude Mode in Charge Density Wave Excitations 181 Electronic Structure, Peierls–Fröhlich Mechanism of Superconductivity 183 Pinning, Commensurability, Solitons 184 Field-induced Spin Density Waves and the Quantized Hall Effect 188 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.4 Miniaturization 193 Information in Molecular Electronics Early and Radical Concepts 197 Soliton Switching 197 Molecular Rectifiers 200 Molecular Shift Register 201 Molecular Cellular Automata 203 Carbon Nanotubes 204 10 10.1 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.4 10.5 Introduction 211 Switching Molecular Devices 212 Photoabsorption Switching 212 Rectifying Langmuir–Blodgett Layers Organic Light-emitting Devices 216 Fundamentals of OLEDs 218 Materials for OLEDs 219 Device Designs for OLEDs 220 Solar Cells 220 Organic Field-effect Transistors 223 8.3 8.4 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Molecular-scale Electronics 193 Molecular Materials for Electronics 196 211 215 Applications 227 Introduction 227 Superconductivity and High Conductivity Electromagnetic Shielding 227 Field Smoothening in Cables 228 Capacitors 229 Through-hole Electroplating 230 Loudspeakers 231 Antistatic Protective Bags 232 227 IX X Table of Contents 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 Other Electrostatic Dissipation Applications 233 Conducting Polymers for Welding Plastics 234 Polymer Batteries 235 Electrochemical Polymer Actuators 236 Electrochromic Displays and Smart Windows 237 Electrochemical Sensors 237 Gas Separating Membranes 238 Corrosion Protection 239 Holographic Storage and Holographic Computing 239 Biocomputing 240 Outlook 242 12 Finally Index 247 245 XI Preface and Acknowledgments This book originated from lectures on “Physics in One Dimension” given at the University of Karlsruhe in the 1980s I am grateful to all the students who contributed by asking questions Some of them later became PhD students in my research group in Stuttgart The style and content of the book reflect the everyday research work of an interdisciplinary and international research group, where people of different background have to quickly catch up on basic concepts in order to meet on equal terms for discussions The reader is expected to have some basic knowledge of science or engineering, for example, of physics, chemistry, biology, or materials science To consolidate this knowledge you will have to consult textbooks on experimental physics, as well as on organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry But the present book should help to forge links, and with these links the monographs recommended in the Appendix should be accessible It should also be possible to follow international topical meetings We hope that some of the aspects of the book are so interesting that they are attractive even to complete neophytes or to outsiders, and that some features will also appeal to the experienced researcher My thanks are due to all the members of our team (Lidia Akselrod, Tarik Abou-Elazab, Teresa Anderson, Marko Burghard, Hugh Byrne, Claudius Fischer, Thomas Rabenau, Michael Schmelzer, Manfred Schmid, Andrea Stark-Hauser, Andreas Werner) Without constant discussions in the lab’s coffee corner, the book would not have been possible Particular thanks go to Andrea Stark-Hauser, who not only did all the typing but was also engaged in collecting references and figures Manfred Schmid assisted in the preparation of technical drawings, and the cartoons were drawn by Günter Wilk Teresa Anderson, Hugh Byrne, and Andreas Werner went through my first drafts and generated major inputs to the final phrasing of the text, which was ultimately polished by the experts at VCH-Verlag and with whom it was a pleasure to cooperate The whole team has benefited from the cooperation within the Sonderforschungsbereich “Molekulare Elektronik physikalische und chemische Grundlagen” of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, within the European BRJTE/EURAM Project HICOPOL (comprising groups in Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Montpellier, Nantes, Strasbourg, and Graz), and within the European ESPRIT Network NEOME (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland) Siegmar Roth April 1995 XIII Preface to the Second Edition About ten years have passed since the lectures in Karlsruhe on “Physics in One Dimension” and since the first edition of this book When we were asked to work on an update for the second edition, we felt that many things had changed – and were surprised that many parts were still valid! New are the Nobel Prizes – to Curl, Smalley, and Kroto for the fullerenes in 1996 – to Kohn and Pople in 1998 (see the soliton as a Pople–Walmsley defect) – and to Heeger, MacDiarmid, and Shirakawa in 2000 for conducting polymers New are applications of conducting polymers, and in particular, the commercialization of several of these applications, and (almost) new are carbon nanotubes In fact, these nanotubes are the new toys of the materials scientists, and like locust swarms, they crowd on every tiny bit of these carbon crumbs, producing a new wave in literature statistics (compare Figure 2-3) Since we are part of this swarm, we decided to devote several paragraphs and sections of the second edition of our book to nanotubes and to stress the relationships between conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes As was true for the first edition, this second edition would also not have been possible without the support and the many discussions among our teams in Stuttgart, Shanghai, Clemson, and Wake Forest In particular, we are grateful to Ekkehard Palmer, who did most of the computer work for this edition and to the experts at Wiley-VCH in Weinheim We enjoy working in this field, we enjoyed working on the book, and we hope that our readers will enjoy reading our modest oeuvre David Carroll and Siegmar Roth October 2003