MultipleAccessProtocolsForMobileCommunications TV pdf Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications GPRS, UMTS and Beyond Alex Brand, Hamid Aghvami Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs 0[.]
Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications: GPRS, UMTS and Beyond Alex Brand, Hamid Aghvami Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-49877-7 (Hardback); 0-470-84622-4 (Electronic) MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications GPRS, UMTS and Beyond Alex Brand Swisscom Mobile, Switzerland Hamid Aghvami King’s College London, UK Copyright 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 1UD, England National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1P 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the publication Neither the author(s) nor John Wiley & Sons, Ltd accept any responsibility or liability for loss or damage occasioned to any person or property through using the material, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein, or acting or refraining from acting as a result of such use The author(s) and Publisher expressly disclaim all implied warranties, including merchantability of fitness for any particular purpose Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Ltd is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or capital letters Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road Rexdale, Ontario, M9W 1L1, Canada John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129 809 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Brand, Alex Multiple access protocols for mobile communications: GPRS, UMTS and beyond/ Alex Brand, Hamid Aghvami p.cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-471-498771 Global system for mobile communications I Aghvami, Hamid II Title TK5103.483 B73 2001 2001055758 621.382′ 12–dc21 ISBN 471 49877 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Madras, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry, in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production To Monica CONTENTS Preface xv Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi Symbols xxxi Introduction 1.1 An Introduction to Cellular Communication Systems 1.1.1 The Cellular Concept 1.1.2 Propagation Phenomena in Cellular Communications 1.1.3 Basic Multiple Access Schemes 1.1.4 Cell Clusters, Reuse Factor and Reuse Efficiency 1.1.5 Types of Interference and Noise Affecting Communications 1.2 The Emergence of the Internet and its Impact on Cellular Communications 1.3 The Importance of Multiple Access Protocols in Cellular Communications 1.4 A PRMA-based Protocol for Hybrid CDMA/TDMA 1.4.1 Why Combine CDMA and PRMA? 1.4.2 Hybrid CDMA/TDMA Multiple Access Schemes 1.4.3 Literature on Multiple Access Protocols for Packet CDMA 1.4.4 Access Control in Combined CDMA/PRMA Protocols 1.4.5 Summary 1 6 10 12 12 14 15 15 21 Cellular Mobile Communication Systems: From 1G to 4G 2.1 Advantages and Limitations of the Cellular Concept 2.2 1G and 2G Cellular Communication Systems 2.2.1 Analogue First Generation Cellular Systems 2.2.2 Digital Second Generation Systems 2.3 First 3G Systems 2.3.1 Requirements for 3G 2.3.2 Evolution of 2G Systems towards 3G 2.3.3 Worldwide 3G Standardisation Efforts 2.3.4 The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 2.3.5 The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 2.3.6 The Spectrum Situation for UMTS 2.3.7 UTRA Modes vs UTRA Requirements 23 23 25 25 25 27 27 29 31 32 33 35 36 viii CONTENTS 2.3.8 3GPP2 and cdma2000 2.4 Further Evolution of 3G 2.4.1 Support of IP Multimedia Services through EGPRS and UMTS 2.4.2 Improvements to cdma2000 1×RTT, UTRA FDD and TDD 2.4.3 Additional UTRA Modes 2.5 And 4G? 2.5.1 From 1G to 3G 2.5.2 Possible 4G Scenarios 2.5.3 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Standards 2.6 Summary 38 40 40 41 42 44 44 44 46 48 Multiple Access in Cellular Communication Systems 3.1 Multiple Access and the OSI Layers 3.2 Basic Multiple Access Schemes 3.3 Medium Access Control in 2G Cellular Systems 3.3.1 Why Medium Access Control is Required 3.3.2 Medium Access Control in GSM 3.4 MAC Strategies for 2.5G Systems and Beyond 3.4.1 On the Importance of Multiple Access Protocols 3.4.2 Medium Access Control in CDMA 3.4.3 Conflict-free or Contention-based Access? 3.5 Review of Contention-based Multiple Access Protocols 3.5.1 Random Access Protocols: ALOHA and S-ALOHA 3.5.2 Increasing the Throughput with Splitting or Collision Resolution Algorithms 3.5.3 Resource Auction Multiple Access 3.5.4 Impact of Capture on Random Access Protocols 3.5.5 Random Access with CDMA 3.5.6 Protocols based on some Form of Channel Sensing 3.5.7 Channel Sensing with CDMA 3.5.8 A Case for Reservation ALOHA-based Protocols 3.6 Packet Reservation Multiple Access: An R-ALOHA Protocol Supporting Real-time Traffic 3.6.1 PRMA for Microcellular Communication Systems 3.6.2 Description of ‘Pure’ PRMA 3.6.3 Shortcomings of PRMA 3.6.4 Proposed Modifications and Extensions to PRMA 3.6.5 PRMA for Hybrid CDMA/TDMA 3.7 MAC Requirements vs R-ALOHA Design Options 3.7.1 3G Requirements Relevant for the MAC Layer 3.7.2 Quality of Service Requirements and the MAC Layer 3.7.3 A few R-ALOHA Design Options 3.7.4 Suitable R-ALOHA Design Choices 3.8 Summary and Scope of Further Investigations 49 49 53 57 57 58 59 59 60 62 63 64 Multiple Access in GSM and (E)GPRS 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 The GSM System 99 99 99 68 69 70 72 72 74 75 76 76 77 79 81 84 86 86 89 92 94 96 CONTENTS 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.1.2 GSM Phases and Releases 4.1.3 Scope of this Chapter 4.1.4 Approach to the Description of the GSM Air Interface Physical Channels in GSM 4.2.1 GSM Carriers, Frequency Bands, and Modulation 4.2.2 TDMA, the Basic Multiple Access Scheme — Frames, Time-slots and Bursts 4.2.3 Slow Frequency Hopping and Interleaving 4.2.4 Frame Structures: Hyperframe, Superframe and Multiframes 4.2.5 Parameters describing the Physical Channel Mapping of Logical Channels onto Physical Channels 4.3.1 Traffic Channels 4.3.2 Signalling and Control Channels 4.3.3 Mapping of TCH and SACCH onto the 26-Multiframe 4.3.4 Coding, Interleaving, and DTX for Voice on the TCH/F 4.3.5 Coding and Interleaving on the SACCH 4.3.6 The Broadcast Channel and the 51-Multiframe The GSM RACH based on Slotted ALOHA 4.4.1 Purpose of the RACH 4.4.2 RACH Resources in GSM 4.4.3 The Channel Request Message 4.4.4 The RACH Algorithm 4.4.5 Contention Resolution in GSM 4.4.6 RACH Efficiency and Load Considerations HSCSD and ECSD 4.5.1 How to Increase Data-rates 4.5.2 Basic Principles of HSCSD 4.5.3 Handover in HSCSD 4.5.4 HSCSD Multi-slot Configurations and MS Classes 4.5.5 Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data (ECSD) Resource Utilisation and Frequency Reuse 4.6.1 When are Resources Used and for What? 4.6.2 How to Assess Resource Utilisation 4.6.3 Some Theoretical Considerations — The Erlang B Formula 4.6.4 Resource Utilisation in Blocking-limited GSM 4.6.5 Resource Utilisation in Interference-limited GSM Introduction to GPRS 4.7.1 The Purpose of GPRS: Support of Non-real-time Packet-data Services 4.7.2 Air-Interface Proposals for GPRS 4.7.3 Basic GPRS Principles 4.7.4 GPRS System Architecture 4.7.5 GPRS Protocol Stacks 4.7.6 MS Classes 4.7.7 Mobility Management and Session Management ix 101 104 105 106 107 108 111 115 115 115 115 116 120 120 124 124 126 126 127 127 128 131 132 134 134 135 136 137 139 140 140 143 144 145 152 155 155 157 158 160 161 163 163 x CONTENTS 4.8 GPRS Physical and Logical Channels 4.8.1 The GPRS Logical Channels 4.8.2 Mapping of Logical Channels onto Physical Channels 4.8.3 Radio Resource Operating Modes 4.8.4 The Half-Rate PDCH and Dual Transfer Mode 4.9 The GPRS Physical Layer 4.9.1 Services offered and Functions performed by the Physical Link Layer 4.9.2 The Radio Block Structure 4.9.3 Channel Coding Schemes 4.9.4 Theoretical GPRS Data-Rates 4.9.5 ‘Real’ GPRS Data-rates and Link Adaptation 4.9.6 The Timing Advance Procedure 4.9.7 Cell Reselection 4.9.8 Power Control 4.10 The GPRS RLC/MAC 4.10.1 Services offered and Functions performed by MAC and RLC 4.10.2 The RLC Sub-layer 4.10.3 Basic Features of the GPRS MAC 4.10.4 Multiplexing Principles 4.10.5 RLC/MAC Block Structure 4.10.6 RLC/MAC Control Messages 4.10.7 Mobile Originated Packet Transfer 4.10.8 Mobile Terminated Packet Transfer 4.11 The GPRS Random Access Algorithm 4.11.1 Why a New Random Access Scheme for GPRS? 4.11.2 Stabilisation of the Random Access Algorithm 4.11.3 Prioritisation at the Random Access 4.11.4 The GPRS Random Access Algorithm 4.12 EGPRS 4.12.1 EGPRS Coding Schemes and Link Quality Control 4.12.2 Other EGPRS Additions and Issues 4.12.3 EDGE Compact 4.12.4 Further Evolution of GPRS Models for the Physical Layer and for User Traffic Generation 5.1 How to Account for the Physical Layer? 5.1.1 What to Account For and How? 5.1.2 Using Approximations for Error Performance Assessment 5.1.3 Modelling the UTRA TD/CDMA Physical Layer 5.1.4 On Capture and Required Accuracy of Physical Layer Modelling 5.2 Accounting for MAI Generated by Random Codes 5.2.1 On Gaussian Approximations for Error Performance Assessment 5.2.2 The Standard Gaussian Approximation 5.2.3 Deriving Packet Success Probabilities 5.2.4 Importance of FEC Coding in CDMA 164 164 165 168 169 170 171 171 171 172 175 177 179 179 180 180 181 181 183 184 185 188 194 197 197 198 206 207 211 212 216 218 220 221 221 221 222 223 225 225 225 227 228 229 CONTENTS 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.2.5 Accounting for Intercell Interference 5.2.6 Impact of Power Control Errors Perfect-collision Code-time-slot Model for TD/CDMA 5.3.1 TD/CDMA as a Mode for the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access 5.3.2 The TD/CDMA Physical Layer Design Parameters 5.3.3 In-Slot Protocols on TD/CDMA Accounting for both Code-collisions and MAI The Voice Traffic Model 5.5.1 Choice of Model 5.5.2 Description of the Chosen Source Model 5.5.3 Model of Aggregate Voice Traffic Traffic Models for NRT Data 5.6.1 Data Terminals 5.6.2 The UMTS Web Browsing Model 5.6.3 Proposed Email Model 5.6.4 A Word on Traffic Asymmetry 5.6.5 Random Data Traffic Some Considerations on Video Traffic Models Summary and some Notes on Terminology Multidimensional PRMA 6.1 A Word on Terminology 6.2 Description of MD PRMA 6.2.1 Some Fundamental Considerations and Assumptions 6.2.2 The Channel Structure Considered 6.2.3 Contention and Packet Dropping 6.2.4 Accounting for Coding and Interleaving 6.2.5 Duration of a Reservation Phase 6.2.6 Downlink Signalling of Access Parameters and Acknowledgements 6.2.7 Resource Allocation Strategies for Different Services 6.2.8 Performance Measures for MD PRMA 6.3 MD PRMA with Time-Division Duplexing 6.3.1 Approaches to Time-Division Duplexing 6.3.2 TDD with Alternating Uplink and Downlink Slots 6.3.3 MD FRMA for TDD with a Single Switching-Point per Frame 6.4 Load-based Access Control 6.4.1 The Concept of Channel Access Functions 6.4.2 Downlink Signalling with Load-based Access Control 6.4.3 Load-based Access Control in MD PRMA vs Channel Load Sensing Protocol for Spread Slotted ALOHA 6.5 Backlog-based Access Control 6.5.1 Stabilisation of Slotted ALOHA with Ternary Feedback 6.5.2 Pseudo-Bayesian Broadcast for Slotted ALOHA 6.5.3 Bayesian Broadcast for Two-Carrier Slotted ALOHA xi 231 236 237 237 238 240 241 242 242 244 245 246 246 247 250 252 253 253 255 257 257 258 258 258 259 261 261 262 263 263 264 264 266 266 267 267 269 269 270 270 270 271 xxii ABBREVIATIONS B BB BCCH BCH BCS BER BLER BMC BRMA BPSK BRAN BS BSC BSIC BSN BSS BSSGP BTS Bayesian Broadcast Broadcast Control CHannel (GSM, UTRA logical channel) Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (Codes), or Broadcast CHannel (UTRA transport channel) Block Check Sequence (GPRS) Bit Error Rate Block Error Rate (for GPRS) Broadcast/Multicast Control (UMTS) Burst Reservation Multiple Access Binary Phase Shift Keying Broadband Radio Access Network Base Station Base Station Controller Base Station Identity Code Block Sequence Number Base Station System BSS GPRS Protocol Base Transceiver Station C C-Plane C-PRMA C-Slot CA CAF CBCH CBR CCCH CCPCH CCTrCH CD CD/CA-ICH CDI CDI/CAI CDM CDMA CDPA CEPT CFCCH CIR Control Plane Centralised PRMA Contention Slot Cell Allocation (of radio frequency channels) in GSM Channel Assignment in UMTS (for CPCH operation) Channel Access Function Cell Broadcast Channel (GSM) Constant Bit-Rate Common Control CHannel (GSM, UTRA logical channel) Common Control Physical CHannel (UTRA physical channel) Coded Composite Transport CHannel (UTRA) Collision Detection CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator CHannel (UTRA FDD physical channel) Collision Detection Indicator (UTRA FDD indicator) Collision Detection Indicator / Channel Assignment Indicator (UTRA FDD indicator) Code-Division Multiplexing Code-Division Multiple Access Capture-Division Packetised Access Conf´erence Europ´eenne des Administrations des Postes et des T´el´ecommunications (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations) COMPACT Frequency Correction CHannel Carrier-to-Interference Ratio