BS EN 62430:2009 BSI British Standards Environmentally conscious design for electrical and electronic products NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW raising standards worldwide™ BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 62430:2009 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 62430:2009 It is identical to IEC 62430:2009 The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee GEL/111, Electrotechnical environment committee A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © BSI 2009 ISBN 978 580 57459 ICS 13.020.01; 29.020; 31.020; 43.040.10 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2009 Amendments issued since publication Amd No Date Text affected EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62430 BS EN 62430:2009 NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM June 2009 ICS 13.020; 43.040.10 English version Environmentally conscious design for electrical and electronic products (IEC 62430:2009) Eco-conception pour les produits électriques et électroniques (CEI 62430:2009) Umweltbewusstes Gestalten von elektrischen und elektronischen Produkten (IEC 62430:2009) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2009-05-01 CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels © 2009 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members Ref No EN 62430:2009 E BS EN 62430:2009 EN 62430:2009 -2- Foreword The text of document 111/104/CDV, future edition of IEC 62430, prepared by IEC TC 111, Environmental standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 62430 on 2009-05-01 The following dates were fixed: – latest date by which the EN has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2010-02-01 – latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2012-05-01 Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 62430:2009 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated: ISO 9000 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 9000:2005 (not modified) ISO 9001 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 9001:2008 (not modified) ISO 14001 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 14001:2004 (not modified) ISO 14040 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 14040:2006 (not modified) BS EN 62430:2009 –2– 62430 © IEC:2009 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Scope .6 Normative references .6 Terms and definitions .6 Fundamentals of environmentally conscious design (ECD) .8 4.1 General 4.2 Life cycle thinking 4.3 Regulatory and stakeholders’ requirements .9 4.4 Integration into management system .9 Environmentally conscious design process (ECD process) 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 General Analysis of regulatory and stakeholders’ environmental requirements 10 Identification and evaluation of environmental aspects and corresponding impacts 10 Design and development 11 Review and continual improvement 11 Information sharing for ECD 11 Annex A (informative) Fundamentals of environmentally conscious design 13 ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ Annex B (informative) Elaboration of environmentally conscious design process (ECD process) 16 Annex C (informative) Examples categories of tools 26 Bibliography 29 Figure A.1 – Overview of ECD process 13 Figure B.1 – Examples of environmental impacts associated with a product’s inputs, outputs and life cycle stages 20 Figure B.2 – Example of the integration of environmental aspects into the design and development process 24 Figure B.3 – Information sharing and collaboration along the supply chain for ECD processes 25 Table B.1 – Examples of procedures for ECD Process 16 Table B.2 – Life cycle stages and examples of environmental aspects for the identification of the significant life cycle stages and environmental aspects 21 Table C.1 – Overview of tools which can be used in ECD 26 BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 –5– INTRODUCTION Every product has an effect on the environment, which may occur at any or all stages of its life cycle – raw-material acquisition, manufacture, distribution, use, maintenance, re-use and end of life These effects may range from slight to significant; they may be short-term or longterm; and they may occur at the local, national, regional or global level (or a combination thereof) The widespread use of electrical and electronic products has drawn increased awareness to their environmental impacts As a result, legislation, as well as market-driven requirements for environmentally conscious design, are emerging The goal of environmentally conscious design is the reduction of adverse environmental impacts of a product throughout its entire life cycle This can involve balancing the environmental aspects of the product with other factors, such as its intended use, performance, cost, marketability and quality, and choosing methods to meet legal and regulatory requirements in the most environmentally friendly way In striving for this goal, multiple benefits can be achieved for the organization, its customers and other stakeholders Environmentally conscious design is not a separate design activity; rather, it is an integral part of the existing design process The "design" in this context includes the activities associated with the processes of product planning, development and decision-making as well as the creation of policies within the organization The impetus to create an International Standard was triggered by common circumstances impacting many industries in the global marketplace, since the compositional elements of a product (such as materials, components and services) are provided across national borders The existence of an International Standard provides for a consistent approach to life cycle management ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ This International Standard is intended for use by all those involved in the design and development of electrical and electronic products This includes all parties in the supply chain regardless of organization type, size, location and complexity It is applicable for all types of products, new as well as modified Sector-specific documents may be developed to address needs not covered in this standard The use of this standard as a base reference is encouraged so as to ensure consistency throughout the electrotechnical sector This International Standard provides a set of requirements for the process of environmentally conscious design reflecting the contents of IEC Guide 114 and ISO/TR 14062 BS EN 62430:2009 –6– 62430 © IEC:2009 ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS DESIGN FOR ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS Scope This International Standard specifies requirements and procedures to integrate environmental aspects into design and development processes of electrical and electronic products, including combination of products, and the materials and components of which they are composed (hereafter referred to as products) NOTE The existence of this standard does not preclude particular sectors from generating their own, more specific, standards or guidelines Where such documents are produced it is recommended that they use this standard as the reference in order to ensure consistency throughout the electrotechnical sector Normative references No normative references are cited Informative references are noted in the bibliography NOTE This clause is included in order to retain typical clause numbering Terms and definitions ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply 3.1 design and development activities that take an idea or requirement and transform these into a product NOTE The process of design and development usually follows a series of defined steps starting with an initial idea, transforming that into a formal specification, and resulting in the creation of a working prototype and whatever documentation is required to support production of the goods or provision of the service 3.2 environment surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation NOTE Surroundings in this context extend from within an organization to the global system [ISO 14001: 2004, definition 3.5] 3.3 environmental aspect element of an organization's activities or products that can interact with the environment NOTE A significant environmental aspect has or can have a significant environmental impact [ISO 14001:2004, definition 3.6, modified] 3.4 environmental impact any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partly resulting from an organization's environmental aspects [ISO 14001:2004, definition 3.7] BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 –7– 3.5 environmental parameter quantifiable attribute of an environmental aspect EXAMPLE Environmental parameters include the type and quantity of materials used (weight, volume), power consumption, emissions, rate of recyclability, etc 3.6 environmentally conscious design ECD systematic approach which takes into account environmental aspects in the design and development process with the aim to reduce adverse environmental impacts 3.7 environmentally conscious design tool formalized method which facilitates qualitative or quantitative analysis, comparison and/or solution finding during the ECD process 3.8 life cycle consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to the final disposal [ISO 14040:2006, definition 3.1] 3.9 life cycle assessment LCA compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ [ISO 14040:2006, definition 3.2] 3.10 life cycle stage element of a life cycle NOTE The phrase ’life cycle phase’ is sometimes used interchangeably with ‘life cycle stage’ NOTE Examples of life cycle stages are: raw material acquisition and production; manufacturing; packaging and distribution; installation and use, maintenance and upgrading and end of life 3.11 life cycle thinking LCT consideration of all relevant environmental aspects during the entire life cycle of products [IEC Guide 109:2003, modified] 3.12 organization group of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities, authorities and relationships [ISO 9000:2005, definition 3.3.1,modified] 3.13 process set of interrelated or interacting activities which transform inputs into outputs NOTE Inputs to a process are generally outputs of other processes BS EN 62430:2009 –8– NOTE value 62430 © IEC:2009 Processes in an organization are generally planned and carried out under controlled conditions to add [ISO 9000:2005, definition 3.4.1, modified] 3.14 product any goods or service NOTE This includes interconnected and/or interrelated goods or services [ISO 14040:2006, definition 3.9, modified] 3.15 product category group of technologically or functionally similar products where the environmental aspects can reasonably be expected to be similar 3.16 stakeholder individual, group or organization that has an interest in an organization or activity NOTE Usually a stakeholder can affect or is affected by the organization or the activity [ISO 14050, definition 3.5, modified] Fundamentals of environmentally conscious design (ECD) ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ NOTE More detailed information relating to Clause is provided in Annex A 4.1 General Clause describes the fundamental requirements of ECD to be implemented by the organization Clause describes the ECD process to be implemented on an operational basis 4.2 Life cycle thinking Environmentally conscious design shall be based on the concept of life cycle thinking (LCT), which requires consideration during the design and development process of the significant environmental aspects of a product in all life cycle stages Key elements of life cycle thinking are as follows: a) having an objective to minimize the overall adverse environmental impact of the product; b) identifying, qualifying and where feasible, quantifying the significant environmental aspects of the product; c) considering the trade-offs between environmental aspects and life cycle stages The above shall be initiated as early as possible in the design and development process, when most opportunities exist to make changes and improvements to the product affecting its overall environmental performance throughout its life cycle NOTE As a first step in LCT, the intended function of the product should be determined In subsequent design and development stages the influence of any applied business model should be recognized NOTE The life cycle stages of any product under control of the organization usually include the processing of materials, manufacturing, distribution, use, maintenance and end-of-life management (including reuse, recycling, recovery and final disposal) NOTE When a product is part of a system, the environmental performance of one product during one or more life cycle stages can be altered by other products in that system NOTE ECD requires collaboration and contributions of all stakeholders along the supply chain BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 4.3 –9– Regulatory and stakeholders’ requirements Environmentally conscious design is performed within the boundaries set by regulatory and stakeholders’ requirements Such requirements shall be regularly reviewed so that relevant changes are understood by the organization undertaking the ECD Regulatory and stakeholders’ requirements may include: a) restrictions and obligations resulting from national and international regulations; b) technical standards and voluntary agreements; c) market or customers’ needs, trends and expectations; d) societal and investors’ expectations, e.g advances in technology 4.4 Integration into management system Environmentally conscious design and its objective of minimizing the overall adverse impact of the product shall be reflected in the policies and strategies of the organization If an organization has a management system which includes the product design and development function, the ECD process shall be an integral part of that documented system Environmental considerations could be one element of the overall risk management process of the organization NOTE "Risk management" is defined in ISO/IEC Guide 73 In line with the procedures of the management system of the organization, the ECD process shall be reviewed when required and at planned intervals to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness This review shall include assessing opportunities for improvement and the need for changes to the ECD process and the related policies and strategies of the organization ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ NOTE The iterative process of continual improvement in product design and development can also be described by the PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) cycle This approach also provides means for managing the changing legal, technological, organizational, economic and environmental requirements NOTE Communication regarding the ECD process and its objectives is performed within an organization so that the affected departments understand the rationale for the initiative, leading to their cooperation and collaboration NOTE Management systems are described, for example, in ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 Environmentally conscious design process (ECD process) NOTE More detailed information relating to Clause is provided in Annex B 5.1 General Organizations performing environmentally conscious design (ECD) shall establish, document, implement and maintain an ECD process as an integral part of the product design and development process This ECD process includes the following steps, which are further described in 5.2 to 5.5: a) analysis of the regulatory and stakeholders’ environmental requirements; b) identification and evaluation of environmental aspects and corresponding impacts; c) design and development; d) review and continual improvement The organization shall, while following the above steps, document the relevant results and the subsequent conclusions and responsibilities assigned NOTE The above process a) to d) corresponds to the PDCA cycle as follows: BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 Phase Conceptual design (identifying product's functions and the solutions) – 17 – (a )- (d) in 5.1 General tasks Product design (Identifying product structure, components and materials) (see Annex C) What should be the target specifications for fulfilling the environmental performance objectives? Establish the environmental targets (performance objectives) and requirements for the product in the design specification c) Analysis of the product’s intended functions so that these can be modified, if required, to achieve the environmental targets for the product c) Assemble solutions (including new technologies) to achieve each required function within the designed product How to generate product concept variants? Evaluate variants against criteria, such as economic, technical, social and environmental ones How to select the best product concept variant? Environmental QFD Select and evaluate a model solution against the environmental performance objectives Are the environmental performances objectives met? LCT assessment tools c) Detail and optimize the product’s design so as to satisfy environmental and performance requirements c) Optimize the product’s design in detail by taking various life cycle processes into account (e.g packaging and transportation) d) d) Release for production d) What are the core functions of the product? What are the possible new functions of the product? Design supporting tools Conduct an assessment of environmental impacts over the entire product life cycle Does the product satisfy the specified environmental performance objective? Evaluate and test the prototype against criteria such as economic, technical, social, and environmental ones Prepare the product information for stakeholders to cover the entire life cycle, including end-of-life treatment What accompanying documents and instructions will be prepared that are relevant for ECD? (Examples include user manuals, disassembly instructions and environmental product declarations) What are the relevant environmental data to include in accompanying documents? d) ECD check-lists ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ Evaluation (Ensuring that the product satisfies environment al and other specification s) Examples of ECD tools c) c) Detailed design Leading questions Review and check the results and feedback if necessary Has the environmental target of the product been achieved? ECD benchmarking ECD check-lists, Environmental QFD LCT assessment tools BS EN 62430:2009 – 18 – B.1.2 62430 © IEC:2009 ECD process documentation – Knowledge management Procedures and records used to ensure conformity of the product to specified requirements: – identification of standards and guidelines applied, requirements of regulations; – details of the significant design and development elements adopted to reduce adverse environmental impacts and of the procedures used to control variations in the production process; – results of product assessment (assess environmental parameters) over the entire product life cycle, evaluating, testing and prototyping variants against criteria such as economic, technical, social, and environmental ones An organization may adapt its existing management system in order to establish a knowledge management system that is suitable to ensure the identification of the relevant regulatory and stakeholder requirements B.2 Analysis of regulatory and stakeholder requirements (5.2) Examples of sources of external environmental requirements influencing the planning, design and development of products are as follows: a) national and international regulations affecting products, processes or international trade; b) national and international technical standards and voluntary agreements; c) customer specifications; d) benchmark reports of competing products; ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ e) eco-label and green procurement schemes; f) technical documentations from suppliers; g) market analysis and market trend reports; and h) studies on societal, investor and media expectations Examples of factors that may be considered when establishing a procedure for the identification and analysis of environmental regulatory and stakeholders’ requirements are as follows: 1) knowledge and expertise of staff; 2) extent of requirements to be covered (e.g technical and geographic scope); 3) product categories in the organization’s product portfolio triggering specific investigations; 4) frequency of changes and the resulting monitoring task; 5) manufacturing strategy and structure of the organization; 6) internal and external resources, availability of suitable specialized services; 7) cooperation with suppliers or within trade associations, and their capabilities; and 8) financial and human resources available for the task The organization may determine the necessary actions to appropriately respond to the identified requirements based on available expertise and experience, and by risk assessment BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 B.3 B.3.1 – 19 – Identification and evaluation of environmental aspects and corresponding impacts (5.3) Examples of environmental impacts associated with a product’s life cycle Products can have a range of environmental aspects (e.g resources consumed, emissions generated) that result in environmental impacts (e.g pollution of air, water and soil; climate change) A product's environmental impacts are largely linked to the inputs that are used and consumed, the processes employed and the outputs that are generated at all stages of the product's life cycle Environmental aspects when the product is a service may include transportation resources, use of spare parts or use of energy during service Environmental impacts can be greatly influenced by the actions of organizations and individuals using the product Figure B.1 shows some environmental impacts that can be associated with the product’s life cycle ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ BS EN 62430:2009 – 20 – PRODUCT LIFE INPUT – Materials (including purchased parts and subassemblies） – Energy – Other resources Raw material acquisition and production 62430 © IEC:2009 OUTPUT – Products – Semi-finished Transport products Manufacturing Transport – Rejects – Emissions to air • Greenhouse Packaging and distribution gases • Ozone depleting substances Transport Installation/use, maintenance and upgrading Transport • Others – Emissions to water and soil End of life – Wastes Re-use of products or parts, recycling of materials, recovery of materials/energy – Physical Transport ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ Appropriate treatment / Final disposal effects such as noise and vibration – Other releases ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – – – – – – – – – – Depletion of resources Ozone depletion Smog formation Eutrophication Climate change/global warming Alteration of habitats Acidification Reduction of biological diversity Air, water and soil pollution etc IEC Figure B.1 – Examples of environmental impacts associated with a product’s inputs, outputs and life cycle stages 357/09 BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 B.3.2 – 21 – Life cycle tools for identification of significant environmental aspects and impacts A commonly used tool for the assessment of environmental aspects and impacts of a product based on LCT could be life cycle assessment (LCA), which generates quantitative information There are also tools to generate qualitative information which yields results based on pre-set parameters for the analysis and allows organizations to evaluate those parameters qualitatively Table B.2 shows an example of the LCT approach that identifies significant life cycle stages and environmental aspects of a product Identification of significant environmental aspects is not necessarily a task that each organization needs to by itself; for instance, such information could be available on a product category basis through industry bodies or other trusted sources Table B.2 – Life cycle stages and examples of environmental aspects for the identification of the significant life cycle stages and environmental aspects Environmental aspect Material / energy consumption Raw material procurement - Which means of transport are used? - How long is the transport distance? - What types and how much? - Are there any emissions generated during manufacturing? - Are there any emissions generated during transport? - What types of emissions? - What types of emissions? - Are there any emissions generated during installation and maintenance? - To where/ how much is emitted? - To where/ How much is emitted? - Are there any physical effects involved? - Are there any physical effects involved during manufacturing? - What types of waste are generated? - What types of waste are generated during manufacturing? - How much is generated? - What types of materials/ energy are needed? - How much is needed? - What types of emissions? - To where/how much is emitted? Physical effect (e.g noise, electromagnetic or ionizing radiation) Waste generation - Does it require packaging to transport? Installation and maintenance - Does it require materials/ energy to unpack, set up, clean or repair the product? - Are there any emissions generated? Emission Manufacturing Packaging, transport and distribution - Does it require ancillary materials/ energy to manufacture? - What types and how much? Use - Does it require materials/ energy to operate? End of life - Does it require materials/ energy during end of life? ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ - What types - What types and and how how much? much? - Are there any emissions generated during use? - Are there any emissions generated during end of life? - To where / How much is emitted? - What types - What of emissions? types of emissions? - To where - To where /How much is /How much emitted? is emitted? - Are there any physical effects involved during transport? - Are there any physical effects involved during installation/ maintenance? - Are there any physical effects involved during use? - Are there any physical effects involved during end of life? - Are there any by-products? - What types of waste are generated during packaging, transport and distribution? - What types of waste are generated during installation/ maintenance? - What types of waste are generated during use? - What types of waste are generated during end of life? - How much is generated? - How much is generated? - What types of emissions? - How much is generated? - How much - How of each type much is is generated? generated? BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 – 22 – Environmental aspect Possibility of reuse, recycling, or recovery Raw material procurement - Is it possible to recover material/ energy? Manufacturing - Is it possible to reuse parts or components of rejected products? - Is it possible to recover materials/ energy during the manufacturing processes? Packaging, transport and distribution Installation and maintenance Use - Is it easily disassembled? - Is it easily serviced? - Is it possible to reuse or recycle the packaging? - Is it possible to reuse parts or components? - Is it possible to recover materials/ energy which have been used to set up or maintain the product? End of life - Is it possible to recover materials/ energy which have been used to operate the product? - Is it possible to reuse parts/ components or recycle the materials from the waste product? - Is it possible to recover the energy from the waste product? For each life cycle stage and environmental aspect, identify the materials and/or processes of a product that can cause significant impact on the environment The materials and/or processes identified as significant become significant environmental parameters At the same time, the identification process highlights which life cycle stages are most significant B.4 Design and development (5.4) ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ The design and development process starts with the specification of the product’s functions The environmental parameters for the product design are then defined based on the prioritized significant environmental aspects that are identified The organization should evaluate various design and development approaches with the aim of reducing the adverse environmental impacts caused by the product over its entire life cycle The following examples of possible design and development considerations may be helpful in this respect: a) functionality: considering opportunities for multiple functions, modularity, automated control and optimization; comparing the environmental performance to that of products tailored for specific use; b) materials efficiency: checking if environmental impact can be reduced e.g by minimal use of materials, use of low impact material, and/or recovered materials; c) energy efficiency: considering total energy use throughout the product’s life cycle (including use phase), check if environmental impact can be reduced, e.g reduction of energy use, use of low impact energy resources; d) material composition: identifying substances contained in the product including purchased parts and materials, and considering the reduction or avoidance of the use of potentially hazardous substances in the product; e) durability: considering the product’s longevity, serviceability; considering environmental improvements emerging from new technologies; f) cleaner production and use: using cleaner production techniques, avoiding use of hazardous consumables and auxiliary materials; g) packaging: packaging material may be considered from the view point of efficient material use and information about the take-back system; h) transport: consider transport distances during the production and distribution of the product including efficient determination of product volume and weight; BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 – 23 – i) reuse, recovery and recycling: considering opportunities to reduce material complexity, to make resource recovery and material recycling easier and to reuse sub-assemblies and components; j) end-of-life management: considering the value of resources recoverable from products taken back, waste treatment processes and requirements, and their economic impacts on the organization Based upon the above described design considerations, as well as upon business considerations, environmental strategies should be developed to improve the performance of the identified significant environmental parameters Environmental targets based on the environmental strategies, are then developed Examples of these targets might include: reduce emissions by x %; improve energy efficiency by z %; reduce weight by y kg, etc The environmental targets, and other considerations such as functionality, are translated into the product specification which is the basis for the technical solutions Technical solutions to meet the product specification are identified in the next stage of the design and development process The impact of technical solutions on other product parameters, such as functionality, quality, costs and marketability, are examined and decisions on trade-offs are made with the aim to find optimum solutions Where certain attributes are required for compliance with regulation (e.g health and safety, electromagnetic compatibility) the objective should be to meet these requirements in a manner that is least damaging to the environment This iterative procedure leads to increasingly detailed design solutions The use of ECD tools and standards may be helpful in this stage ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ An integrated perspective achieved by including environmental aspects in product design and development can help the organization in the consideration of the trade-offs which arise with most design decisions Examples of trade-offs which might be encountered are given below 1) Between different environmental aspects; for example, optimizing a product for weight reduction might negatively affect its recyclability The comparison of potential environmental impacts associated with each option can help decision-makers find the best solution 2) Between environmental, economic and social benefits These can be tangible (for example, lower cost, waste reduction), intangible (for example, convenience) and emotional (for example, image) For example, making a product more robust increases the lifetime and, as a result, may benefit the environment by reducing long-term resources use and waste generated but may also increase initial costs This may have social as well as economic effects 3) Between environmental, technical and/or quality aspects; for example, design decisions related to use of a particular material might negatively affect the reliability and durability of a product, even though this produces environmental benefits The product design and development process varies depending on products and organizations Figure B.2 shows a model of product design and development with its typical stages and possible actions to integrate environmental aspects into the process There are various approaches to integrate environmental aspects into the design process, and many organizations employ a combination of approaches and tools BS EN 62430:2009 – 24 – 62430 © IEC:2009 Design and development Planning Activities contributing to ECD Identify the relevant regulatory and stakeholder requirements Identify significant environmental aspects and deter mine the priorities Conceptual design Define environmental parameters by reference to the prioritized significant environmental aspects Define criteria for the evaluation of the environmental parameters Identify and quantify potential environmental improvements (poss bly by comparison with previous or benchmark products) Design specification Set targets for the improvement of the environmental parameters and establish these environmental targets as specifications for the product design Detailed design Testing/Prototype ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ W ork out technical solutions to meet the environmental targets Assess the impacts of the solutions on other factors such as functionality, quality, and economic parameters Choose and apply appropriate tools (for example, checklists or computer-aided ECD tools) to improve the overall produc t performance Check the detailed design against the environmental targets that are set by the design specification Document the environmental product performance data (including information about the best use and end-of- life treatment) Release for production IEC 358/09 Figure B.2 – Example of integration of environmental aspects into the design and development process B.5 Review and continual improvement (5.5) Product designs, at the completion of major design stages, or when a significant environmental aspect is affected, may be subject to a review, e.g as part of a continual improvement process The review may assess performance, confirm and evaluate achievement of the targets and identify opportunities for improvement Evaluation and assessment against targets can be either qualitative or quantitative Examples could include: – prevention or reduction of adverse environmental impacts; – improvement of environmental parameters as compared to a reference product or product category; and BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 – – 25 – cost effectiveness and benefits It is recommended to record and maintain the results of design and development reviews and subsequent actions with a view to continually improve the environmental performance of the products B.6 Information sharing for ECD (5.6) An internationally harmonized ECD process leads to a common understanding of ECD process information requirements This supports collaboration among various stakeholders along the supply chain to share information for the analysis of relevant environmental aspects covering the entire life cycle In addition, this information sharing facilitates the creation of solutions that only become evident when different organizations come together with one goal, that of minimizing the environmental impact (see Figure B.3) Life-cycle information sharing and collaboration Output Input ECD internal process Material producer Output Input ECD internal process Output Input ECD internal process ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ Parts producer Product producer Supply chain IEC 359/09 Figure B.3 – Information sharing and collaboration along the supply chain for ECD processes BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 – 26 – Annex C (informative) Examples categories of tools C.1 Overview Many of the common product design and development tools can be utilized in the ECD process Characteristics of certain tools are summarized in Table C.1 and further described in Clause C.2 This standard does not recommend which tool or tools should be used by an organization The tools listed herein have been selected in accordance with the following criteria, they are: a) widely available and commonly recognized; b) intended to be used by organizations performing design and development; c) understood and accepted globally (not just regionally); and d) neither too narrow nor too general in terms of their applicability to the consideration of environmental aspects Table C.1 shows the relationship between categories of tools and the general phases of the ECD process This represents an indicative but non-exhaustive overview of useful approaches ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ Table C.1 – Overview of tools which can be used in ECD Purpose Analysis of regulatory and stakeholders’ requirements Identification and evaluation of environmental aspects and corresponding environmental impacts Design and development Review and continual improvement Information sharing 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 ECD benchmarking 3 3 Environmental QFD 3 3 ECD checklists 3 3 3 3 3 Example of tools LCT assessment tools Design and development support tools Denotes relevance of tool for a purpose C.2 C.2.1 Examples of tools ECD benchmarking ECD benchmarking is often used to compare the environmental properties of one product against a similar product from a competitor or an industrial average BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 – 27 – A benchmarking tool can be used in various stages in the ECD process beginning with the analysis of regulatory and stakeholders’ requirements, proceeding to the identification and evaluation of the environmental aspects and corresponding impacts, review and continual improvement, and information sharing along the supply chain Common formats for presenting ECD benchmark results are tables, graphs and spider web diagrams C.2.2 Environmental quality function deployment Environmental quality function deployment (QFD) is a tool used to systematically link stakeholders´ environmental requirements to environmental parameters of the product It can be used at various stages in the ECD process For example, it could be used to transform customer environmental requirements into design parameters, and, the setting of target values for product environmental improvement over extended periods of time, and to help in the identification and evaluation of environmental aspects and corresponding impacts throughout the product’s life cycle C.2.3 ECD check-lists The ECD check-list is a simple tool to evaluate and record the environmental performance requirements or impact of a product, at each life cycle stage Different checklists can be used to, for example, focus on minimization of materials used; reduction of energy consumption; and greater application of reused/refurbished components or assemblies Although check-lists can be used at any stage of the ECD process, they generally have the greatest effect in the earliest phases of the ECD process since this is when the various trade-offs can most readily be accommodated ECD check-lists can also be used to verify that ECD process steps have been implemented for a project C.2.4 C.2.4.1 ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ Life cycle thinking (LCT) assessment tools Simplified method The environmental impacts of products, at a preliminary level, can be estimated by using a simple LCT assessment tool Only significant environmental aspects are used as measurement criteria in this evaluation process C.2.4.2 Full method A full assessment of the environmental impacts caused by products is performed following the principles described in the ISO 14040 series of standards The results of performing an LCT assessment are, in practice, likely to be very different as they vary so much on the assumptions made and method of assessment employed Therefore, if products are assessed by different persons or organizations, the comparison of findings should include and consider the assumptions made and the method of assessment or analysis chosen At this time, the best way to facilitate consistency is to ensure that the various simplifications made and values used are clearly identified The results of LCT assessment can be applied in the identification and evaluation of environmental aspects and corresponding impacts; in review and continual improvement and in information sharing along the supply chain C.2.5 Design and development support tools Design and development support tools include those which facilitate the selection of materials and production processes, as well as those for the analysis of environmental impacts of different options BS EN 62430:2009 – 28 – C.2.5.1 62430 © IEC:2009 Disassembly and recyclability assessment tools Design and development of a product for ease of disassembly and recyclability could be one of the environmental targets resulting from the identification and evaluation of environmental aspects during the ECD process In order to design the product for ease of recyclability, it is helpful to utilize the ‘recyclability evaluation method’ This tool quantitatively evaluates the ease or difficulty of recycling the product by estimating the disassembly time, recycling rate, recycling costs, etc by using the information on materials, mass, disassembly operations and recycling operations Various design and development options such as selection of materials and surface treatment and the possibility of reuse and recycling can be easily incorporated into the evaluation C.2.5.2 Material selection support tools Material selection is a key step in environmental conscious design The target of selecting environmentally compatible materials without either increasing costs or degrading the product functionality can be supported by the use of tools that evaluate the environmental impacts of materials as well as costs, resource efficiency and functional performance ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ BS EN 62430:2009 62430 © IEC:2009 – 29 – Bibliography ISO 9000:2005, Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary ISO 9001, Quality management systems – Requirements ISO 14001:2004, Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework ISO 14050, Environmental management – Vocabulary ISO/TR 14062:2002, Environmental management – Integrating environmental aspects into product design and development ISO 14063:2006, Environmental management – Environmental communication – Guidelines and examples ISO Guide 64:1997, Guide for the inclusion of environmental aspects in product standards ISO/IEC Guide 73:2002, Risk management – Vocabulary – Guidelines for use in standards IEC Guide 109: 2003, standards Environmental aspects – Inclusion in electrotechnical product ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ 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