Asme ptc 3 3 1969 (1979) scan (american society of mechanical engineers)

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services ASME P T C * - b W b 0053474 W Gaseous PERFORMANCE TEST CODES COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 ASMEp~P'TC*3 3~-b9W -075qb70 0053495 b W (The Standard Methods published and copyrighted by The American Society of Testing and Materials cue reproduced with their permission.) Library of Congress Card Catalog No 68-59099 Copyright, 1969 by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Printed in the United States of America COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services ASME P T C m 0757670 0053496 B 67 FOREWORD The edition of the ASME P e r f o r m a n c e T e s t C o d e s i s s u e d i n 1915 didnotcontain a TestCodefor Fuels When,however,itwasdecidedtorevisethisseries of t e s t c o d e s , t h e s t a n d i n g C o m m i t t e e o n P e r f o r m a n c eT e s tC o d e sw a so r g a n i z e d I t ,i nt u r n ,a s s i g n e dt o a committee of e x p e r t st h et a s k of formulating Test Codes for Solid Fuels, Liquid Fuels, and Gaseous Fuels, When the Test C o d e f o r G a s e o u s F u e l s h a d p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e s i n t h e p r o c e d u r e prescribed by thestandingcommittee,notification of thisfactappearedintheMarch, 1941 i s s u eo f h!echanica¿ Engineering The standingcommittee at i t sD e c e m b e r 3, 1943meetingapprovedtheTest Code for Gaseous Fuels in its finally revised form It was then approved and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Society on April 24, 1944 In 1958, PTC Committee No 3.3 on F u e l s w a s r e o r g a n i z e d a n d i n s t r u c t e d b y t h e s t a n d i n g c o m m i t t e e to revise the 1944 version of t h e T e s t C o d e f o r G a s e o u s F u e l s I n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s r e v i s i o n PTC Committee No 3.3 has worked in close cooperation with ASTM Committees D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and D-3 on Gaseous Fuels It should be noted that certain of t h e ASTM p r o c e d u r e s h a v e b e e n a d o p t e d a s s t a n d a r d s i n t h e n e w T e s t C o d e for G a s e o u s F u e l s This Code was approved by the Performance Test Codes Committee on June 14, 1968 It was approved and adopted by the ASME C o u n c i l a s a s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e of the Society by action of t h e P o l i c y B o a r d , Codes and Standards, on September 25, 1968 The members of PTC Committee No 3.3 w i s ht or e c o r dw i t hs i n c e r ea p p r e c i a t i o nt h ei m p o r t a n t service rendered in the development of this revised Code by their late Chairman, Mr Martin A Mayers A member of the Committee since 1945, he s e r v e d a s i t s C h a i r m a n f r o m u n t i l his untimely death on March 5, 1964 ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ iii COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 PERSONNEL OF PERFORMANCE TEST CODE COMMITTEE NO 3.3 ON FUELS Edward D McOwan, Chairman Alhert F Cascioli, Engineer (ret,), Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., Irving Place, New York, New York 10003; representative of ASTM Committee D-3 on Gaseous Fuels J R Eaton, Jr., Chief Engineer, Systems Engineering, Texas Gas Transmission Corporation, P O ßox 1160, Owensboro, Kentucky 42301 Martin A Elliott, Academic Vice President, Illinois Institute Frederic G, Ely, Rummel Road, Paris, Ohio 44669; formerly Bahcock & Wilcox Company, Alliance, Ohio of Technology, IIT Center, Chicago, Illinois 60616 Consultant, Bahcock & Wilcox Research Center, The A L Jordan, Mechanical Engineer (ret.), Engineering Division, Ehasco Services Incorporated, New York, New York 10006 ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ Rector Street, Martin A klayers, formerly Manager of Research, American Society o f Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., United Engineering Center, New York, New York ( d e c e a s e d March 5, 1964) Edward D hlcowan, Production Engineer (ret.), Consolidated Edison Company New York, New York 10003 of New York, Irving Place, N Nacovsky, Division Chemist (ret.), Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., Irving Place, New York, New York 10003 Abbott A Putnam, Division Consultant, Mechanical Engineering Department, Battelle Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201 Memorial Institute, 505 King Louis Shnidman, Superintendent (ret.), Gas Production Department, Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation, 89 East Avenue, Rochester, New York 14604 Harold 111 Smith, Research Scientist (ret.), U.S Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center, Post Office Box 1321, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74303; representative of ASTìvI Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants V COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services ASME P T C * - b E 0757b70 0053478 W P e r s o n n e l of Performance Test Codes Committee F H Light, Chairman J W Murdock, J H Anderson Theodore Baumeister H S, Bean K C Cotton R C Dannettel J Driscoll M D Engle F Estcourt M Vice-Chairman J H Fernandes F K Fischer L J Hooper T J Judge R C, King, Jr E L Knoedler R , T Mathews G McLean W T Moore W C Osborne W A Pollock J H Potter C B Scharp H C Schweikar J F Sebald J C.Westcott ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ v W vi COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 TABLEOFCONTENTS Page ObjectandScope Definitions 1.1 1.1111.,(.(1(1(11 1.11 1., ,, , ,,,1.1.11.1.1.11.1111.1.111 ( 11.(, , ,~ , , l l,l.l.,l.l , SamplingGaseous Fuels 1.11 11 1.1 111 1.).1 ~~~~.~.~.~., ,,.~ ~,,,.,,,.,., ,,.,.,., ,.,~ , ,,,,.,.,,,,,.,,,, ,.,,.,,.,.,.,,,, ScopeandGeneralConsiderations 1.1 .1.1.1 1.))1 11.1.1111.1 ,.,.,, ,.,., l.ll l lll.l,l I ,,.,;,, Termi.no1ot-g Natural Gas, Standard Method of Sampling (ASTM Designation D-1145-53 with minor changes) ,, ,,,,,,,,,,,, , ,., , ,, , ,,,,,,,,,.:,, , , ,,,,, ,, , , , , I I , , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, Liquefied Petroleum Gases, Standard Method of Sampling (ASTM Designation D-1265-55 10 Manufactured Gas, Standard Method of Sampling (ASTM Designation D-1247-54 Apparatus for taking continuous sample revised ASTM s e c t i o n r e p l a c e d b y reference to ASME P T C 27.) , ,.,., ,, 1.1111.( 111,.,.,,,,,,,.,,,,,, ,.,,,,,,.,., ,.,,,,,,.,,,.,,,,,,, 12 Measurement Standard Method for Gaseous Fuel Samples (ASTM Designation D-1071-55 Rotary Displacement Meters omitted and section 24 formula units revised) ,,o ,.,,1 18 V o l u m e t r iAc n a l y s ioFsfu eGl a s e s I.I.I II.,II.I.I,I.II I.II I.I II ,, ,, , .l.,,,.l.,, ,.l, 27 Volumetric-Chemical Method, Standard Method for Analysis of Natural Gas by the (ASTM DesignationD-1136-53) l.l,l,l, 111 )111(11.1 , .,, ,.,~,, ,.,~ ,,,, ,,,.,,,,,,.,,~ 28 OtherAnalyticalMethods 111 11 1.1 r ~ ,.,, ,,,.,,, ,,,., .,,,., ,,~.~, , ,.,,, .,.,.31 Chromatography, Standard Method for Analysis of Natural Gas by -(ASTM Designation 0-1945-64) 1.1., 1.11.11 (.(1 1.1.1., ,,, ,,.~~~.~., ,,.,., ,.,., , , , ,~,.,,.,,.,,., ,.,., ,,.,, 31 Water Vapor Content Water Vapor Content of Gaseous Fuels by Measurement of Dew-Point Temperature, 5c a n d Standard Method of Test for -(ASTM Designation D-1142-63 Section T a b l e s II and III omitted.) 11.1.11 1.11 1))11.1 11.1 , , ,.,, ,,, ,,,,, ,., ,,., , 40 Water Dew-Point Temperature Of Gas, Simplified Method of Measurement 43 ,,.,., 43 Oil Dew-Point Temperature of Gas, Method of Measurement Sulfur Content of Fuel Gases Total Sulfur in Fuel Gases, Standard Method of Test for-(ASTM Designation D-1072-56) 44 1.1.1 11 11 1.1 1.1.( 1, ~.,, ,, ,,,.,,, ,,, 47 Hydrogen Sulfide in Gas, Method of Test for Calorific Value of G a s e o u s F u e l s Water Flow Calorimeter, Standard Method of T e s t f o r C a l o r i f i c V a l u e o f G a s e o u s F u e l s by (ASTM DesignationD-900-55) 49 11.1.1111,.1 1,,,,).1.111.1.1111 ,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,, 80 High-Heat Value of Gases in the Natural Gas Range Continuous Recording Calorimeter, Standard Method of T e s t f o r C a l o r i f i c Va1u.e of Gases in the Natural Gas Range by (ASTM Designation D-1826-64) 80 Physical Properties of Gases II III.II.I ,,,,.,.I I ,,I.III.I ,, ,.,.,,,, 87 Specific Gravity ,., , l l l.lll.l.lI Specific Gravity of G a s e o u s F u e l s , M e t h o d s o f T e s t f o r ( a d a p t e d from ASTM 11 11.1.1111.1 1.11.11 1.1.1 1111.,.,.,.,.,,,,, ,.,,,,., ,,, ,., , ,.,, , ,,,., 88 DesignationD-1070-63) Principles of Other Methods for Determining Specific Gravity 96 Compressibility 97 Stoichiometric Calculations 97 L i s t of Illustrations 1.1.11 11 1.1(1.11 11.1 ,,.,.,.,,, ,.,, ,,, ,, ,., ,., ,,, ,.,.,,.,, 103 L i s t o f T a b l e s .1.111 1.11.1 1.11 11.11)1 ~,~.,,.,., ,.,,~.~,.~ ~,.,~ ~ ,,.,.,.~ ,,., ,., , ~., ,, ,,, ,.,,,, ,,., 104 Bibliography 1.1 .11 1.111 1 , ,,., , ,, ,,,., ,, ,,,,, , ,.,,,, ,,, , , ,,,, , , ,.,.,,,.,,,, 104 ., ,,, , #, - ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ - - ,., , , - I ,, , , , , , , , ,., .,,., vii COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services ASME P T C x h4 a% 0757670 0053500 b E ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODE FOR GASEOUS FUELS Object and Scope include natural gas, liquefied petrotively high concentration of hydroleum gases, and mixtures of these gen sulfide The Test Code for Gaseous Fuels is (e) or inert components Natural Gas is a combustible gas with air intended primarilyto specify standard (b) Gas mixtures containing significant found in natural underground resermethods for determining those chemical concentrations of combustible convoirs Methane is usually the major and physical properties of gaseous fuels stituents other than, or in addition constituent, with ethane, propane, that are required in tests of equipment to hydrocarbons, as well as inerts and higher molecular-weight hydrousing such fuels as a source of energy for in concentrations less than carbons present in concentrations 50 per generating heat or power cent by volume Such gases include decreasing as the molecular weight Insofar as possible, appropriate standcoke oven or oil gas increases Some natural gases also ard methods published by TheAmerican (c) High-inert gases containing 50 per contain small quantities of nitrogen, Society for TestingandMaterials are of inert cent or more by volume carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and specified for the determination of these other sulfur compounds, and helium constitutents Such gases include properties, and the essential information blast furnace gas and producer gas (f) Liqtdefied PetroleunzGas ( L P G ) is from these methods is reproduced in a fuel which is liquid under condithis Code When such ASTM tions of storage a t elevated pressure, Definitions methods are not available, the Code and is vaporized for use as a fuel outlines suitable methods Generally, Gaseous Fzcel is a mixture of combusIt usually is a propane-propylene the methods and procedures specifíed tibles with or without inerts in which each may be applied at the location of the mixture or a butane-propylene mixpower or heat generating equipment to component is present as a superheated or ture, and sometimes is a mixture of be tested In exceptional cases, how- saturated vapor under the conditions of all these hydrocarbons handling and use ever, the necessity of usingfixed, (g) Manztfactured Gas is a gaseous fuel specialized apparatus in the methods (a) Dry Gasis a gas containing no water resulting as either the principal specified herein, may dictate the vapor product or one of the important necessity of transportingsamples to (b) Moist Gas is gas containing water products from the processing of the location of that apparatus vapor The gas is said to be “satusolid or liquid fuels a t gasification The methods and procedures included rated” when the water vapor in the temperatures The common manuin the Code are limited to the following mixture exerts a partial pressure factured gases are: general areas: (a) sampling, (b) chemequal to the absolute pressure of (1) Coke Oven Gas, a mixture of ical composition, (c) moisture content, saturated water vapor a t the specigases produced in the carbon(d) dust content, (e) calorific values, fied temperature This condition ization of coal, (f) specific gravity, (g) calculation of exists at thewater dew point of the (2) Producer Gas, a high-inert gas physical properties from chemicalcomgas of low calorific value resurting position, and (h) stoichiometric calcula- (c) W e t Gas is a gas containing concenfrom the incomplete combustions from chemical composition trations of the more readily contion of coal or coke by air, or For purposes of this Code, densable hydrocarbons high enough by air and steam, at high temgaseous fuels areclassified as follows: so that condensation occurs under perature in the gas producer, (a) Gases in which hydrocarbons are the the conditions of handling and use only fuel components Such gases (d) S o w Gas is a gas containing rela(3 ) Blue Gas or Water Gas, the ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 E 7 0053503 m ~ ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES from the methods standardized a pressure of 29.921 in Hg (at fuel gas obtained by the endoby that Society 32OF) and a temperature of thermicreaction of steam in (d) When gas measurements are 68OF, with the gas saturated at one portion of a cyclic process, reported under conditions other that temperature with water with coke heated during the than those standardized by the vapor W h enno t otherwise other portion of the process by ASME, theparticular condiqualified, the term Standard its combustion with air tions used shall be clearly Conditions will be considered (4) Carbureted Water Gas, water to refer to these stated gas enriched with gaseous prod(b) Other codemaking and comucts of higher calorificvalue remercial agencies frequently use Sampling Gaseous Fuels sulting from the thermal crackother standard conditions for ing of liquid hydrocarbon fuels Procedures in sampling gases vary dereporting gas quantities In re- pending on the class of gas to be sampled (5) Oil Gas, a high Btu fuel gas porting quantities of gaseous and the conditions under which it is supobtained by the thermal crackfuel used by power equipment, plied In general, hydrocarbon gases are ing of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, it will usually be found advan- to be sampled by the Standard Method used as a substitute for natural tageous to quotethe results of Sampling Natural Gases, ASTM Desgas under the standard conditions (6) Reformed Gas or Catalytic Gas, ignation D 1145-53, or by the Standard defined for sale of the gas used Method of Sampling Liquified Petroleum a gas produced to desired Accordingly, several other sets Gases, ASTM Designation D 1265-55 specifications by the treatment of commonlyusedconditions of hydrocarbon fuels passed Gas Mixtures containing combustibles are defined in Table The last other than hydrocarbon gases and highthrough a fuelbedor a catacolumn of the tabulation gives inert gases are usually to be sampled by lytic bed the factor by which the results the Standard (7) Blast Furnace Gas, a high-inert Method of Sampling measured under the defined Manufactured Gas, ASTM Designation gas of low calorific value proconditions must be multiplied D 1247-54 duced as a by-product of the to reducethem to the ASME reduction of iron ore inthe Standard blast furnace (c) Of special interest are the con- CAUTION: A x intportatttprecautionto be (8) RefineryGas, is a mixture of in tmts of fuel gases is the proper disobserved ditions adopted by the Amerigases produced as a by-product position of t h e gas flowing frottt the satnpling canSocietyfor Testingand in the refining ot petroleum or analyticalequipment I t is essential that Refinery gas may consist Materials, because the proce- suchoff-gas beproperlyflared or otherwise of hydropredominantly dures given inthisCode safely vented, to eliminate any danger of fire, carbons or it may contain are, for the most part, adopted explosion, or poìsonozrs concentrations substantial proportions of hydrogen When the crude beTABLE STANDARDCONDITIONSUSED FORMEASUREMENT OF GASES ing refined has high sulfur conMultiplying Factor tent, hydrogen sulfide may be a Absolute Defining TemperaMoisture Convert to Volume significant constituent Agency Pressure ture ContentConditions to ASME (h) Cubic Foot of Gas is the usual meas- ASME o000 68°F Saturated 29.921 in Hg* 30 in Hg* 60°F Saturated 1.0240 Ureof gas quantity I t is, of course, ASTM D 1071-55 1.O985 0°C Dry Scientific Laboratories 760 mm Hg* definite only whenthe conditions of Gas 1.0418 30 in Dry Hg* 60°F Industry measurement are established When I "Mercury at 32°F) under standard gravity of32.2 ft/seca theseconditions are standardized, The general equation for converting gas volume from Condition (1) to Condition (2) a cubic foot of gas, measured under of NOTE: temperature, pressure, and vapor content is: the standard conditions, may be referred to as a Standard Cztbic Foot (i) StandardConditions are variously where V = Volume of gas mixture, including water vapor if present CU f t defined by different organizations P = Absolute total pressure = (barometer + gage) in Hg (a) The AmericanSociety of MeR T = Absolute temperature (460 + 1) : t = Fahrenheit temperature F chanical Engineershas adoptedl in Hg ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ p IASME Performance Test Code on Definitions and Values, PTC 2-1945 = Partial pressure of water vapor (See Fig 59) For dry gas p = O COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services r ASME P T C * * b M O759670 0053502 T GASEOUS FUELS Scope and General Considerations I n the three ASTM Standard Methods mentioned above, some of the introductory comments are common to two or more of them, These are, therefore, statedseparately in the following and are omitted from the textof the Standard Methods subsequently reproduced Scope These mehodscover the procedures for securing representative samples of gas and correlate the size or type of sample with the analysis to be done subsequently on that sample Getzeral Considerations In collecting samples of gas, consideration must be given to the purposes forwhich the samples are to be used and the conditions under which they must be secured Consideration must also be given to the volume of sample required for the purpose intended; to the size,design, and material of containers; and to the size, length, and material of which the sampling line and auxiliary equipment are constructed to convey gas from the source of supply into the container and subse- quently from the container to the point of use Accountmust be taken of the possible constituents in the gas, whether it may contain only hydrocarbons and inert gases such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide or whether hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, or other sulfur contaminants may be present Consideration must be given to the effect of changes of temperature and pressure on the components of the fuel gas Should suspensoids, such as oil, fog, or dust be present, the gas flow pattern in the gas main relative to the sampling connection andthe gas sampling rate become important The object is to obtain a representative gas sample because any subsequent analysis, regardless of the care and accuracy in making any such analytical test, is useless unless a representative sample has been obtained are recommended These quantities will normally suffice for two tests, an original and a check: For chemical analysis 1000 CU cm For specific gravity with balance type instruments 1.0 CU ft For heating value determination to CU ft For superexpansibility tests 10 CU ft, approximately Terminology (a) SamplingProbe The sampling probe is that portion of the sampling.line attached to and possibly extending into the pipe or vessel containing the gas to be sampled (b) Sampling Line The sampling line is that portion of a flexible or semirigid tubing or piping- used for conducting the V o l t m e lof Sample Reqzkred Volume sample from the sampling probe t i the of sample required depends both upon sampling container the analyses to be made and the apparaThe sample (c) SalltpleContainer tus to be used In general, the following container is the vessel in which the gas minimum volumes of samples, including sample is collected, stored, retained, and volume needed forpurging the apparatus, transported to the analytical equipment " ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ Standard Method nf SAMPLING NATURAL GAS ASTM Designation: D 1145-53 Approved as USA Standard 277.4-1955 (Minor changes made Omitted satnpling at wells to determine gasoline and condensibles Revised section for collecting average samples in portable containers.) Scope ( a ) This method of sampling covers the procedures for the sampling of natural gas, containing different gases as contaminants such as: (1) natural gases containing primarily hydrocarbons and nitrogen, (2) natural gases containing hydrogen sulfide, or organic sulfur compounds, or other sulfur contaminants, ( ) natural gas containing carbon dioxide Theseare treated separateIy and special precautions stated whennecessary The differences in procedure are mainly in degree, ratherthan in kind, ( A S T M Sections í ( b ) through not included.) Outline of Method (u) The method in its broadest sense is a means of suitably conducting a flow of gas from the sampling source intoa properly purged container (or containers) and obtaining thereby a representative sample of natural gas To so may require the taking of grab, spot, or snap samples A series of grab samples, taken consecutively, maybe COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 considered as an average sample Average samples also may be obtained by a continuous collection method This may be done by continuous sampling direct to a recording or indicating analytical instrument or collecting a continuous sample in a portable container over a 24-hr period (or other desired time), (b) The purging of sampling probe, sampling line, and sample container may be done either by the gas to be sampled (air displacement) or by water displacement, or by application of vacuum ASME P T C * * ' h W 0757b70 0053570 O W GASEOUS FUELS shaft,theshaft extendingthrougha packed joint to the outside of the balance case Assembly of Apparatus 11 (a) Selling Up Tripod.-Set up the tripod in the shade and out of the wind, if possible If on sloping ground, loosen the wing nuts on the legs and adjust so that the base is approximately level, tighten the wing nuts and tighten the thumb screw on the spider If the tripod is set on loose, sandyground, boards should be placed under the tripod legs (b) MozmtingBalance on Tripod,Lift the balance by the case and screw it onto the tripod Unhook and remove the case, using it as a stool during the test Level the balance with the leveling nuts, K,Fig 4, and lock with wing nuts, U,underneath the base board (c) Allaching Manomeler.-Attach the manometer by the bracket to the base board,Attachthe hose (23-ft length) connecting the manometer to the third valve onthe balance and open the valve Be sure that the bonneton this valve is pulled down suf3ìcientlyto prevent leaks, Fill the manometerwithmercury to zero, Procedure 12 In determining the specific gravity of a gas the following four readings shouldbemade and recorded as described in Sections 13 to 17: average barometer reading, air reading, gas reading, and air check reading These readings shouldallbemadewithout any change in the adjustment or position of the balance Thetemperature in the balance should be recorded for each of the air, gas, and air check readings and the level should be checked before and after each reading,,particularly when the balance is on a tripod in the field The precautions described in Appendices I and II should be observed Reading Average Barometer 13 Readthebarometer atthe beginning and a t the end of each test and record on the reportsheet the average of these tworeadings Air Reading 14 (a) Connecl Air &yer.-Connect P: Pressure-VocuuA Pump v; Vacuum Sida o f Pump P: Pressura Side of Pump A.D: Air Dryer (e) (1) FIO.1.-Connection Diagram for Ac-Me Gravity Balance (Four-Spring Type) the outlet of the pump (pressure side) through the air dryer to valve of the 1, (c)), openvalve halance(seeFig 1, and compress the air within the balanceuntilthemanometer,connected throughvalve 3, shows apressure of about 650 mm above atmospheric; then close valve Tap the manometer alternately on bothsides several times until a steady reading is obtained Read the temperaturewithinthebalance case, At the end of again tap the manometer and read the temperature If any decrease of pressure has occurred that is not fully accountedfor by a cooling of the balance, or if the temperature has increased without a corresponding increase of pressure, leakage is indicated,The leak can usually befound with the aid of soapsuds and must be repaired before an accurate determination of specific gravity can be made (b) Connect Vacuum Pump.-When the balance has been found tight under positive pressure, disconnect the hose from the pump to the dryer and attach COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 between the inlet (vacuum side) of the pump and valve of the balance Connect valve to the supply of gas but not open it The connection is made a t this time to avoid a possible disturbance of the balance after the air reading is taken Connections will nowbe asshown in Fig (e).Open valve 2, reduce the pressure in the balance toabout 650 below atmospheric, close valve 2, and observe the manometerduring to determineleakage as before (There may be leakage in one direction but not in the other.) mm (c) Admit Air lo theBalance.-When the tightness of the system is assured, admit air slowly through the dryer and valve until atmospheric pressure is reached Repeat the exhaustion and refilling of the balance to assure adequate purging and again exhaust Check the level of the balance carefully.Unlock the balance beam by turning thelocking lever counter-clockwise; the beam will then be in an unbalanced position with the zero above the hairline indicator Ad- ASME mitairthroughvalve andairdryer until the beam has reached the balanced position as indicated in Fig (b) (d) Avoid Parallax - Errorsfrom parallax may be very largein this apparatus unlessspecial precautions are taken It is very ditlicult to obtain an acmrate reading from the relative positions of the index line andthe scale, However, parallax can be avoided almost completely by arranging a light to cast a shadow of the index line on the scale and reading the position of the shadow The light must, of course, have a fixed positioninrelation to the balance and comefrom a sharp source, such as the miniature bulb of a flashlight (e) Oscillation of Beam.-The characteristics of the suspension or its relation to the center of the scale are such that a different pressure is required to produce a large oscillation equally divided on both sides of +hezero than to produce small a oscillation The position of balancecanbe judged less accurately when the oscillation is large than when it is small; hence, the oscillation should be reduced to a small value of not more than three scaledivisions on each side of the zero before balance is considered to have been achieved, and this amplitude as well as the position of the midpoint must be duplicated with accuracy a t each setting In bringing the balance to equilibrium, airmaybeadmitted rapidly at first, butasthe balanced position is approached air should be admitted in smaller and smaller incrementsuntil balanceis obtained After some practice the amplitude of the oscillations of the beam can be controlled by timing the small changes of pressure asthe balance point is approached (j) Lock the Balance and Read Manometer. lock the balance; tap themanometerwithalternate series of light taps on each side; read the position of the meniscus on each side of the manometer to the nearest half millimeter; and record the sum of the readings (distances from the center of the scale), which is the air reading Verify the level of the instrument, and record the temperature withinthe balance (g) Air Reading AboveAtmospheric Pressure.-If theairreading is to be PERFORMANCE TEST CODES had under apressure above atmospheric, the pump sheuld be connected through the air dryer and enough air introduced to produce an unbalanced position of the beam with the zero below the index line Airshould thenbe releasedfrom ,the balance through valve and the beam brought to a balancedposition in a manner similar to that outlined above, Keep the balance beam locked except when it is being balanced Gas Reading for Gas Under Pressure 15 (a) Operation of Valves.-Close valve on the air dryer; thenopen valve 2, and exhaust the balance to a pressure about 650 mm.below atmospheric and close valve (b) Admit Gas lo the Balance Through valve (Fig (e)), admit gas intothebalanceuntilthemanometer reads 650 above atmospheric pressure (c)Repeat Paragraph (a) and (b).Repeat the operations described in Paragraphs (a) and (b) a t least two more times, while keeping the connection between the gas supply and the balance under pressure a t all times, The first operation leaves about per cent of air in the balance The second leaves about per cent of the per cent mixture, or 0.64 percent of air.Thethird leaves about percent of the 0.64 percent mixture or 0.05 per cent of air Presence of this very small amount of air would result in negligible error in the determination of specific gravity If the balance is purged by blowing gas through it, the purging shouldbe continued until two successive readings (Paragraph (d)) willcheck (d) Balance the Beam.-Unlock the balance and release gas pressure thrciugh valve until the balanced position of the beam is reached, using the same procedure as in balancingwith air Lock the balance Tapthe manometerand read and record the gas pressure shown, Verify the level of the balance and record its temperature Gas Readingfor Gas Under Partial Vacuum 16 (a) Avoid Condensation of Hydrocarbons.-When makingareadingon gas that is under a partial vacuum and has a high content of natural gasoline, COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services mm it 'is important in avoiding condensation to have the pressure within the balance as nearly as possible equal tothat in the line and never a t a higher absolute pressure than that in the line (b) Adjust Balance and Attach Hose.Adjust the apparatus to balance on gas at a pressure about 20 mm less than that in the line (see Appendix I) Attach the hose (74ft length) connectingvalve tothe gassupply;then attachthe hose(53-ft length) connectingvalve with thepumpvacuumandthe hose (Si-ft length) connecting the pump pressure to the gas supply (Fig In cases of nearly complete vacuum it will be necessary to use a rotary pump instead of the Ac-Me hand Pump (c) Purge Balance.-Open valve and valve 2; then, by means of the pump, pull gasthrough the balancepurging it until twosuccessive readings(Paragraph ( d ) ) willcheck (d) Admit Gasand Balance the Beam.Close valve and pull as high a vacuum as possible on the balance Close valve Unlock the balanceand admit gas into it through valve until the beam has reached the balanced position, (e)Lock Balance a d Read Manometer.-Lock the balance; tap the manometerwith alternate series of light taps on each side; read the position of the meniscus on each side of the manometer to the nearest half 'millimeter; and record the sum of the readings (distances from the center of the scale),which is the gas reading Verify the level of the balance, and record the temperature within it u)), Air Check Reading 17 (a) Disconnect Hose from Gat Supply.-Disconnect hose from the gas supply to pressure connection on vacuum pump, but to avoid disturbing the bal-" ance more than is necessary, not disconnect the onefromvalve of the balance Open valve and evacuate the balance to a pressure about 650 below atmospheric air through (b)AdmitAir.-Admit the air dryer and valve until atmospheric pressure is reached Close valve (c) Refied Parugruphs (u) und (b). mm ASME P T C x h7 W 0757670 0053572 W GASEOUS FUELS Repeat the operations described in the last sentence of Paragraph (u) and in Paragraph (b) a t least two more times, or until successive readings (Paragraph (a)) will check (a) Evacuate Balance.-Again evacuate thebalance, close vahe 2, unlock the beam, and admit air through the w e r to bring the beam to the balanced position, as when taking the &st air reading (Section 14) Lock the balance, read and record the pressureshown by the manometer, verify the level of the balance, and record the temperature This is a very important check on the accuracy of the test andrequires little extra timeif more determinations are to be made, because the balance must be purged of gas and filled with dry air for the next test anyway If the next test is to be made immediately, the air-check test of one determination serves as the first a k reading of the next determination if the balance is not moved (e) Close All Valves When Test i s Comjtelul.-When thetesthas been completed close all valves onthe balance; also close the cock on the air dryer to prevent moistening of the drying mateis rial Be sure that the balancebeam locked NOTE1.-If a mercury barometeris used and i t is at the a m e temperature as themanometer, and if this temperature does notchange between the air and gas readings, no correction of eitherbarometer or manometer will be needed since it will cancel out when ratios are taken; otherwise all readings of both barometer and manometer should be corrected af all timu Reference should be made to Appendix III for a discussion of the correctians to bc applied, NOTE2: Exampls.-A ample calculation ir aa folIows: mm Barometer reading 746 Air reading Cas reading Nr check reading ,,, - Specific gravity n e e air pressure atsolutegas prenaurc + + -105 75 -105 746 716 641 811 641 G I O.”’ I When there is a difference between the mean of the twotemperatures for the “air readings” and the temperature for the “gaS reading,” the pressures shouldbemultiplied by the inverse ratio of absolute temperatures to give the true specific gravity, 81 follows: - Calculations Barometer reading mm -190 550 103 5h3 18 (u) When an aneroid barometer is Air740reading 92 552 used it should be checked periodically Gas reading -386 354 -196.5 Air check recding 97 543.5 557 with a mercury barometer, the reading Average of al readings of which has been reduced to O C (32 F‘) Aneroid barometersespecially de- Spcelfic gravity Pa 546*8 x I $22 & x TT# 354 x 560 signed for use with specific gravity balancescompensatefornormaltemExcessivechanges of both temperature and perature changes, The effect of temperabalancingpressurewereassumed for this exture on the mercury barometer must be ample Where such large differences occur, the determined and corrections applied result should usually be discarded and another whenever the ditlerence in readings set of observations made between the twotypes of barometers is significant The aneroidbarometer should bo handled v e v carefully and APPEND~X I be well packed fortransportation If OPERATING PRECAUTIONS FOR THE the barometer reading is in inches, mulAC-MEGRAVITY BALANCE tiply it by 25.4 to convert to millimeters, (FOUR-SPRINGTYPE) (b)Add the barometricpressure h millimeters,correctedfortemperature, “WGat”: tobothairand gaspressurereadings Al Whenthe specific gravity of a ‘(wet” fuel gas is h i n g determined, itis imperative (Npte 1) Divide the absolute pressure for air by the absolute pressure for gas that the pressure in the balance be maintained roniewhat lower than the pressure at the source to obtain the specific gravity of the gas of the sample This procedureshould ensure againstcondensationinthe balance If con(Note 2) - -~ - ~ - 93 ~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 densate does appear, the test shouldbeeliminated, the balance purged by evacuating several times, and the testa repeated at lower balance pressure Propane and Gasolins Vapors: A2 A source of error, whichbecomes appreciable with propane and may be very large when the gas contains much gasoline vapor or even butane, is,absorption in the great lengths of rubber tubing used, and possibly also in the rubber gasket material The exposed surface of thelatter shouldbe kept a t a minimumand whenever practicable the rubber tubing should be replaced by metal If rubber tubing must be used, it should be presaturated with the gas to be tested bypermittìngaslow flow of gas through it, overnight if practicable The tube usedfor gas should never be used for air It gases of approximately the samecomposition are to be tested in succession, it will be desirable to keep air out of the gas tubing by stoppering the ends when not in use Terling for Leakagr: A3 The balance should be tested for leakage after every assembly or any change that might result in leakage, and at frequent intervalseven when it remains undisturbed Sometimes leakage will occur in one direction but not in the other; hence the tests should be made with pressures both aboveand below atmospheric The connected manometer maka testing simple When practicable, the sample line and valve should be kept under slight pressure at all times to assure against the leakage of air through connections and valve packing Tapping d.lanometer: A4 The manometer mustbe tapped carefully before reading, The manometers supplied with this apparatus are rather difficult to read with accuracy, L i e s of the scale must be mentally highest point of each extrapolated to the meniscus; at thesame time all possible care should be taken to avoid parallax Clean Mercury: AS A principal source of irregular error in one direction is the sticking of the mercury meniscus inthe narrowglass tubes of the manometers Unless and until more adequate manometers are supplied, about all that can be done is to clean the tubes frequently and thoroughly,replace the mercury with clean and preferably recently redistilledmercury, and tap both tubes of the manometer several timesalternately before every reading, The open end of b e manometer should also be protected from dirt by a filter Vaifidion of Balance Lacl: A6 A careful verification of the level of the balanceshould be madebefore and after each operation with a balance mounted on a tripod, particularly in fieldwork The levels on these balances will not serve theirpurpose un le^ they are checkedregularly as a matter of routine Tcmpmalure of Balance: A7 Special care must also be taken to avoid ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES = ratio of density of gas to density of air bustion from nearby equipment, is so constant underanydefiniteconditionsofhumidity with respect to all constituents except water in each vapor that its density when dried does not vary = the particular value of Rwhen both sufficiently to affect the limits of accuracy gas and air aresnturated prescribedin this method I t is possible,howAPPENDIX II = the specific gravity of dry gas; that is, ever,in a laboratory or compressor station to it is the particularvalue of R whenboth CORRECTIONS TO SPECIXIC GRAVITIESencounter CO, concentrations far in excess of gas and air are free from water vapor, normal Under such circumstances a correction MEASURED WITH THE the specific gravity of gas containing a for excessive carbon dioxide becomes necessary AC-MEGRAVITY BALANCE partial pressure, g, of water vapor; if the maximum attainable accuracy is desired that is, it is the value of R when the air This ismosteasilyaccomplishedbyplacing is dry and the gas is not "Ascarite" or sodalimein a portion of the E&t of Davialion of Gas fromBoyle's Law: drying tube Wben CO* is entirely removed i b the partial pressure of water vapor in the air effects on observedspecific gravity results are A13 A source of error with this apparatus is negligible In the event carbon dioxideis not the partial pressure of water vapor in the deviation ob the gas from Boyle's law This removed, however, corrections for carbon dioxide the gas is common to all pressure balances and, in the applicable to results obtained byuse of the the pressure of water vapor at case of gases containing much gasoline vapor or Ac-Me balance maybe calculated as lollows: saturation (When ail is saturated, evenpropane and butane, it maybe of cona W ; when the gas saturated, is siderableimportance.Specific gravity at one S, c R(0.9998 0.529 C,) , (6) d 1.1 atmosphere is usuallydesired.When testing a the barometric pressure gar of unknown compressibility, and one that is where: = the average head of water during a = specific gravity with respect todry air known to be constant longenough to permit S, determination, in millimetera of merwithnormal CO*content, the measurements to bemade, tests maybe cury = observed valueuncorrectedforcarbon R conducted at different pressures, preferably = the total pressure at which gas or air ir dioxide inthe referencpair, above and below the pressure of special interest, saturated (b h) by adjusting the load on the end of the balance 0.9998 = specific-gravity of dry air minus nor- 0.622 = the specific gravity of water vapor; mal COZcontent, beam with a rider or counterweight The specific that is, it is the ratio of the density of concentrationCO, of in reference ait gravities foundunder the twoconditions are C, pure water vaporto thedensityof dry air expressed.as a fraction of the total, plotted with respect to the pressure of the gas, at the same temperature and pressure and and an interpolation made by drawinga straight The specific gravity, S, of a dry gas in terms difference between the specific gravity of the ratio, R, of the density of gas containing tine through the two points and Teading from it 0.529 of Cot and that of air the specific gravity at the pressure of interest a partial pressure, g, of water vapor tothe This methodshould not beusedfor extradensity of air containing a partial pressure, a, Cerrcclions for Humidily: polation of water vapor is: A16 (a) As the Ac-Me balance compares the Corrections of Barometer and Manometer for sample of fuel gas directly with dry air, there is Tmperattwc: normally no correction to be made for humidity A14.Allobservations,whetherwithbaromwhen the air dryer isinuse and filled with a eteror manometer, should be corrected to suitable reagent There are specialcases.howO C.(32 F.) unless a mercurialbarometer and ever,forexamplein the manufactured gas inmanometer are used at the same temperature, dustry, where it ,is sometimes desired to express The specific gravity, S,of a dry gas in terms in which case the heights of the mercury columns specific gravity results under some other of the ratio, R,, of the density of saturated gas can beused without correction.When the ob- humiditycondition that to that of saturated air is: of gas or airthan served temperature is other than O C (32 F.) prevailing at the time of the observation In corrections should be calculated as follows: this particular case standards for measurement designate a cubic foot of fuel gas as the quantity M mPt (5) that will fill a space of CU.ft a t a pressure of 30 in of mercury and temperature of 60 F where: ~ It isinh1 = correctioninmillimeters of mercury to andinequilibriumwithliquidwater Anotherspecialcaseof Eq wodd be the be subtracted if the temperature of ob- convenient mth the AC-MC balance or any other specific gravity, S,, of a gas containing a partid C F.) or apparatus the same principle to servation is higher *an 0, (32 pressure of water vapor, g, expressedin terms added if the observed temperature is less change the humidity of either gas or air Con- of the specific gravity, S, of thedry gas, as uquently, the specific gravity determined by than O C (32 F.)l fdlows: o,ooo18 mm per deg Cent or o~ooolo direct observation on a fuel gas maybe theratio a gas of one humidity to air of another, in of mm.perdeg.Fahr., DreSSure to be corrected in neither of which the observer is directly interested S, = S 0.622 pg (9) of mercury,and (b) Miscellaneous Publication "177of the I difference between the temperature of observation and the standard National Bureau of Standards provides several formulas which permit ready calculation of the Still another special case of Eq involves a O C.(32 F.) relative densities of gas and air under any con- method for expressing the specific gravity, dition of humidity in terms of their densities S,, under the conventional standard conditions Corrcclions for Carbon Dionide: when dry, the density of water vapor, and the employedfor designating the heating value of A15 h these stardardsthe Specific gravity partial pressure of each component of the fuel gas in the manufactured gas industry of V O U S fuela has been designated as the ratio mixtures, In othet words., thev Dermit the calcu- Here P 30 in of mercury and g the vaof the density of the gas to that of dry air of lation of the relative densities of gas or air for por pressure of water at 60 F In this case, normal CO2 content, (0.03 per cent) at the same any condition of either from observations made temperature and pressure The composition of under any other conditions, Symbols employed S, 0.982G 0.0108 (10) outdoor air,unmodified by products of com- in these formulas are as follows: everything (including personal contact) that wouldaffect the temperature of the balance + + - I ~ ,~ ( y )+ si " - 94 COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services + ASME P T C * * h7 E O759670 005359LI W GASEOUS FUELS Q D ù H N i i P O E A J A-Balance beam B-Bsse plate C-Coniriner &“in guide M-Scale N-Aluminum rsil &Float P-F~ce &Front leas Il-Rear l e c I-Lift pins J-Sup~rt R-Leveling nut P-Small bnlznce weight @-Sensitivity nei5ht O-Lxge D-Cross arm FIG $. i\c-Me balance weight R-Suspeadon rpnsgs S-Purgin ring T-S f i t fevel ~ - & n g nut Gravity Balance (Four-Spring Type) FIG,S.-Ac-Me Gravity Balance Beam CrossArm 95 COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 ASBE P T C * * h7 1%1 0757670 0053575 ~~ T m ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES PRINCIPLES O F OTHaER METHODS FOR DETERMINING SPECIFIC GRAVITY maintain the dumbbell in balance is a linear indication of the torque created by the difference in buoyancies between the two ends of the dumbbell, which is proportional to changes in specific gravity of the sample when the reference gas is air.The circuitry delivers a signal which may be fed to a suitable indicating meter or astandard potentiometer recorder calibrated to read specific gravity (c) Differential Torque Type-This type of instrument has two hollow cylindrical chambers Each chamber contains an impeller anda companionimpulse wheel of identical construction, The impellers of the two chambers are driven in opposite directions at equal constant speed The impeller of one ’chamber draws in a continuous sample of gas which is directed against the vanes of the companion impulse wheel after which it is discharged to atmosphere The kinetic energy transmitted to the impulse wheel creates a torque which is a measure of the gas density Air is simultaneously passed through the other chamber which creates a torque on that impulse wheel which is proportional to the air density The differencebetweentheopposing torques oftheimpulsewheels is a measure of the specific gravity of the gas This differential torque is transmitted through a lever and linkage arrangement tocontinuously indicate or.record the specificgravity (d) Orifice Pressure Differential Method-With this method a constant volume of a continuous gas sample is passed through a calibrated orifice The density is measured as a function of the difference in pressure across the orifice, This measurement may be considered as accurate if the pressure and temperature are maintained constant or if appropriate compensation is applied By transmitting the orifice differential to a suitable differential pressure meter, variations in specific gravity may be indicated or recorded (e) Centrifugal Fah DifferentialPresmye-This method determines the specific gravity of gas by measuring the differential pressure due to centrifugal force between the inlet andoutlet of afan rotated a t constant speed with a continuous gas sample passing through the fan This differential pressure is transmitted to a bell-type float recording differential pressure gauge Calibrated to show specific gravity These cover five types of systems for determining the specific gravity of con{ tinuous samples of gaseousfuels,using different types of apparatus as follows: (a) Displacement Balance-Mechanical-This classification covers instruments that dependon the principle of balancing the weight of a given volume of gas by displacement of the center of gravity of a mechanical balance beam The amount of this displacement, or “deflection,” subject to correction, measures the specific gravity These instruments may operate at atmospheric pressure or at any controlled pressure with appropriate compensationfor the pressure utilized Instruments of this class may be of either the indicating or recording type Apparatus of this general classification varies even more widely in construction than pressure balances (refer to Par Sb, page 89) (b) Displacement Balance-Electronic -With this principle of operation the sensing elementor balance is a tiny glass dumbbell supported on aquartz fiber enclosed in a chamber through which a continuous gas sample flows under controlled pressure and temperature conditions One end of the dumbbell contains PARTIAL LIST OF INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE FORMEASURING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GASEOUS FUELS a reference gas and the other end is pierced to permit the gas sample to enter Ac-MeBalance Gravity Specific (1) An electrostatic field is created around Ac-Me Junior S ecific Gravit Balance (1) Arcco-Anubisf’ortable Gas balance (2) one end of the dumbbell which is coated GasDensityBalance,Edwards (3) with rhodium to make it conductive The dumbbell is maintained in balance by Displacement Balance-Mechanical Ac-Me Recordin Gas Gravitometer (1) varying the electric potential to this field, A mirror affixed to the dumbbell’s axis reflects a beam of light on a dividing mirror ivhich splits the beam equally between tlvo photocellswhen the dumbbell is in balance When the dumbbell is unbalanced, the light reflected to the two photocells is unequal This difference signal is amplified and becomes the balancing potential applied to the electrostatic field to maintain balance of the dumbbell The potential required to Arcco-Anubissa ! ( Gravitometer (2) UGC Instruments Gravitometer (4) DisplacementBalance-ElectronicBeckmanContinuousGasDensityBalance Differential Torque Ranarex Gas Gravitometer (6) OrificeDifferentialPressureSystemHaganGasDensityMeasuringSystem Centrifugal FanDifferentialPressure / COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services MetricGravitometer (5) (7) (8) NOTES TO TABLE ABOVE (1) Chandler Instrument Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma Arcco Instrument Company, Inc., Los Angeles, California Arthur H Thomas Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania UGC, Instruments Division, United Gas Corporation, Shreveport, Louisiana Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, California Ranarex Instrument Division, The Permutit Company, New York (7) Hagan Corporation, Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania (8) American Meter Company, New York, New York (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 96 ASME P T C * * h7 W 0757b70 0 5 b L M GASEOUS FUELS COMPRESSIBILITY pV = ZRT or = p V / R T For fuel gases, correction forcompressibility is of major importance in relation to measurement of volume and flow a t high pressure such as those encountered in underground storage and in transmission piping I t may also become significant when appreciable percentages of the heavier hydrocarbons are involved, because of their lower critical pressures For the usual fuel gases, under conditions normally maintained in burner piping (below 100 psig) andin analysis procedures, the effects of compressibility, however real, are of small magnitude,’ and for purposes within the scope of this Code may bedisregarded without serious consequence (error probably less than 0.5 per cent) Natter in the gaseous phase completely fills any space in which it is confined It is therefore necessary to specify conditions of pressure, temperature, and volume to define the stateof a particular quantity of substance under consideration The ideal gas, by definition, conforms to the relationship provideapproximate values of comfor gases conpressibilityfactors taining nonhydrocarbon components The auxiliarypressure scale (psia) and temperature scale (F) on the chart is an example only for gas of the composition shown in the insert or for a similar gas having an identical reducedpressure and reduced-temperature, By use of the reduced pressure and temperature scales the chart maybe applied tonatural hydrocarbon gases varying widely in composition Other correlation charts have been prepared (Bib 10) for evaluation of the compressibility range of various natural gascompositions based on (a) measurement of specific gravity, and (b) laboratory determination of the minimum value of compressibility factor at 100’F Measurement of compressibility is not covered by a standard procedure, and is not included in this Code since it required specialized equipment and techniques likely to be available only in research laboratories, Data for thepure components of airand fuel gases are available from reference sources (Bib 10, 11, ) and procedures *forcalculating the values for mixtures have been described (Bib 10, 13, 14) Correction factors applying to the measurement of flow are covered by other ASME publications (Bib 2, 3, S) Where circumstances justify greater refinement in the calculation of Stoichiometric data,the method of Mason and Ealrin should be considered (See Bib 14.) where = Compressibility factor R = Molal gas constant p = Absolute pressure V = Molal specific volume T = Absolute temperature For the ideal gas, the value of is unity under all conditions For real gases, may be equal to, less than, or greater than unity, as referred to a standard state;but this value i5 a function of composition, pressure, and temperature, For mixtures of gases, such values of are unique to thecomposition because of interaction effects between unlike molecules Accounting for compressibiIity is significant because the measured cubic foot of gas, a t a specified pressure and temperaturemay contain more (or less) moles of substance thanwould have been indicated by calculations based upon the ideal gas equation I n consequence, a corresponding differencewould exist in the calculated values of mass (or of fuel energy) delivered to thepoint of use The deviation becomes more extreme as conditions approach dewpoint, where - PV = P V = R change of phase occurs, andtherefore T Tl holds greater significance for calculations R being a constant of proportionability dealing with vaporsthan for the sohaving the dimensions of work energy called permanent gases such as oxygen per degree per mole of material when and nitrogen, which are normally remote expressed in consistent terms from their critical states Real gases departappreciablyfrom Correlations of compressibility data this behavior, although all approach it for different gases have been made (Bib, when rarefied a t low pressures Causes 10) based on the phenomenon of corresponding states, for which the reducedofthe deviation areattributed tothe volume actudly occupied by the mole- pressure ( P , ) and reduced-temperature ( T r ) are used as parameters as shown in cules,which vary in size and structure STOICHIOMETRIC the figure on page 98, P, and T, are fordifferent substances, andto forces CALCULATIONS defined as the ratios of the actual to acting between them, which also vary When the composition of fuel a the critical pressure and temperature, with composition, and with the proximity and energy of the molecules manifested respectively, for any single-component gas is known in terms of i t s congases, as determined by gas under consideration For a mixture stituent by pressure and temperature While o r other analyses, the heat chemical of gases, P, and T, are ratios of actual separate equations of state could be writvalue Equation (a) and specific ten to describe the behavior of individual to molal-average critical pressure and gravityEquation (b)of the mixture gases, it is convenient to account for the temperature, respectively, of the mix- may be calculated from corresponding deviation by use of experimentally deter- ture This graph is intended €or use properties of theconstituentgases with naturalgas and otherparaffin mined “Compressibility” factors applied given in the Table XXIII on Combushydrocarbon mixtures, however, i t will tion Constan‘ts In a similar manner, the in the general equation 97 COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER SQ IN.ABSOLUTE O I 1O 0 I I 3000 ,2000 I I I I 4000 I I 5000 7000 6000 I I I I I l I 8000 I I l I I l l I I I 7000 8000 9000 10,000 PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER SQ IN ABSOLUTE 6000 Compressibility Facrors With Reduced P r e s s u r e and Temperature Coordinates for Paraffin Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas (Phase Relations of Gas CondensateFluids, C Kenneth Eilerts e t al.) stoichiometric quantitiès Òf air required for combustion and the gaseous products of combustion may be calculated by use of multiplying factors given in the Table XII1 on Combustion Constants An example of these calculations is shown intheTable XXIV on Calculation from Fuel Gas Analysis Calculations may be made on the weight (lb), volume (CU ft) or molal (pound mole) basis Consideration must begiven to differences in temperature, pressure and water-vapor content between actual and standardor other reference conditions Since the fuel gas analysis is usually reported on a moisture-free basis, and water-vapor content is subject to variation, it is convenient to make separate calculation for the mixture of dry gases and to make subsequent corrections for moisture Alternatively, the moisture may be indluded as an item of the analysis after adjusting the percentage values 98 COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services of other components to the moist-gas basis Water-vapor content (per cent by volume) is measured by its partial pressure in the moist-gas mixture Equation (c), and may be evaluated a t dewpoint temperature by means of data obtained from tables for saturated steam or read directly from the graph on Water Vapor Content of Moist Fuel Gas Change of volume attributable to differences in temperature, pressure, and water-vapor content between actual and ASME P T C * - b ’ E l 7 b , 0 5 GASEOUS FUELS m - < Water Vapor Content of Moist Fuel Gas standard conditions (or between various published standards) may be calculated by the general equation given as a NOTE in Table I on Standard Conditions Used for the Measurement of Gases An example is shown in the table on Calculation from Fuel Gas Analysis for calculation of heat value, specific gravity, air required for combustion and products of combustion for a hypothetical fuel gas mixture The initial volumetric analysis is given in Column 7, Successive steps in the calculation procedure are indicated inthe headings of theother columns The conversion from volumetric to weight percentages assumes behavior of all constituentsaccording to the ideal g law which is justified for engineering calculations The analysis is not intended to represent a typical fuel gas; but has been chosen to include unsaturated hydrocarbons (illuminants), inerts, and “other gases” for the purpose of calling attention to thefollowing considerations: 99 COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 (a) Unsatzdrated hydrocarbom are here treated as a single component using averaged properties of C P H ~and C3Ho Significant error may accrue from this procedure if “illuminants” are present in appreciable percentage, because of wide differences in specific gravity and heat value per CU ft of individual members of this group, In such cases separate identification is required, beyond the usual analysis given by chemical absorption methods, which maybe obtained from - A S M E PTCu3.3 69.m b 0053599 ~~ ~ ASME PERFORMANCE TEST CODES chromatograph or mass spectrometer analyses (b)Znerts: Carbon dioxide and nitrogen reduce the heat value of the mixture by dilution However, they remain in mixture withthe products of combustion (c) Other Gases: Hydrogen sulfide adds slightly to the heat value, and produces H20 as well as SO2 (which is treated as COZ in the products of combustion) (d) Oxygen inthe fuel gas is presumed to be utilized in combustion, thereby decrcasing the requirement of airandits corresponding amount of nitrogen The negative sign indicates substraction of these increments in the by the respective per cent ( b y VOZurne) of that constituent in the mixture calculation procedure shown in Table XXIV Equations (a) Heat value of fuel gas mixture Summation of the products obtained by multiplying the heat value of each constituent by the respective per cent* of that constituent in the mixture ='loo x numerical Total pressure of moist fuel gas (barometer gage) a t same temperature + - Summation of the (b) Specific gravity = 100 X numerical prodof fuel ucts obtained by gas multiplying the mixture specific gravity of each component -100 COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services Absolute pressure (c) Water vapor = 100 x of saturated )vater vapor a t dew Per by cent point temperavolume ture (from steam tables or Pg 99) * NOTE:Heat value may be expressed as (1) Btu per standard CU ft or (2) Btu per lb The corresponding per cent values must be expressed as (1) by volume or (2) by weight COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 / gw 16.042 30.068 44.094 58,120 58.120 72.146 72.146 72.146 S6.172 Paraffin Series Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane Iso-Butane n-Pen&me Iso-Pentane Neopcntane n-Hexane Miscellaneous Gases Acetylene Napthalene Cdb C&OH Methyl Akohol C&zH Ethyl Akohol Ammonia NH, Sulfur Hydrogen Sulfide SuIfnr Dioxide Water Vapor 25 26 27 28 29 JO 31 32 33 *Data from: Schnidman, corrected for 60°F and 30 multiply by 1.0418 (eJ Composition of Air, (b) Per pound of vapor (d) Plus rare gases (f) Estimated uncertainty 2.264 0.6215 1.1898 0.9107 4.4208 1.1052 1.590 0.5961 2.692 3.1760 3.6618 0.9740 1.4504 1.9336 1.9336 2.419 0.5543 1.04ss 1.5617 2.0665 2.0665 2.4872 2.4872 2.4872 2.9704 1.1053 0.9672 0.9720 0.9672 1.52S2 0.06959 911.45 1426.17 5654.00 767.00 1449.00 364.00 S95,OO - 646.00 - 3600.52 4284.81 4971.00 1502.S7 2lSS.40 2885.00 2868.00 3ss5.00 1622.10 2322.01 3OlS.48 3008.96 3717.15 3708.01 3692.00 4415.23 1476.55 5854.00 868.00 1600.00 441.00 3751.6s 4486.44 5223.00 1603.75 2339.70 3os4.00 3069.00 3837.00 1012.32 1773.42 2523.82 3270.69 3261.17 4019.65 4010.71 3994.00 4768.27 274.53 321.37 325.02 321.37 - 3,QSO 7,097 - 21,502 17,303 10,258 13,161 9,667 lS,501 18,633 18,184 21,636 21,04S 20,854 20,737 20,720 21,095 21,047 20,978 20,966 21,669 21,321 21,271 23,875 22,323 4&f - 14,093 61,095 - Heat of Combustion(f) Btu/Cu Ft Btu/Lb(b) XXIII-COMBUSTION 3,980 6,537 20,769 16,708 9,066 11,917 7,985 17,451 17,672 17,734 19,6S7 19,493 19,376 19,359 20,275 19,415 19,459 19,390 21,495 20,4lS 19,937 19,67S 19,628 19,507 14,093 51,623 4,347 - 7:46 - 3.573 11.911 57.170 7.146 14.293 35.732 42.878 50.024 14.293 21.439 2S.565 2s.5ss 35.732 9.52s 16.675 23.S21 30.967 30.967 3s.114 38.114 3S.114 45.260 2.3St -4.76 2.382 - - Gl - -SO? 10.0 1.0 2.0 - 2.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 1.0 1.0 - 1.0 - 1.5 3.0 2.0 5.646 - 3.323 11.293 9.411 170 % 646 1.0 28.232 33.878 39.524 22.585 22.585 28.232 16.939 11.293 7.52s 13.175 lS.SZl 24.467 24.467 30,114 30.114 30.114 35.760 LSS2 -3.76 1.00 1.00 1.882 - 4.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 ::: 4.0 4.0 5.0 zb" 6:0 7.0 2: 2.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 - - Cu Ft/Cu Ft of Combustible(e) Reouired ~- -1 ~ I for Flue Products Combustion CONSTANTS* 4.302 6.072 - 13.246 12.914 6.457 8,983 6.073 13.246 13.474 13.642 14.750 14.750 14.750 14.750 14.750 16.056 15.642 15.427 15.427 15.293 15.293 15.293 15.207 17.196 11ps4 34.209 -4.31 2.462 - 0.692 0.562 1.125 - 1.998 1.880 a.529 SO? 1.911 1.173 1.W 3.3Sl 3.434 1.374 3.304 4.663 - 5.4S6 6.S99 4.959 9.91s 10.173 10.173 0.782 O.S49 10.348 10.477 11.32s 11.32s 11.32s 11.328 11.328 3.344 3.317 1.2S5 LZSJ 1.285 1.285 1.285 11.679 11.745 1.49s 1.464 12.013 11.848 lLS4S 11.745 11.745 1.634 1.550 1.55a 1.498 1.498 13.206 - 1.891 1.00 S.820 26.272 -3.31 1.00 1.798 12.331 2.246 - S.937 - 3.381 0.692 3.138 3.13s 3.138 3.13s 3.138 2.743 2.927 2.994 3.029 3.029 3.050 3.050 3.050 3.064 1.00 3.664 1.571 Lb/Lb, of CombustibIe Reauired _.- for Combustion Flue Products by weight: O 23.2%, N 76.S% (c) Apparent molecular weight to account for rare gases (e) May also be expressed as Moles/Mole of values varies from less than Ol% to 0.1% See F D Rossini, Bureau of Standards Circular 461-1947 by volume: O,- 21.0%, NL-79.0%; (except Carbon and Sulphur) L., Ed., “Gaseous Fuels,” 2nd Ed., A.G.A 1954, as revised in “Gas Engineers Handbook,” published by the Industrial Press, N-Y., 1965 All values in Hg Dry For gases saturated with water vapor at 60eF, deduct 1.74% of the Btu value To convert volumes to 6S”F and 29.921 in Hg saturated 32.06 34.076 64.06 18.016 32.042 ;1;:6;; 26.036 128.164 78.108 92.134 106.160 Aromatic Series Benzene Toluene Xylene 22 23 24 20 21 28.052 42.078 56.104 56.104 70.130 Olefin Series Ethflene Propylene Butylene I‘so-Butene n-Pentene 17 1s 19 15 16 14 10 11 12 13 12.01 2.016 32.000 2S.016 2S.l61(c) 28.01 44.01 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (Pure) Nitrogen (Atmos.) Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide FormuIa Substance No Spec Molecular Gravity Weight (Airz1.000) TABLE COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services MOIST * Bluminants Dry Gas Water Vapor (60”F, 30” Sat.) Sum GAS assumed to contain Mixture H,O 02 Oxygen Sum HZ CO? N2 &RI &Ho 50% 0.8176 0.6215 1.1053 GAS (6) 1280.2 ’ - - 646 - - 1971.7 1603.7 2339.7 1773.4 2523.8 1012.3 CZfL 20,632 - - (10) 0.0306 0.0290 0.0364 0.1562 0.2098 0.3326 100 0.8142 100.00 0.0111 100.00 0.8176 1.36 1.45 0.0119 3.75 3.58 4.48 18.75 25.62 41.01 Sum (8) @)x100 (4)x(7) 100.00 23.379 (111 6.5 1267.9 1267.9 - 1280.2 - 59.2 252.4 354.7 607.4 100 (5)x(7) Lb (12) 20,338 20,338 - 20,632 103 - 956 4,063 5,719 9,791 0.071 - - 0.540 3.335 2.382 CQ - (14) H?o Products WV CU FT/CU 1.381 1.381 11,788 1.405 11.788 - 11.977 - Wz) 0.010 0.020 0.075 0.40 0.30 0.60 1.20 2.243 2.226 0.0174 2.285 - 0.010 - 0.075 0.60 0.40 OF 9.339 9.339 - 9.505 (-0.038) 0.056 0.030 - 0.423 4.517 2.635 1.882 NZ (16) FT GAS PRODUCTS X (7) x factor Table XXIII 5-717 (-0.048) -& Air Required (13) VOLUME, GAS ANALYSIS (‘3x@) 100 Btu FUEL Wt Per Specific cent GravityCuFt (9) CALCULATIONS 98.66 0.8034 1.34 0.0108 23.473 0.320 0.341 0.880 0.840 1.052 4.401 6.014 9.62.5 100 (3x07 - (8) wt of Mol Fraction FROM 98.26 23.065 1.74 0.314 100.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 ’o 10.0 20.0 60.0 Per cent By Vol (7) GAS ANALYSIS XXIV-CALCULATION 7,097 - - 21,342 21,636 21,048 21,669 22,323 23,875 Btu Cu Ft Lb (5) CZH, and 50% 23.473 18.016 32.000 1.1898 0.9672 34.076 1.5282 28.016 1.2122 44.010 35.065 0.9740 1.4504 ::z 42.078 28.052 1.0488 1.5617 (Illuminants) 0.5543 30.068 44.094 Specific Gravity (Air= 1.0) (4) 16.042 Molecular Weight (3) CH, Formula - Other Gases Hydrogen Sulfide Dioxide -4verage* Inerts Carbon Nitrogen Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons GAS Unsaturated Ethylene Propylene Saturated Methane Ethane Propane DRY Name (1) CONSTITUENT (2) FUEL TABLE COZ - 14.417 1.745 0.0134 2.608 1.732 - 1.754 - 0.008 - 0.058 0.461 0.306 0.921 2.608 2.642 - (SO,) 0.027 0.038 0.141 1.125 0.750 0.561 GAS Na cm 11.107 - 11.107 0.067 0.036 - 0.507 2.252 3.159 5.416 Table XXIII Products Hz0 x (9) x factor 14.417 - 14.787 (-0.059) 0.088 - - 0.661 7.052 4.113 2.932 Iio Air Required WEIGHT, LB/LB (17) (18) (19) COMBUSTION ASME P T C * * 63 W 0753670 0053602 W LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS P age Calibration Curves of a Wet Test.Meter Without and With a Rate Compensating Chamber, Fig 27 Separation Column for Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Methane, Fig l.lll.1.1.1.1 1.1 o 11 ,,,.,,,,,,, 32 Chromatogram of Natural Gas (HMPA Column), Fig 1.1.1.11 (11.1 ,,.,.,., ,., ,, ,., 32 Chromatogram of Natural Gas (Silicone 200/500 Column), Fig I.I III.I .I III IIIIIII III I.I 33 Chromatogram of Natural Gas (DIDP + DMS Column), Fig r I.1 11.1 , ,.,.,.,,,,,,,, 33 Composition of Hexanes and Heavier Fraction, Fig , I I .I I.I I.II.I., 36 Column Arrangement, Fig 37 Average Molecular Weight of Natural Gas Hydrocarbon Mixtures, Fig l l l.l.l .l.) l.l.l lll 38 Bureau of Mines Dew Point Apparatus, Fig ,,.,,,,, 41, Dew Point Apparatus 1.1.1 .1 ,.,., 11 .,,,.,, 43 Oil Dew Point Apparatus l l l l .l , ,.,, 43 Gas Burner for Sulphur Determination, Fig 1,., ,., 45 Detailed Drawing of Combustion and Absorption Apparatus for Sulphur Determination, Fig ,., , 45 Suction System for Sulphur Determination, Fig , 46 Purified Air System for Sulphur Determination, Fig 46 Tutwiler Apparatus 48 Precision Flow Calorimeter Assembly, Fig 51 American Flow Calorimeter Assembly, Fig ,,,., 52 Sectional View of a Water-Flow Gas Calorimeter, Fig 1.1.1 , 1 1 ,, ,.,.,.,.,,.,.,., 53 Front of Instrument Panel Showing Calorimeter Equipment, Fig .4 1.,.,,.,,,,,, 55 Air Humidity and Temperature Controller, Connected in Operating Position to Calorimeter Combustion Chamber, Fig 56 Formfor Humidity Correction Procedure, Fig , Formfor Humidity Control Procedure, Fig , 62 Illustration of Certificate Corrections for Calorimeter Thermometer, Fig 66 Page Gas Sample Containers,Fig l.ll l l.l ll.l.l l.l l Apparatus for Inducing or Forcing Gas Flow, Fig Steps in Taking a Sample by Water Displacement from a Glass Bottle, Fig Steps in Taking a Sample by Water Displacement ina Sample Container,Fig Collection of Sample by Air Displacement from a Sample Container,Fig.5 Apparatus for Collecting a Sample in a Steel Container Under Pressure, Either Direct from Gas Main or Using a Hand Pump, Fig I.II I.I II.II.I,I Apparatus for Collecting a Gas Sample Under Pressure in Several Steel Containers, Fig , Arrangement of Apparatus for Collecting an Average Sample, Dry,Under Pressure, Fig , , , Arrangement of Apparatus Employing a Gas Holder for Collecting an Average Sample Over Water, Fig.9 Collecting an Average Sample by Water Displacement, Fig.10 II , 1.(11 ,., , , Sample Containers and Transfer Line, Fig 1, , 11 Simple Open-End Sampling Tube, Fig , ,., ,13 Water-cooled Sampling Tube, Fig 13 Glass Gas Sample Containers, Fig 13 Metal Gas Sample Container, Fig 13 High Pressure Sample Container, Fig , , , 14 Apparatus for Inducing or Forcing Gas Flow, Fig 14 Filling Sample Containers by Liquid Displacement, Fig 15 Apparatus for Taking Continuous Sample by Liquid Displacement, Fig 15 Improved Apparatus for Taking Continuous Sample by Liquid Displacement, Fig 16 Apparatus for Taking Continuous Sample by Mercury Displacement, Fi=g, 10 17 Arrangement of Equipment Employing a Gas Holder for Collecting an Average Sample Over Water, Fig, 11 17 Stillman-type Portable Cubic-Foot Standard, 19 Fig One-tenth Cubic Foot Bottle, Transfer Tank, and Bubble-Type Saturator for Testing Laboratory Wet Gas Meters, Fig 19 Liquid-Sealed Rotating-Drum Gas Meter of 0.1 CU ft per Revolution Size, Fig , .l.l l II 20 Iron-case Diaphragm-type Gas Meter with Large Observation Index, Fig l .l.l.l.l.l l l l.l ll 20 Schematic Diagram of Equipment and Connections for Calibration of a 0.1 CU ft Wet Test Meter with a O a l CU ft Bottle, Fig , ,, I , , , 23 Simple Equipment for Calibration by Aspirator Method, Fig , ,, 24 - Calorimeter Schematic Flow Diagram, Fig ., 81 Calorimeter Layout Diagram, Fig 82 Calorimeter Combustion Chamber, Fig , 83 84 Calorimeter Room, Fig l l l ,l l .,., Air-Gas Ratio Prover, Fig 85 Calorimeter Set Up for Calibration, Fig , ,.,., 86 Connection Diagram for Ac-Me Gravity Balance (Four-Spring Type), Fig 91 Ac-Me Gravity Balance (Four-Spring Type), Fig ,, 95 Ac-Me Gravity Balance Beam Cross Arm, Fig ,,,, 95 Compressibility Factors with Reduced Pressure and Temperature Coordinates for Paraffin Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas 98 Water Vapor Content of Moist Fuel Gas 99 o 103 COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 LIST OF TABLES Page ’ P age Standard ConditionsforMeasurement of Gases, Table I Apparatus for Measuring Gaseous Fuel Samples, Table I 18 Sample Data Sheet from Calibration of Gas Meter 21 Prover, Table II Sample Data Sheet for Calibration of Meter with 25 an AspiratorBottle, Table III Natural GasComponents and Range of Composition Covered, Table I 32 Vapor Pressures and Specific Volumesof Saturated Water Vapor at Various Temperatures, Table I 42 Time per Revolution of a 0.1 Cu Ft Meter Hand Corresponding to Total Calorific Value of 3000 BTU Per Hr, Table I 68 Corrections for Reduction of Observed Barometric Heights to Standard Conditions, Table II 68 Equivalent Pressures, Inches of Water Column versus Inches of Mercury Column, Table III 68 Correction Factor F for Gas Volume, Table IV 69-75 Values of the Product fh from Wet and Dry Bulb 76 Temperatures, Table V EmergentStemCorrectionsfor Thermometers, TableVI 76 Error in the Value of the Product fh for the Combustion Air Corresponding to an Error of 0.05 Per Cent ina total Calorific Value Determination with 40 Per Cent Excess Air, Table VI1 76 Average Values of N,, N,, N,-N,, and fho for VariousGases 77 Value of the Function S a t Various Temperatures, 77 Table IX Combined Corrections Cc for Illustrative Local Conditions when Calculating Total Calorific Value, Table X 78 Minor Corrections Cm to be Added to the Observed Calorific Value, Table XI 79 Values of CorrectionCdforDifferenceBetween Inlet-water and CombustionAir Temperatures, Table XII 79 Latent Heat of Vaporization and Vapor Pressure of Water,Table XII1 79 Calorimeter Room Requirements, Table I ;, 84 Typical Record of Air-Gas Ratio Test, Table II 85 Partial List of Instruments Available for Measuring the Specific Gravity of Gaseous Fuels 96 Combustion Constants, Table XXIII 101 Calculation from Fuel Gas Analysis,Table XXIV 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) Codc on Definitiom and Valaes, ASME Performance Test Code, PTC 2-1945 (2) Fluid fif eters, Their Theory and Application, ASME, 1959 (3) “FlowMeasurement,”ASME Supplement on Instruments and Apparatus, PTC 19.5 4-1959 (4) “Orifice Metering of Natural Gas,”AmericanGas Association Report No of the GasMeasurement Committee, reprinted with revisions to January 1956 (5) Flowmeter Computation Handbook, ASME, 1961 ( ) Deaton, W NI., and E M Frost, Jr., Bureau of Mines Apparatus fos DeterminingtheDew-Point of Gases underPresswe, U S Bureau of Mines (RI 3399), May, 1938, (7) International Critical Tables, 3, 1928, pp 210-211 (8) Goff, John A., and S Sratch, Low Pressure Properties of Water !rom -160 t o 212, (Trans ASME), 18, No 2, 1946, PP 125-36 ( ) ASME Test Code for Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream, PTC 27-1957 (10) Eilerts, C Kenneth et al., Phase Relations of Gas Condensate Fluids, 2, Monograph 10, American Gas Association, New York, 1957 (11) Hilsenrath, J et al., Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, National Bureau of Standards Circular 564, 1955 (12) Rossini, F D., Selected Values of Physical and Thermodynamic Properties:of Hydrocarbons and RelatedCompounds (API Research Project 43), Carnegie Press, Pittsburgh, 1953 (13) Gaseozts Fuels, L Schnidman (Ed.), American Gas Association, New York, 1954 (14) Mason, D McA., and B E Eakin, “Proposed Standard Method for Calculating Heat Value and Specific Gravity from Gas Composition,” American Gas Association Paper (CEP-61-11), 1961 104 COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers Licensed by Information Handling Services < PERFORMANCE TEST CODES NOW AVAILABLE PTC 23 PTC 8.2PTC 4.2PTC PTC P T C 10 PTC P T C 2.1 Centrifugal Pumps Coal Pulverizers - CodeonGeneralInstructions - CompressorandExhausters - DisplacementCompressors,Vacuum - Displacement Pumps - P T C 28 P T C 3.1PTC 21 P T C 24 P T C 14 P T C 12.1- - - - - Pumps and Blowers Deaerators DeterminingDustConcentrationinaGas Stream, DeterminingthePropertiesofFineParticulateMatter, Diesel andBurnerFuels DustSeparatingApparatus Ejectors andBoosters Evoporating Apparatus FeedwaterHeaters GasProducersandContinuous Gas Generafors - Gas TurbinePowerPlants P T C 22 P T C 3.3- - PTC 18 P T C 17 PTC 20.2- (1956) (1955) (1958) Overspeed T r i p Systems for Steam Turbine -Generator Units - ReciprocatingSteam-DrivenDis - PTC 3.2PTC 29 - PTC 26 - (1965) placement Pumps Reciprocating Steam En.gines SafetyandReliefValves,, SolidFuels Speed-GoverningSystemsforHydraulicTurbine-Generator Units Speed-GoverningSystemsfor Internal Combustion Engine-GeneratorUnits Speed-Governing Systems for Steam Turbine-Generator Units P T C 12.2 - Steam Condensing Apparatus, P T C 4.1 - Steam-Generafing Units P T C - Steam Turbines P T C 20.1 COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers 标准分享网 Licensed by Information Handling Services (1954) (1962) (1958) (1957) (1965) (1958) (1966) (1969) (1949) Gaseous Fuels HydraulicPrimeMovers - InternalCombustionEngines PTC PTC P T C 25.2- PTC 6A (1958) (1965) (1969) (1945) (1945) - Code on DefinitionsondValues P T C 12.3P T C 27 PTC 16 (1965) (1941) (1955) (1957) (1949) (1962) (1955) (1964) A - Atmospheric Water CoolingEquipment, - Appendix to Test Codefar Steam Turbines www.bzfxw.com 免费下载 (1949) (1966) (1954) (1965) (1958) (1964) (1964)