ASME 8133 1M 83 II 0759670 0041397 1 II AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Gas Turbine Terminology ANSI 8133 1M 1983 (REVISION OF ANSI B 133 1 1 978) SECRETARIAT THE AMERiCAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS P[.]
ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041397 II AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Gas Turbine Terminology ANSI 8133.1M - 1983 (REVISION OF ANSI B 133.1-1 978) SECRETARIAT THE AMERiCAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN United Engineering Center SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL 345 East 47th Street ENGINEERS New York, N.Y 10017 ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041398 II Date of Issuance: March 31, 1984 This Standard will be rE:vised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition No addenda service is provided with this Standard Written interpretation of the re(Juirements of this Standard will not be issued to the current edition ASME does not accept any responsibility for interpretations of this document made by individual volunteers This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards The Consensus Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment which provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity, ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable Letters Patent, nor assume anY such liability Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Copyright ©1984 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041399 II FOREWORD The purpose of the Bl33 Gas Turbine Procurement Standard is to provide guidance and criteria to facilitate preparation of gas turbine procurement specifications This Standard will also facilitate response to such specifications This Standard provides essential information for the procurement of gas turbine power plants It applies to open cycle, closed cycle, and semi-closed cycle gas turbines for industrial, marine, and electric power applications Auxiliaries needed for proper operation are covered Not included are gas turbines applied to earth moving machines, agricultural and industrial-type tractors, automobiies, trucks, buses, and aeropropulsion units For gas turbines using unconventional or special heat sources (such as: chemical processes, nuclear reactors, furnaces, or supercharged boilers), this Standard may be used as a basis for procurement, but appropriate modifications may be necessary The intent of this Standard is to cover the normal requirements of the majority of applications, recognizing that economic trade-offs and reliability implications may differ in some applications The user may desire to add to, delete from, or modify the requirements in this Standard to meet specific needs in the preparation of his own procurement specification The purpose of this section of the Standard is to provide a comprehensive, alphabetical list of technical terms pertinent to the Bl33 series of gas turbine standards Suggestions for improvement of this Standard will be welcome They should be sent to The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y 10017 American National Standard Bl33.1 was approved by the Bl33 Standards Committee and final approval by the American National Standards Institute was granted on September 23, 1983 111 ASME 8133-1M 83 II 0759670 0041400 II AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS COMMITTEE 8133 Procurement Standards for Gas Turbines {The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard) OFFICERS A A Hafer, Chairman W R Daisak, Secretary COMMITTEE PERSONNEL ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA R M Hoover, Hoover, Keith & Bruce, Inc., Houston, Texas AIRCRAFT POROUS MEDIA INCORPORATED F E Bishop, Aircraft Porous Media, Inc., Glen Cove, New York AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, THE A A Hafer, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York V Maddox, Alternate, Aramco Services Co., Houston, Texas BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE H R Hazard, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio CINCINNATI GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY E A Borgmann, Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company, Cincinnati, Ohio DOW CHEMICAL J P Zanyk, Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas EDISON ELECTRIC INSTITUTE J E Barry, Missouri Public Service Company, Kansas City, Missouri EL PASO NATURAL GAS COMPANY W A Johnson, El Paso Natural Gas Company, El Paso, Texas GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY A N Smith, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS A C Dolbec, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California R D Miller, Alternate, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Concordville, Pennsylvania MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED A White, Mechanical Technology, Inc., Latham, New York iv ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041401 T II NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION F J Mapp, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Basking Ridge, New Jersey SARGENT & LUNDY ENGINEERS W Walke, Sargent & Lundy, Chicago, Illinois SOCIETY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS Dr D A Rains, lngal!s Shipbuilding Division, Litton Industries, Pascagoula, Mississippi TURBODYNE CORPORATION L T Brinson, Turbodyne Corp., St Cloud, Minnesota USTAG FOR ISO/TC70/SC6 T E Stott, Stat-Laval, Inc., Elmsford, New York WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION S M DeCorso, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Concordville, Pennsylvania A Haftel, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Concordville, Pennsylvania WOODWARD GOVERNOR COMPANY K A Teumer, Woodward Governor Company, Fort Collins, Colorado INDIVIDUAL MEMBER R A Harmon, Consultant, Latham, New York PERSONNEL OF TASK FORCE 8133.1, GAS TURBINE TERMINOLOGY R A Harmon, Chairman, Consultant, Latham, New York J E Barry, Missouri Public Service Company, Kansas City, Missouri L T Brinson, Turbodyne Corp., St Cloud, Minnesota S M DeCorso, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Concordville, Pennsylvania A C Dolbec, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California A A Hafer, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York A Haftel, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Concordville, Pennsylvania H R Hazard, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio R M -Hoover, Hoover, Keith & Bruce, Inc., Houston, Texas Dr D A Rains, Ingalls Shipbuilding Division, Litton Industries, Pascagoula, Mississippi A N Smith, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York K A Teumer, Woodward Governor Company, Fort ·collins, Colorado W Walke, Sargent & Lundy Engineers, Chicago, Illinois A White, Mechanical Technology, Inc., Latham, New York J P Zanyk, Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas v ASME 8133-1M 83 II 0759670 0041402 II ANSI B133.1M-1983 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD GAS TURBINE TERMINOLOGY DEFINITIONS aromatics- compounds derived from benzene rings of carbon atoms as distinct from those of aliphatic or alicyclic character ash- the solid residue that is left when a combustible material has been thoroughly burned availability- percentage of total elapsed time that the gas turbine power plant was ready for operation or performing its intended functions axial compressor-a compressor in which the rotor discharge and diffusion processes occur in passages of approximately constant mean radius centrifugal compressor-a compressor in which the rotor discharge and diffusion processes occur in passages with a significant increase in mean radius closed cycle- a cycle having a recirculating working fluid independent of the atmosphere coal gas- gas made by carbonizing bituminous coal in retorts coal gasification gas- gas made by carbonizing coal in more sophisticated systems involving pressurized retorts or hydrogenation, or both be-aring, fluid film- a bearing in which the bearing and journal are separated by a lubricant whose separating pressure is either hydrostatic or hydrodynamic in nature: e.g., sleeve or journal bearing or tilting pad bearing coke(a) the residue (predominantly carbon and ash) from destructive distillation of coal (b) the residue (predominantly carbon and ash) in a batch petroleum still after all tars and oils have been driven off by destructive distillation (commonly called petroleum coke) bearing, rolling contact- ball or roller bearing, also referred to as anti-friction bearing coke oven gas- coal gas generated in a specific type of retort designed for the manufacture of coke blast furnace gas-a low BTU gas generated by blowing air through a column of hot coke, dolomite, and iron ore and comprised mostly of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen combustible- used to refer to a material that can burn Combustible is a relative term; many materials that will burn under one set of conditions will not burn under others The term combustible does not usually indicate ease of ignition, burning intensity, or rate of burning, except when modified by a word such as highly, as in highly combustible interior finish bleed gas turbine-a gas turbine which has, for external use, extraction of compressed air between compressor stages or at the discharge of compressor, or both, or extraction of hot gas at the inlet of turbine or between turbine stages, or both calorific value- see heat value carbon residue- carbonaceous residue left from a liquid fuel after severe heating [over 1000°F (538°C)] in the absence of air combustion- a chemical process (as an oxidation) accompanied by the evolution of light and heat combustion chamber (primary or reheat)- a heat source in which the fuel reacts to increase the temperature of the working fluid compressor- that component of a gas turbine which ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041403 II AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD GAS TURBINE TERMI~!OLOGY ANSI B133.1M-1983 increases the pressure of the working fluid or a driven piece of equipment that increases gas pressure ignition temperature, rate of burning, or other property compressor turbine- refers to the turbine, which drives the compressor(s) in a multi-shaft system flash point- the lowest temperature at which a heated oil will generate enough vapor to ignite momentarily (i.e., flash) on application of a flame under specified conditions contaminants (in gas turbine fuels)- those substances in the fuel which can cause interruption or degradation of a turbine system's performance or can result in high maintenance of the system foam(a) a light frothy mass of fine bubbles in or on the surface of a liquid (b) a stabilized froth produced chemically or mechanically and used especially in fighting oil fires control system- this includes starting control systems, governor and fuel control systems, alarm and shutdown systems, speed indicator(s), gauges, electrical power supply controls and any other contmls necessary for the orderly startup, stable operation, monitoring of operation, shutdown, warning, or shutdown for abnormal conditions or a combination of the preceding items forced outage- a malfunction that prevents the gas turbine power plant from carrying out its intended operation between scheduled maintenance fuel governor valve- a device operating as a final device controlling the fuel input to the gas turbine crude oil-petroleum in a natural state as it issues from the ground; not altered, refined, or prepared for use NOTE: Other means of controlling the fuel flow to the turbine are possible dead band- the total range through which an input can be varied with no resulting measurable corrective action of the fuel flow controller In the case of speed, dead-band is expressed in percent of rated speed fuel oil- any liquid or liquefiable petroleum product burned for the generation of heat in a furnace or firebox, or for the generation of power in an engine, exclusive of oils with a flash point below 100°F(38°C) and oils burned in cotton or wool wick burners decibel-a ratio used in sound power measurement (see sound level and sound pressure level) fuel stop valve- a device which, when actuated, shuts off all fuel flow to the combustion system density- the mass (weight) of a volume of a substance: e.g., kgfm3, lb/ft3 gas generator- an assembly of gas turbine components that produces heated, pressurized gas to a process or to a multi-shaft gas turbine It consists of one or more rotating compressors, thermal device(s) associated with the working fluid, and one or more compressor driving turbines, a control system, and essential auxiliary equipment (sometimes called a gasifier) diffuser- a device for reducing the velocity and increasing the static pressure of a fluid passing through a system distillate- the product obtained by condensing the vapors from a still: e.g., kerosene, diesel fuel, and No Fuel Oil from distillation of petroleum drift -long term variation in instrumentation or control output while input or reference signal remains constant gas hydrates- white solid compounds formed by the union of water with methane, propane, and other components of natural gas [these may be formed at temperatures as high as 60°F (15.6°C) or more, depending on gas pressure] evaporative cooler- a device for cooling the working fluid, usually prior to compression The cooling is achieved by evaporation of the water which is added to the working fluid in the cooler gas turbine- a machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical work It consists of one or several rotating compressors, a thermal device(s) that heats the working fluid, one or several turbines, a control system, and essential auxiliary equipment Any heat exchangers (excluding exhaust heat recovery exchangers) in the main working fluid circuit shall be considered to be part of the gas turbine Examples of systems involving gas turbines are shown in Fig exhaust heat recovery boiler- a heat exchanger in which exhaust thermal energy is transferred to the working fluid of another cycle (e.g., steam cycle) flammable- used to describe a combustible material that ignites very easily, burns intensively, or has a rapid rate of flamespread Flammable is used in a general sense without reference to specific limits of ASME B133-1M 83 0759670 0041404 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD GAS TURBINE TERMINOLOGY ANSI B133.1M-1983 gas turbine power plant- a gas turbine and all essential equipment necessary for the production of power in a useful form perature of the gas turbine working fluid between stages of compression kerosene- a refined petroleum distillate having a flash point not below lOO"F (38"C) as determined by the Abel tester (see ASTM D1655 and D3699) governing system -control elements and devices for the control of critical parameters such as speed, temperature, pressure, and power output lamp black- a fine bulky dull-black soot deposited in incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials and used chiefly as a pigment guide vanes- vanes (fixed or movable) immediately preceding a compressor impeller to establish preswirl direction and intensity maintenance- maintenance is a general term used herein to describe a combination of duties performed to ensure that the gas turbine or gas turbine power plant will be kept in good operating condition These duties include work usually performed in the following sequence: heat content- see heat value heat of combustion- see heat value heat rate- the unit heat consumption of the gas turbine, expressed in BTU per kilowatt-hour or horsepower-hour (kJ per kW·h or hp-hr) based on the low heat value of the fuel This may apply also to a test fuel [see standard operating conditions, (c) and (d)} Inspection is the examination performed to determine the extent of replacement or repairwhichmaybe necessary (a) replenishments: replenishment refers to replacing consumable items such as filter elements (b) minor repair or replacement: minor repair or replacement is done when such action will return the unit to operable condition (c) overhaul: at overhaul all parts that have inadequate remaining life for the planned service are replaced, based upon a balance of economics, availability, and reliability heat value- total heat liberated by complete combustion of a unit of fuel (a) The high heat value is the total heat released per unit mass of fuel burned, expressed in Btu/ lbm (kJ /kg) (b) The low heat value is the high heat value less the heat absorbed by the vaporized water formed during combustion, expressed in Btuflbm (kJ /kg) (c) The two heat values can be obtained for constant volume or constant pressure, respectively, the difference being rather small (d) The high heat value for constant volume is obtained using a bomb calorimeter The low heat value for constant pressure is used in the steady flow combustion process manufactured gas- a combustible gaseous mixture made from coal, coke, or petroleum products manufacturer- company producing the gas turbine or the gas turbine power plant maximum continuous speed- the upper limit of the continuous operating speed of the power turbine hydrocarbon oils (a) oils containing compounds composed only of hydrogen and carbon (b) oils derived from petroleum or coal, or both, that contain predominantly hydrocarbon compounds but also contain small amounts of chemically combined sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, vanadium, or other elements minimum fuel limiter- a device by means of which the speed governing system can be prevented from reducing the fuel flow below the minimum for which the device is set, as required to prevent unstable combustion or blowout of the flame multi-shaft gas turbine-a gas turbine in which the compressor(s) and associated driving turbine(s) are not all mechanically coupled It also covers cases (sometimes known as a two shaft or split shaft turbine) in which the working fluid continues through another turbine having a separate shaft from which output power is derived, this being usually referred to as the power turbine impeller- the rotating part of a compressor or pump having blades, lobes, or the like for increasing total pressure in a fluid medium inspection -see maintenance intercooled cycle- a gas turbine employing cooling of the working fluid between stages of successive compression multi-spool gas turbine- a multi-shaft gas turbine usually closely coupled, with coaxial shafts, and without intercooling or reheat intercooler- a heat exchanger that reduces the tern3 ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041405 II AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD GAS TURBINE TERMINOLOGY ANSI B133.1M-1983 naphtha- a series of volatile, colorless liquids obtained from petroleum, used as solvents in the manufacture of paint and varnish, as cleaning fluids, as components in motor gasoline, and which may be used as a gas turbine fuel rated speed- the speed of the gas turbine output shaft at rated power rated turbine temperature- the manufacturer's stated turbine temperature This may refer to the turbine inlet, exhaust, or gas generator exhaust, referenced to a specific operational mode natural gas- gaseous form of petroleum consisting of methane with smaller amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and traces of heavier hydrocarbons plus traces of gaseous impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide regenerative cycle- a gas turbine employing exhaust heat recovery in the thermodynamic cycle consisting of successive compression, regenerative heating, combustion, expansion, and regenerative cooling (heat transfer from the exhaust to the compressor discharge fluid) of the working fluid open cycle- a cycle in which the working fluid enters the gas turbine from the atmosphere and discharges into the atmosphere regenerator or recuperator- a heat exchanger that transfers heat from the exhaust gas to the working fluid before it enters the combustion chamber operational modes-(see ANSI Bl33.6-Gas Turbine Ratings and Performance) reheat cycle- a gas turbine in which additional thermal energy is added to the working fluid between stages of expansion overhaul- see maintenance overspeed trip- a device that actuates the overspeed protection system when the turbine reaches the speed for which the device is set (a safety element) reheater- a device that adds additional thermal energy to the working fluid between turbine stages overtemperature detector- the primary sensing element, which is directly responsive to temperature and which actuates, through suitable amplifiers or converters, the overtemperature protection system when the turbine temperature reaches the value for which the device is set (a safety element) reliability- the probability, expressed in percentage, of successfully completing the intended operating function repair, minor- see maintenance replenishment- see maintenance oxidation stability- in petroleum products, this is the resistance to permanent changes in properties caused by exposure to oxygen The rate of oxidation accelerates with increasing temperature and the presence (or not) of catalysts residual components- portions of a petroleum material (usually fuel oil) with high boiling temperatures that remain after distillation pour point- the lowest temperature at which an oil will pour or flow under specified test conditions semi-closed cycle- a {;ycle utilizing combustion in a working fluid that is partially recirculated and partially exchanged with atmospheric air precooler- a heat exchanger or evaporative cooler that reduces the temperature of the working fluid before initial compression simple cycle- a gas turbine employing a thermodynamic cycle consisting only of successive compression, combustion, and expansion rated power, gas generator- the power represented by the reversible adiabatic expansion of the gas generator exhaust flow to atmospheric pressure when it is operated at rated turbine temperature, rated conditions of inlet temperature, inlet pressure, and exhaust pressure single shaft gas turbine- a gas turbine in which the compressor and turbine rotors are mechanically coupled and the power is taken out either directly or through gearing smoke- the gaseous products of burning carbonaceous materials made visible by the presence of small particles of unburned or partially burned solids rated power, gas turbine power plant- the power developed by the gas turbine power plant at the output shaft coupling for mechanical drive, or generator terminals for electric power generation, when it is operated at rated turbine temperature, rated speed, and rated conditions of inlet temperature, inlet pressure, and exhaust pressure soot- the black powder, formed during combustion, that adheres to the sides of the chimney or colors the combustion gases to form smoke sound level- expressed in decibels, it is 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of a weighted ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041406 II AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD GAS TURBINE TERMINOLOGY ANSI B133.1M-1983 sound pressure to the reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals The weighted sound pressure is that pressure measured with a sound level meter using the C, B, or A weighting network produced by the speed governing system, are the difference between the magnitude of sustained oscillations existing with the speed governing system in service and those existing with the speed system and temperature control system made safely inoperative sound pressure level- expressed in decibels, it is 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the sound pressure to the reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals This is not a weighted sound pressure, but it is that pressure measured in a specific frequency range such as an octave band In this standard octave bands are designated by their geometric center frequency speed limiter- a device that prevents the speed changer from moving in the direction to increase speed or power output beyond the position for which the device is set standard atmosphere- a standard atmosphere is represented by air at a temperature of 59°F (15°C), a barometric pressure of 14.696 psia (1.01325 bar; 101.4024 kPa), and a relative humidity of 60% specific gravity(a) the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of two substances, one of which is taken as a standard (denominator in ratio) Water is generally the standard for solids and liquids and air is generally the standard for gases (b) API gravity is the scale normally used for petroleum liquids, based on the formula: o API G rav1ty = standard operating conditions- gas turbine ratings shall be composed using the following assumptions: (a) standard atmosphere at compressor inlet (total pressure and temperature) and at the turbine exhaust flange (static pressure) (b) cooling water temperature, if used for cooling the working fluid, of 59° F (15° C) (c) standard gas fuel (CH4-Methane) with a H/C weight ratio of0.333, a low heat value of21,520 Btuflb (50,056 kJ /kg), a high heat value of 23,991 Btuflb (55,804 kJ /kg), and a density at standard atmospheric conditions of 0.04165 lb/fe (0.6672 kgfm3 ) (d) standard oil fuel (CH1 684 -distillate) with a H/C weight ratio of (0.1417), a low heat value of 18,057 Btuflb (42,000 kJfkg), a high heat value of 19,183 Btuf lb (44,620 kJ f kg), and a density at standard atmospheric conditions of 56.52 lb/ft (906 kg/ m ) 141.5 -131.5 Sp Gr @ 60°F(l5.6°C) speed changer- a device by means of which the speed governing system is adjusted to change the speed or power output of the turbine during operation speed governing stability- speed governing stability is the capability of the speed governing system to position the turbine fuel control valve so that sustained oscillations in turbine speed or energy input to the turbine are not produced by the speed governing system during operation under sustained load or following a change to a new sustained load Sustained oscillations of: (a) turbine speed, for isolated operation under sustained load, or (b) energy input, for parallel operation* with a power system, or (c) energy input, for parallel operation* with a constant voltage direct current power system, start- a normal sequence of events that brings the gas turbine to a specified operating condition such as: (a) disengagement of starting equipment (b) attainment of a preselected rotational speed (c) increase in turbine gas temperature to a preselected value (d) closure of generator circuit breaker steady-state incremental speed regulation- the steady-state incremental speed regulation, based on zero dead band, at a given steady-state speed and power output is the rate of change of the steady-state speed with respect to the power output It is the slope of the tangent to the steady-state speed versus power output curve at the point of power output under consideration It is the difference in steady-state speed, for any two points on the tangent, divided by the corresponding difference in power output, and is expressed as a fraction of the rated power output For the basis of comparison, the several points of power output at which the values of steady-state incremental *In case of parallel operation with an alternating current power system of other than constant frequency, energy input changes that correspond to variations in the power system frequency and to the incremental speed regulation of the speed governing system covered by this publication are excluded in determining the speed governing stability Similarly, in the case of parallel operation with a direct-current power system of other than constant voltage, energy input changes that correspond to the voltage regulation of the power system are excluded in determining the speed governing stability ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041407 II AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD GAS TURBINE TERMINOLOGY ANSI B133.1M-1983 speed regulation are derived are based upon rated speed being obtained at each point of power output control system and speed governing system made safely inoperative steady-state speed regulation- the steady-state speed regulation is the change in steady-state speed, expressed in percent of rated speed, when the power output of the turbine is gradually reduced from rated power output to zero power output with identical settings of all adjustments of the speed governing system, and with the turbine operating at standard operating conditions thermal efficiency- the ratio of the net power output to the heat consumption based on the low heat value of the fuel thermal stability- in petroleum products, this is the resistance to permanent changes in properties caused solely by heat turbine- the term, when used alone, refers to one of the sections only It is that component of the gas turbine which produces power from expansion of the working fluid steam and water injection- steam or water, or both, injected into the working fluid to increase the power output or to reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) content in the exhaust, or both turbine inlet temperature- the flow weighted mean total temperature of the working fluid relative to a stationary plane immediately upstream of the first stage rotor blades supervisory equipment-equipment employed to monitor and control the gas turbine and driven load from a remote location by means of a communication link turbine nozzle- an arrangement of stationary blades for directing the flow of gas into a turbine wheel surfactants -compounds, e.g., soaps, which dissolve in liquids and lower their surface tension, thus increasing the tendency of the liquid to form emulsions or to wet specific solid surfaces turbine trip speed- the speed at which the independent emergency overspeed device operates to shut off fuel to the gas turbine tar- a dark brown or black viscous liquid, usually odorous, obtained by destructive distillation of wood, coal, or peat turbine wheel- the rotary component of the turbine stage, which consists of a series of blades or buckets through which the fluid flows May be of the axial, radial, or mixed flow type temperature control stability- temperature control stability is the capability of the temperature control system to position the turbine fuel control valve so that sustained oscillations in turbine energy input to the load are not produced by the temperature control system during operation under constant system frequency user- company or organization operating the gas turbine power plant unsaturated hydrocarbons- hydrocarbon compounds that have the capability of combining chemically with more hydrogen variable geometry- the capability of adjusting one or more elements of some gas turbine aerodynamic component to change the performance characteristics of that component, such as variable power turbine nozzles Sustained oscillations of: (a) energy input, for parallel operation with a constant frequency alternating-current power system, or (b) energy input, for parallel operation with a constant-voltage direct-current power system, viscosity- the measure of internal friction in a gas or liquid, i.e., its resistance to flow produced by the temperature control system, are the difference between the magnitude of the sustained oscillations existing with the temperature control system in service and those existing with the temperature working fluid- gaseous medium that undergoes the principal thermodynamic processes during the operating cycle ASME 8133-1M 83 II 0759670 0041408 II AMERICAN NATIONALS_TANDARD GAS TURBINE TERMINOLOGY ANSI B133.1M-1983 I I I I L _j (a) Simple Cycle Single Shaft Gas Turbine l Combustion chamber I Power turbine l I I Compressor Compressor turbine L I -~ (b) Multi-Shaft or Two Shaft Gas Turbine With Separate Power Turbine Regenerator or recuperator I I I I Compressor L (c) Regenerative or Recuperative Cycle Single Shaft Gas Turbine FIG EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS INVOLVING GAS TURBINES ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041409 II AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD GAS TURBINE TERMINOLOGY ANSI B133.1M-1983 I -, Combustion chamber H P I I turbine Intercooler L P turbine L P Compressor _j (d) lntercooled and Reheat Cycle, Straight Compound, Two Shaft Gas Turbine With Load Coupled to Low-Pressure Shaft Hot gas bleed Air bleed ~ I I - - Compressor // '\ -~ -\'- I Load ' / (e) Bleed Gas Turbine FIG EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS INVOLVING GAS TURBINES (CONT'D) \/ I ASME 8133.1M 83 II 0759670 0041410 II ,- AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD GAS TURBINE TERMINOLOGY ANSI B133.1M-1983 Turbine I Compressor I I I I I Recuperator Heat source I L I j Pre-cooler ,- (f) Closed Cycle Gas Turbine -, I Turbine I I I Combustion chamber I Il I I I I I I I I I I I _j I L _ (g) Semi·Cfosed Cycle Gas Turbine FIG EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS INVOLVING GAS TURBINES (CONT'D)