Asme b1 22m 1985 (2006) (american society of mechanical engineers)

REAFFIRMED 2006 FOR CURRENT COMMITTEE PERSONNEL PLEASE E-MAIL CS@asme.org `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Intentionally left blank Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Gages and Gaging for MJ Series Metric Screw Threads ANWASME61.22M- 1985 `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - (REVISION OF ANSI B1.22-1978) SPONSORED THE AMERICAN United Engineering SOCIETY Center Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 345 OF MECHANICAL East 47th Street Not for Resale AND PUBLISHED BY ENGINEERS New York, N Y 10017 Date of Issuance: December 31, 1986 This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition There will be no addenda or written interpretations of the requirements of this Standard issued to this Edition This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards The Consensus Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment which provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable Letters Patent, nor assume any such liability Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations issued in accordance with governing ASME procedures and policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher THE `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS AMERICAN Copyright 1986 by SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A Not for Resale ENGINEERS FOREWORD (This Foreword is not part of ANSVASME B1.22M-1985.) `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - American National Standards Committee Bl for the standardization of screw threads was organized in 1920 as Sectional Committee Bl under the aegis of the American Engineering Standards Committee [later the American Standards Association, then the United States of America Standards Institute, and as of October 6, 1969, the American National Standards Institute, Inc (ANSI)], with the Society of Automotive Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers as joint sponsors As a result, a great deal of effort was expended through the years toward development of several inch screw thread standards, including the current inch gaging standard, ANSVASME B1.2-1983, Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads Recognizing the increasing need of industries in the United States for documentation of American gaging practice for metric screw threads, American National Standards Committee Bl charged its thread gaging Subcommittee with the responsibility for producing such a standard ANSI Bl 16-1972 was developed as a standard for American gaging practice for metric screw threads; ANSVASME Bl.l6M-1984 is a revision of that standard With the development of the MJ series of metric screw threads, documented in ANSI B1.2 1, it became necessary to document the required thread gages that were not covered in the ANSI Bl 16 standard Committee Bl asked Subcommittee to develop such a standard ANSI B1.22-1978 was developed by Subcommittee to provide the essential specifications for gages and gaging practice necessaryto fulfill the provisions of the product thread document ANSI B1.21, Metric Screw Threads - MJ Profile In 1982, Committee Bl was reorganized as the ASME Standards Committee Bl, and it has operated under American Society of Mechanical Engineers procedures to produce and update standards which become ANSI Standards after final approval by the American National Standards Institute This publication, designated ANSVASME B1.22M-1985, does not have any references to conformance criteria, as Committee Bl has established B1.3M for all levels of acceptability for screw threads A considerable amount of new material is added to cover the many options of gages and measuring equipment shown in B1.3M Mn/Mt gages have been identified as NOT GO gages The proposed Standard was submitted by the ASME Board of Standardization to the American National Standards Institute It was approved and formally designated as an American National Standard on September 26, 1985 111 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale Intentionally left blank `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ASME STANDARDS COMMITTEE Bl Standardization and Unification of Screw Threads (The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.) OFFICERS D J Emanuelli, Chairman H W Ellison, Vice Chairman C E Lynch, Secretary COMMITTEE PERSONNEL AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC G G Gerber, McDonnell Douglas, St Louis, Missouri’ H Bonman, Alternate, Sperry Gyroscope Division, Great Neck, New York AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE F Dallas, Jr., Cyclops Corp., Sharon, Pennsylvania AMERICAN MEASURING TOOL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION D Dodge, Pennoyer-Dodge Co., Glendale, California C W Jatho, Alternate, American Measuring Tool Manufacturers Association, Birmingham, Michigan AMERICAN PIPE FITTINGS ASSOCIATION W C Farrell, Jr., Stockham Valves and Fittings, Inc., Birmingham, Alabama DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL SUPPLY CENTER E Schwartz, Defense Industrial Supply Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania F S Ciccarone, Alternate, Defense Industrial Supply Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ENGINE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION G A Russ, Cummins Engine Co., Columbus, Indiana FARM AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT INSTITUTE J F Nagy, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Michigan INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS INSTITUTE R Belford, Industrial Fasteners Institute, Cleveland, Ohio R M Harris, Bethlehem Steel Co., Lebanon, Pennsylvania K E McCullough, SPS Technologies, Inc., Jenkintown, Pennsylvania J C McMurray, Russell, Burdsall and Ward, Inc., Mentor, Ohio MANUFACTURERS STANDARDIZATION SOCIETY OF THE VALVE AND FITTINGS W C Farrell, Jr., Stockham Valves and Fittings, Inc., Birmingham, Alabama INDUSTRY METAL CUTTING TOOL INSTITUTE (TAP & DIE DIVISION) N F Nau, Union/Butterfield Division, Litton Industries, Athol, Massachusetts A D Shepherd, Jr., Alternate, Union/Butterfield Division, Litton Industries, Derby Line, Vermont V `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION J L Griffin, Wheatland Tube Co., Wheatland, Pennsylvania J Levy, General Electric Co., Schenectady, New York F F Weingruber Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania W Montavon, Alternate, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Washington, D.C NATIONAL FASTENER DISTRIBUTORS ASSOCIATION J Sullivan, Accurate Fasteners, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts NATIONAL MACHINE TOOL BUILDERS ASSOCIATION R J Sabatos Cleveland Twist Drill Co Cleveland, Ohio D I? Stoner, Jr., Teledyne Landis Machine Co., Waynesboro, Pennsylvania NATIONAL SCREW MACHINE PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION T S Meyer, Fischer Special Manufacturing Co., Cold Spring, Kentucky National Screw Machine Products Association, Brecksville, Ohio R Zahnizer, Alternate, `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS H W Ellison, General Motors Corp., Warren, Michigan SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS D Davidson, MorselHemco Corp., Holland, Michigan L Gibson, Alternate, Morse/Hemco Corp., Holland, Michigan TUBULAR RIVET AND MACHINE INSTITUTE R M Byrne Industry Service Bureaus, Inc White Plains, New York U.S F J F DEPARTMENT OF J Clas, U.S Army, Crowley, U.S Army L Jones, Alternate, U.S DEPARTMENT E Schwartz, THE ARMY Watervliet Arsenal, Watervliet, New York Material Development and Readiness Command, Alexandria, U.S Army Missile Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama Virginia OF DEFENSE Defense Industrial Supply Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY C T Gustafson, Metrology Laboratory, Portsmouth Naval Ship Yard, Portsmouth, New Hampshire INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS C T Appleton, Jefferson, Massachusetts J Boehnlein, PMC Industries Wickliffe, Ohio A R Breed, Lakewood, Ohio R Browning, Southern Gage Co., Erin, Tennessee A Butovich, Air Industries Corp., Garden Grove, California R S Chamerda, The Johnson Gage Co., Bloomfield, Connecticut J F Cramer, Des Moines, Washington P Drake, Hudson, Massachusetts E W Drescher, Lancaster, Pennsylvania D J Emanuelli, Greenfield Tap and Die, Greenfield, Massachusetts C G Erickson, Sterling Die, West Hartford, Connecticut S P Johnson, The Johnson Gage Co., Bloomfield, Connecticut S I Kanter, The Hanson-Whitney Co., Hartford, Connecticut R W Lamport, The Van Keuren Co., Watertown, Massachusetts A R Machell, Jr., Webster, New York A E Masterson, Watervliet, New York R E Mazzara Geometric Tool, New Haven, Connecticut P V Pastore, Regal Beloit Corp., South Beloit, Illinois M M Schuster, Hi-Shear Corp., Torrance, California A G Strang, Boyds, Maryland R Tennis, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, Illinois A F Thibodeau, Swanson Tool Manufacturing, Inc., West Hartford, Connecticut J W Turton The Bendix Corp., Greenfield, Massachusetts vi Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale SUBCOMMITTEE B1.2 - SCREW THREAD GAGES AND GAGING R Browning, Chairman Southern Gage Co., Erin, Tennessee A F Thibodeau, Secretary, Swanson Tool Manufacturing, Inc., West Hartford, Connecticut J Boehnlein, PMC Industries, Wickliffe, Ohio Cadieux, Greenfield Tap and Die, Greenfield, Massachusetts FL S Chamerda, The Johnson Gage Co., Bloomfield, Connecticut M Davidson, Morse/Hemco Corp., Holland, Michigan D Dodge, Pennoyer-Dodge Co., Glendale, California H W Ellison, General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan C G Erickson, Sterling Die, West Hartford, Connecticut C T Gustafson, Metrology Laboratories Division, Portsmouth, New Hampshire S I Kanter, The Hanson-Whitney Co., Hartford, Connecticut R W Lamport, The Van Keuren Co., Watertown, Massachusetts A E Masterson, Watervliet, New York K E McCullough, SPS Technologies, Inc., Jenkintown, Pennsylvania J C McMurray, Russell, Burdsall and Ward, Inc Mentor, Ohio M M Schuster, Hi-Shear Corp., Torrance, California E Schwartz, Defense Industrial Supply Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania R Seppey, Bendix Corp., South Bend, Indiana A G Strang Boyds, Maryland J W Turton, The Bendix Corp., Greenfield, Massachusetts A Zaveruha, McMellon Brothers, Stratford, Connecticut vii `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Intentionally left blank Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale TABLE D9 METRIC THREAD-MEASURING WIRES FOR 60 deg SCREW THREADS (CUSTOMARY) -I- T 0.505182P Maximum 1.010363P Pitch,mm [Note(l)1 [Note(2)1 [Note (2)l [Note (3)l 0.2 0.00455 0.00398 0.00796 0.00682 0.25 0.00568 0.00497 0.00994 0.00852 0.3 0.00682 0.00597 0.01193 0.01023 0.35 0.00796 0.00696 0.01392 0.01193 Best Minimum 0.4 0.00909 0.00796 0.01591 0.01364 0.45 0.01023 0.00895 0.01790 0.01534 0.5 0.01137 0.00994 0.01989 0.01705 0.6 0.01364 0.01193 0.02387 0.02046 0.02784 0.02983 0.03182 0.03978 0.02387 0.7 0.01591 0.01392 0.75 0.01705 0.01492 0.8 0.01818 0.01591 0.02273 0.01989 1.25 0.02841 0.02486 1.5 0.03410 0.02983 1.75 0.03978 0.03481 0.04546 0.03978 `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 0.57735OP “Best Size” Thread Wire Constant C, mm 0.866025P Wire Sizes W, in 0.02557 0.02728 0.03410 0.04972 0.05967 0.06961 0.07956 0.04262 0.08524 0.05114 0.05967 0.06819 2.5 0.05683 0.04972 0.06819 0.05967 3.5 0.07956 0.06961 0.09092 0.07955 0.09945 0.11933 0.13922 0.15911 4.5 0.10229 0.08950 0.17900 0.15343 0.11365 0.09945 0.19889 0.17048 5.5 0.12502 0.10939 0.21878 0.18753 0.13638 0.11933 0.23867 0.20457 NOTES: (1) The diameters of “best size” thread balls are the same as the diameters wires (2) Measured PD = M, + 0.866025P - 3W (3) If "best size” thread wire is used, PD = M, - C 133 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 0.10229 0.11933 0.13638 of “best size” thread Intentionally left blank `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale THREAD DIAMETER APPENDIX E ADJUSTMENT DUE TO TEMPERATURE (This Appendix is not part of ANWASME El El 22M-1985, SCOPE This Appendixprovidesguidancewhich may be used to determinethe extentof threaddiametermeasurement correctionneededto adjustto the equivalentdiameterat the standardtemperatureof 20°C + 1“C VARIATION and is included for information purposes only.) (Cr,,) and lead (C&, or Cr = C,, + C, By applying the value (Cr) to the indicatinggage measurement on the productthread,the threadedproductsize at 20°C is obtained Plus (Cr) values are addedto and minus (Cr) valuesare subtracted from the indicatinggagereading on the productthreadto obtain productsize El Limitations The methodpresentedis an approximation,sincediametralchangeis affectedby temperaturerangeand by the complexity of gages and their components.Note mustalso be madethat changein lengthof thread, due to temperature,will changethe pitch, hencethe functional diameterof the thread, in additionto the change in pitch causedby diametralchange E2.2 Pitch Diameter Correction (CT& Due to Thermal Expansion or Contraction in Diameter By insertingthe appropriatevalue in the following formula, the correction(Cr,,) is obtained cTED= -(ep - e,) (Zr - 20°C) (PD) The methodthat follows is applicablewherethreaded productis madefrom materialdiffering from gagematerial andwheremeasurements are madeat temperatures otherthanstandard.Every effort mustbe madeto maintain stableproductand gagetemperaturecloseto standardin orderto minimizeuncertainties(seepara E 1.1) where CTPD = pitch diametercorrection,mm ep = linear thermalcoefficient for threadedproduct materialper degreeCelsius linear thermalcoefficientfor gagematerialper eg = degreeCelsius room temperature,“C basicpitch diameterof thread, mm E2 THREAD E2.3 El Application `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - DIAMETER ,ADJUSTMENT FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE AND BELOW STANDARD Sinceproductthreadsare checkedin the manufacturing areaat nonstandard temperatures,the uncertaintyin size (diametercorrectionCr) betweengageand dissimilar threadedmaterialsshouldnot exceed one-tenthof the pitch diametertolerance E2.1 Thread Diameter Adjustment Pitch Diameter Correction &I Due to Thermal Expansion or Contraction of Lead Use the following formulas: (a) For externalproductthreadcomparedto a setting gage at shop room temperature,C, is applied with a minussign c, = - Il.732 (ep- es)(t, - 2O’C) (LG)I (b) For internalproductthreadcomparedto a setting gage at shop room temperature,C, is applied with a plus sign for Size Indicating Gage Measurements Cr is equal to the sum of pitch diametercorrections due to thermal expansionor contractionin diameter C, = + (1.732(ep- e,) (r, - 20°C) (LG)J 135 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale E2.4.1 Pitch Diameter Correction (&I Due to Thermal Expansion or Contraction of Lead Use the following formulas: (a) For external product thread inspected with a fixed limit gage, e.g., a ring gage, C, is applied with a minus sign (c) For external product thread measured with thread segment type gage preset at standard temperature of 20°C + l”C, CTL is applied with a minus sign CT, = - / 1.732 (e,, + es) (t, - 20°C) (LG)I (6) For internal product thread measured with thread segment type gage preset at standard temperature of 20°C &- l”C, CrL is applied with a plus sign C, = -1 1.732 (eP + es) (t, - 20°C) (LG)l C,, = +)I.732 (eP + e,) (t, - 20°C) (LG)j (b) For internal product thread inspected with a fixed limit gage, e.g., a plug gage, Cm is applied with a plus sign where Cn = +I 1.732 (eP + es) (t, - 20°C) (ZG)I 1XXXXX = plus value of bracketed term XXXXX regardless of sign C, = diameter correction, mm LG = length of gage thread engagement, mm NOTE: For single-element pitch diameter gaging, CTL may be considered equal to zero NOTE: For single-element pitch diameter gaging, Cm may be considered equal to zero E2.5 E2.3.1 Thread Diameter Evaluation for Limit Gaging At nonstandard temperature, fixed limit gages such as rings and plugs not accept threaded product at the tolerance limits CT is equal to the sum of pitch diameter corrections due to thermal expansion or contraction in diameter (C,) and lead (C,) , or Cr = C, + C, The Cr values are applied to the gages and thus define their modified limits The C, values help the inspector to make a decision on room temperatures Metal or Alloy Aluminum alloy 7075 Brass Bronze, aluminum Chromium carbide By inserting the appropriate values in the following formula, the correction (C,) is obtained -cep- e,) (t, - 20°C) (PD) `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 136 Not for Resale Coefficient Inconel600 Inconel X-750 Iron 23.2 18.7 16.2 8.5 16.9 10.4 10.3 11.9 x x x x x x x x Monel400 Monel K-500 Steel 1020 Steel, corrosion resistant ( 18Cr-8Ni stainless) Steel, corrosion and heat resistant, A-286 Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V Tungsten carbide 11.5 11.2 12.1 17.3 16.4 8.8 6.5 x x x x Copper Pitch Diameter Correction (&,I Due to Thermal Expansion or Contraction in Diameter C TPD= of Linear Thermal Expansion Some useful coefficients of linear thermal expansion per degree Celsius are listed below However, if the expansion correction is critical, the coefficient for the temperature range of the specific metal or alloy in use should be determined NOTE: A negative value of Cr is the amount by which a product functional or pitch diameter appears to be too large when checked by a limit gage A plus value is the opposite E2.4 Coefficient IO+ IO+’ lo+ 1O-6 lO-6 lo+ lo-6 lo+ lo+ lo-6 lo-6 lo-6 x lO-6 x lo+ x lo-+ AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR SCREW THREADS (Published by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers) TITLE OF STANDARD Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form) Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads Screw Thread Gaging Systems for Dimensional Acceptability - Inch and Metric Screw Threads (UN, UNR, UNJ, M, and MJ) Acme Screw Threads Nomenclature, Definitions, and Letter Symbols for Screw Threads Stub Acme Screw Threads Buttress Inch Screw Threads 7O145O Form With 0.6 Pitch Basic Height of Thread Engagement Unified Miniature Screw Threads Microscopic Objective Thread Class Interference-Fit Thread Metric Screw Threads - M Profile Gages and Gaging for Metric M Screw Threads Metric Screw Threads for Commercial Mechanical Fasteners - Boundary Profile Defined Gages for Metric Screw Threads for Commercial Mechanical Fasteners - Boundary Profile Defined Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch) Dryseal Pipe Threads (Inch) Dryseal Pipe Threads (Metric Translation of Bl.20.3-1976) Gaging for Dryseal Pipe Threads (Inch) Gaging for Dryseal Pipe Threads (Metric Translation ofB1.20.5-1978) Hose Coupling Screw Threads Metric Screw Threads - MJ Profile Gages and Gaging for MJ Series Metric Screw Threads Bl.l-1982 B1.2-1983 B1.3M-1986 B1.5-1977 B1.7M-1984 B1.8-1977 Bl S-1973(R1985) Bl I O-l 958 Bl I l-l 958(R1978) B1.12-1972 Bl I 3M-1983 Bl I 6M-1984 Bl I 8M-1982 Bl l SM-1984 B1.20 l-l 983 B1.20.3-1976(R1982) B1.20.4-1976(R1982) B1.20.5-1978 B1.20.6M-1984 B1.20.7-1966(R1983) B1.21 M-l 978 B1.22M-1985 The ASME Publications Catalog shows a complete list of all the Standards published b y the Society The catalog and binders for holding these Standards are available upon request- `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale Intentionally left blank `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale Intentionally left blank `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale