BS EN 16258:2012 BSI Standards Publication Methodology for calculation and declaration of energy consumption and GHG emissions of transport services (freight and passengers) NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW raising standards worldwide™ BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 16258:2012 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 16258:2012 The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee SEM/1, Energy Management, to Panel SEM/1/-/2, Energy consumption and GHG emissions in transport services A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © The British Standards Institution 2012 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012 ISBN 978 580 74301 ICS 03.220.01 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2012 Amendments issued since publication Amd No Date Text affected BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM November 2012 ICS 03.220.01 English Version Methodology for calculation and declaration of energy consumption and GHG emissions of transport services (freight and passengers) Méthodologie pour le calcul et la déclaration de la consommation d'énergie et des émissions de gaz effet de serre (GES) des prestations de transport (passagers et fret) Methode zur Berechnung und Deklaration des Energieverbrauchs und der Treibhausgasemissionen bei Transportdienstleistungen (Güter- und Personenverkehr) This European Standard was approved by CEN on September 2012 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 16258:2012: E BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Contents Page Foreword 4 Introduction 5 Scope 6 2.1 2.2 Terms, definitions and abbreviations 6 General terms 6 Specific terms 9 3.1 3.2 Units and symbols 11 Energy 11 GHG emissions 11 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Quantification boundaries 12 General 12 Processes included 12 Processes not included 12 Greenhouse gases 13 Carbon offsetting and emissions trading 13 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 Principles of calculation of energy consumption and GHG emissions in transport services 13 General objectives 13 Steps of the calculation of energy consumption and GHG emissions of one transport service 14 Sub steps for the calculation of energy consumption and GHG emissions of one leg of one transport service 14 Categories of values used for the calculation 14 General 14 Use of default values 15 Principles of identification of the different legs of a transport service 15 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Principles of the calculation at the vehicle operation system (VOS) level 15 General 15 Sub step 2.1: Establishing the VOS related to the leg 15 Sub step 2.2: Quantification of the total fuel consumption for the VOS 16 Sub step 2.3: Calculation of total energy consumption and GHG emissions for the VOS 16 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.4 Principles of allocation to cargo and/or passengers 17 General 17 Basic principles 18 Allocation parameters and units 18 General 18 Allocation for passengers 18 Allocation for freight 18 Combined transport of passengers and freight 19 Data collecting 20 Principles of summing the results for each leg 20 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3.1 Declaration 20 General 20 Possibility to make a short declaration 21 Supporting information 21 General statement 21 5.1 5.2 5.3 BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) 10.3.2 Transparent description of the method 21 Annex A (normative) Energy and GHG emission factors 23 A.1 Transport fuels 23 A.1.1 General 23 A.1.2 Consistency between sources 23 A.1.3 Table of energy and GHG emission factors 23 A.1.4 Biofuel Blends 25 A.1.5 Specified fuels 28 A.2 Electricity 28 A.2.1 Well-to-wheels energy factors 28 A.2.2 Well-to-wheels emission factors 28 A.2.3 Tank-to-wheels energy factor 29 A.2.4 Tank-to-wheels emission factor 29 Annex B (normative) Allocation methods for ferries (maritime transport) 30 B.1 General 30 B.2 Mass method 30 B.3 Area method 31 B.4 Default values 31 Annex C (informative) Inclusion of empty trips into a VOS 32 C.1 General 32 C.2 Example for a simple case 32 C.3 Example of a VOS for a distribution or collection round trip 33 Annex D (informative) Template for declaration of categories of values used 34 Annex E (informative) Example for passengers: transport service by bus 35 E.1 Description of the example 35 E.2 Example with use of specific measured values 36 E.3 Example with use of transport operator fleet values 37 E.4 Example with use of default values 38 E.5 Example with use of transport operator specific values 38 E.6 Overview of the results 39 Annex F (informative) Examples for freight 40 F.1 Transport service of freight transport by train 40 F.1.1 Description of the example 40 F.1.2 Example with use of specific measured values 41 F.1.3 Example with use of transport operator specific values 42 F.1.4 Examples with use of default values 43 F.1.5 Overview of the results 45 F.2 Transport service of freight transport by container ship 45 F.2.1 Description of the example 45 F.2.2 Example with use of specific measured values 46 F.2.3 Example with use of default values 47 F.2.4 Overview of the results 48 Annex G (informative) Example for combined passenger and freight transport: ferry lines 49 G.1 Description of the example 49 G.2 Results and comparison of the two allocation methods 49 Annex H (informative) Detailed sources used and calculations done for establishment of Table A.1 51 Annex I (informative) Example of available sources of default values 65 Bibliography 66 BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Foreword This document (EN 16258:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 320 “Transport Logistics and services”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2013 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Introduction This standard sets out the methodology and requirements for calculating and reporting energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in transport services This first edition of the standard is primarily focused on energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with vehicles (used on land, water and in the air) during the operational phase of the lifecycle However, when calculating the energy consumption and emissions associated with vehicles, account is also taken of the energy consumption and emissions associated with energy processes for fuels and/or electricity used by vehicles (including for example production and distribution of transport fuels) This ensures the standard takes a "well-to-wheel" approach when undertaking calculations, and when making declarations to transport service users The philosophy, contents, and structure adopted in this standard seek to make it widely applicable across the transport sector (encompassing all modes impartially) and accessible to a very diverse user group Within this sector, it is recognised that transport operations vary hugely, from multi-national organisations operating multiple transport modes to deliver transport services across the globe, through to a small local operator delivering a simple service to one user In addition, the potential user group for this standard is similarly diverse, and the monitoring of transport energy and emissions within organisations can be at different levels of maturity and sophistication Consequently, this first edition of the standard balances the desire for absolute precision and scientific rigour with a degree of pragmatism in order to achieve ease of use, accessibility and encourage widespread use Use of this standard will provide a common approach and frameworks for the calculation and declaration of energy consumption and emissions for transport services irrespective of the level of complexity (e.g a simple transport service can provide one customer with a single journey, whereas a complex system can involve several legs, multiple vehicle types, different transport modes and several companies within the transport supply chain) The standard ensures declarations have greater consistency and transparency, and that the energy and emissions are fully allocated to a vehicle’s load (passengers and/or cargo) It is anticipated that future editions of the standard will have broader quantification boundaries, to include additional aspects such as, transport terminals, transhipment activities, and other phases of the lifecycle Users of the standard that would now like to use broader quantification boundaries, without waiting for a new edition of the standard are advised to communicate such results separately from the ones calculated according to this standard, and to give a transparent description of the methodology applied BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Scope This European Standard establishes a common methodology for the calculation and declaration of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to any transport service (of freight, passengers or both) It specifies general principles, definitions, system boundaries, calculation methods, apportionment rules (allocation) and data recommendations, with the objective to promote standardised, accurate, credible and verifiable declarations, regarding energy consumption and GHG emissions related to any transport service quantified It also includes examples on the application of the principles Potential users of this standard are any person or organisation who needs to refer to a standardised methodology when communicating the results of the quantification of energy consumption and GHG emissions related to a transport service, especially: transport service operators (freight or passengers carriers); transport service organisers (carriers subcontracting transport operations, freight forwarders and travel agencies); transport service users (shippers and passengers) Terms, definitions and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply 2.1 General terms 2.1.1 carbon dioxide equivalent CO2e unit for comparing the radiative forcing of a GHG to carbon dioxide Note to entry: The carbon dioxide equivalent is calculated using the mass of a given GHG multiplied by its global warming potential [SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2006] 2.1.2 carbon offsetting mechanism for compensating for carbon emissions of a process through the prevention of the release of, reduction in, or removal of, an equivalent amount of GHG emissions outside the boundary of that process, provided such prevention, removal or reduction are quantified, permanent and additional to a business-asusual scenario [SOURCE: adapted from ISO 14021:2010] 2.1.3 cargo collection / quantity of goods (carried on a means of transport) transported from one place to another Note to entry: Cargo can consist of either liquid or solid materials or substances, without any packaging (e.g bulk cargo), or of loose items of unpacked goods, packages, unitised goods (on pallets or in containers) or goods loaded on transport units and carried on active means of transport [SOURCE: EN 14943:2005] BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) 2.1.4 energy electricity, fuels, steam, heat, compressed air and other like media [SOURCE: EN ISO 50001:2011 modified] 2.1.5 energy carrier substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes [SOURCE: ISO 13600:1997] 2.1.6 energy consumption quantity of energy applied [SOURCE: EN ISO 50001:2011] 2.1.7 energy factor factor relating activity data to energy consumption 2.1.8 energy use manner or kind of application of energy EXAMPLE Vehicle propulsion, cooling, heating [SOURCE: EN ISO 50001:2011 modified] 2.1.9 freight goods being transported from one location to another [SOURCE: EN 14943:2005] 2.1.10 fuel consumption quantity of energy carrier used by the means of transport Note to entry: For reasons of simplification, this definition includes all energy carriers, such as electricity Note to entry: For rail transport using electric traction, the fuel consumption is the total quantity of energy collected from the contact line minus any energy returned to the contact line by the vehicle Energy is returned (to the contact line) when electric traction has regenerative braking and the energy generated during braking is made available to other consumers connected to the contact line 2.1.11 global warming potential GWP factor describing the radiative forcing impact of one mass-based unit of a given green house gas relative to an equivalent unit of carbon dioxide over a period of one hundred years [SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2006 modified] BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) 2.1.12 greenhouse gas GHG gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds Note to entry: In this standard, GHGs are limited to, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) There are the six gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [SOURCE: ISO 14064-1:2006 modified] 2.1.13 greenhouse gas emission factor GHG emission factor factor relating activity data to GHG emissions 2.1.14 means of transport particular vessel, vehicle, or other mobile device used for the transport of passenger and/or freight [SOURCE: EN 14943:2005 modified] 2.1.15 passenger pax person carried in a vehicle, without participating in its operation Note to entry: The term and its abbreviation are also used as a unit for quantity of passengers 2.1.16 route path (to be) taken to get from one point to another point [SOURCE: EN 14943:2005 modified] 2.1.17 transport assisted movement of passenger and/or freight Note to entry: The term “transport” in general is used for movement supported by means [SOURCE: EN 14943:2005 modified] 2.1.18 Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit TEU standard unit (6,10 m) used to express a number of containers of various lengths and for describing the capacities of container ships or terminals Note to entry: One standard forty-foot ISO Series container equals TEUs [SOURCE: EN 14943:2005 modified] BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg etMJ/l JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "Density kg/m ", "Diesel 2010" JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "LHV MJ/kg", "Diesel 2010" calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: ew MJ/kg - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COD1", "Crude oil to diesel", "energy expended (MJx/MJf)", "Total primary", "Best est." : 0,19 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 1,19 (=1+0,19) ew MJ/l calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "CO2 emissions", "Diesel 2010": 73,25 g/MJ; Diesel - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 - Chapter "Changes in Atmospheric gt Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", table 2.14: Global Warming Potential for 100 gCO2e/MJ years is 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O; - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, Chapter Mobile Combustion, Table 3.2.2 "Gas / Diesel Oil", "Default": 3,9 kg/TJ (CH4) and 3,9 kg/TJ (N2O); - values for CO2, CH4 and N2O are finally added gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gt kgCO2e/l calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COG1", "Crude oil to diesel", "Net GHG emitted (gCO2eq/MJf)", "Best gCO2e/MJ est.": 15,9 gw - this value is added to the tank-to-wheels (gt) emission factor expressed in gCO2e/MJ calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by gw kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gw kgCO2e/l 54 calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "Density kg/m ", "Bio-diesel" JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "LHV MJ/kg", "Bio-diesel" calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: ew MJ/kg - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 22 of 68: "ROFA1", "RME, glycerine as chemical, meal as animal feed": 1,09 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 2,09 (=1+1,09) ew MJ/l gt Bio-diesel gCO2e/MJ gt kgCO2e/kg gt kgCO2e/l calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l convention convention convention calculated: gw gCO2e/MJ - Directive 2009/30/EC page L 140/96 "The greenhouse gas emission saving from the use of biofuels (…) shall be at least 35 %" - this saving is applied to the well-to-wheels (gw) emission factor of diesel, expressed in gCO2e/MJ gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gw kgCO2e/l calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l 55 BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l ew MJ/kg ew MJ/l Diesel/bio-diesel blend 95/5 calculated from values of diesel (95 % in volume) and bio-diesel (5 % in volume) calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/l is divided by density (d) in kg/l calculated from values of diesel (95 % in volume) and bio-diesel (5 % in volume) calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/l is divided by density (d) in kg/l calculated from values of diesel (95 % in volume) and bio-diesel (5 % in volume) gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in kgCO2e/l is multiplied by 1000 then divided by tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/l gCO2e/MJ gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/l is divided by density kgCO2e/kg (d) in kg/l gt kgCO2e/l calculated from values of diesel (95 % in volume) and bio-diesel (5 % in volume) gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in kgCO2e/l is multiplied by gCO2e/MJ 1000 then divided by well-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/l gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in kgCO2e/l is divided by density kgCO2e/kg (d) in kg/l gw kgCO2e/l 56 calculated from values of diesel (95 % in volume) and bio-diesel (5 % in volume) BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "Density kg/m ", "LPG" JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "LHV MJ/kg", "LPG" calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: ew MJ/kg - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 16 of 68: "LRLP1", "LPG from gas field (remote)", "energy expended (MJx/MJf)", "Total primary", "Best est." : 0,12 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 1,12 (=1+0,12) ew MJ/l calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "CO2 emissions", "LPG": 65,68 g/MJ; Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 - Chapter "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", table 2.14: Global Warming Potential for 100 gCO2e/MJ years is 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O; gt - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, Chapter Mobile Combustion, Table 3.2.2 "Liquified petroleum gas", "Default": 62 kg/TJ (CH4) and 0,2 kg/TJ (N2O); - values for CO2, CH4 and N2O are finally added gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gt kgCO2e/l calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, gw page 16 of 68: "LRLP1", "LPD from gas field (remote)", "Net GHG emitted (gCO2eq/MJf)", gCO2e/MJ "Best est.": 8,0 - this value is added to the tank-to-wheels (gt) emission factor expressed in gCO2e/MJ gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gw kgCO2e/l calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l 57 BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l ew MJ/kg no value proposed JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "LHV MJ/kg", "CNG/CBG" no value proposed - calculated from JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 13 of 68: "GMCG1", "NG current EU-mix (1000 km)", "energy expended (MJx/MJf)", "Total primary", "Best est." : 0,12 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 1,12 (=1+0,12) ew MJ/l no value proposed calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - TTW Report v3c July 2011, page of 46 - "CO2 emissions", "CNG/CBG": 56,24 g/MJ; - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 - Chapter "Changes in Atmospheric Compressed Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", table 2.14: Global Warming Potential for 100 Natural Gas gCO2e/MJ years is 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O; (CNG) - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, Chapter Mobile Combustion, Table 3.2.2 "Natural Gas", "Default": 92 kg/TJ (CH4) and kg/TJ (N2O); gt - values for CO2, CH4 and N2O are finally added gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gt kgCO2e/l no value proposed calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 13 of 68: "GMCG1", "NG current EU-mix (1000 km)", "Net GHG emitted gCO2e/MJ (gCO2eq/MJf)", "Best est.": 8,7 gw - this value is added to the tank-to-wheels (gt) emission factor expressed in gCO2e/MJ gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gw kgCO2e/l 58 no value proposed BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l Decision 2009/339/EC - page L 103/21, 2.2.3 Fuel Density Decision 2009/339/EC - page L 103/18, Net Calorific Value (TJ/Gg), "Aviation gasoline (AvGas)" calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: ew MJ/kg - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COG1", "Crude oil to gasoline", "energy expended (MJx/MJf)", "Total primary", "Best est." : 0,17 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 1,17 (=1+0,17) ew MJ/l calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - Decision 2009/339/EC - page L 103/18, Emission factor, "Aviation gasoline (AvGas)": 70,0 tCO2/TJ; - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 - Chapter "Changes in Atmospheric Aviation Gasoline Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", table 2.14: Global Warming Potential for 100 (AvGas) gCO2e/MJ years is 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O; gt - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, Chapter Mobile Combustion, Table 3.6.5 "All fuels", "CH4 Default": 0,5 kg/TJ;"N2O Default": kg/TJ; - values for CO2, CH4 and N2O are finally added gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gt kgCO2e/l calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COG1", "Crude oil to gasoline", "Net GHG emitted (gCO2eq/MJf)", "Best gCO2e/MJ est.": 14,2 gw - this value is added to the tank-to-wheels (gt) emission factor expressed in gCO2e/MJ gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gw kgCO2e/l calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l 59 BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l Decision 2009/339/EC - page L 103/21, 2.2.3 Fuel Density Decision 2009/339/EC - page L 103/18, Net Calorific Value (TJ/Gg), "Jet gasoline (Jet B)" calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: ew MJ/kg - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COG1", "Crude oil to gasoline", "energy expended (MJx/MJf)", "Total primary", "Best est." : 0,17 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 1,17 (=1+0,17) ew MJ/l calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - Decision 2009/339/EC - page L 103/18, Emission factor, "Jet gasoline (Jet B)": 70,0 tCO2/TJ; - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 - Chapter "Changes in Atmospheric Jet Gasoline (Jet Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", table 2.14: Global Warming Potential for 100 B) gCO2e/MJ years is 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O; gt - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, Chapter Mobile Combustion, Table 3.6.5 "All fuels", "CH4 Default": 0,5 kg/TJ;"N2O Default": kg/TJ; - values for CO2, CH4 and N2O are finally added gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gt kgCO2e/l calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COG1", "Crude oil to gasoline", "Net GHG emitted (gCO2eq/MJf)", "Best gCO2e/MJ est.": 14,2 gw - this value is added to the tank-to-wheels (gt) emission factor expressed in gCO2e/MJ gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gw kgCO2e/l 60 calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l Decision 2009/339/EC - page L 103/21, 2.2.3 Fuel Density Decision 2009/339/EC - page L 103/18, Net Calorific Value (TJ/Gg), "Jet kerosene (jet A1 or jet A)" calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: ew MJ/kg - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COD1", "Crude oil to diesel", "energy expended (MJx/MJf)", "Total primary", "Best est." : 0,19 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 1,19 (=1+0,19) ew MJ/l calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - Decision 2009/339/EC - page L 103/18, Emission factor, "Jet kerosene (jet A1 or jet A)": 71,5 tCO2/TJ; - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 - Chapter "Changes in Atmospheric Jet Kerosene (Jet Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", table 2.14: Global Warming Potential for 100 A1 and Jet A) gCO2e/MJ years is 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O; gt - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, Chapter Mobile Combustion, Table 3.6.5 "All fuels", "CH4 Default": 0,5 kg/TJ;"N2O Default": kg/TJ; - values for CO2, CH4 and N2O are finally added gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gt kgCO2e/l calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, gw page 11 of 68: "COG1", "Crude oil to diesel", "Net GHG emitted (gCO2eq/MJf)", "Best gCO2e/MJ est.": 15,9 - this value is added to the tank-to-wheels (gt) emission factor expressed in gCO2e/MJ gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gw kgCO2e/l calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l 61 BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 1, page 16 of 108 - "Density kg/m ", "HFO" JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 1, page 16 of 108 - "LHV MJ/kg", "HFO" calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: ew MJ/kg - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 1, page 19 of 108: "HFO production", "Mjex/MJ": 0,0880 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 1,088 (=1+0,088) ew MJ/l calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - International Maritime Organization (IMO), Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), Circular 681, 17 August 2009 - Annex page 2, table of conversion factors, "Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO): 3,114400 t CO2 per ton of fuel; - this value of 3,1144 is multiplied per 1000 and then divided by the tank-to-wheels (et) energy factor; gt Heavy Fuel Oil - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, (HFO) gCO2e/MJ Chapter Mobile Combustion, Table 3.5.3 "Ocean-going Ships": kg/TJ (CH4) and kg/TJ (N2O); - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 - Chapter "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", table 2.14: Global Warming Potential for 100 years is 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O; - values for CO2, CH4 and N2O are finally added gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gt kgCO2e/l calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: gw - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 1, gCO2e/MJ page 19 of 108: "HFO production", "gCO2/MJ": 6,65 - this value is added to the tank-to-wheels (gt) emission factor expressed in gCO2e/MJ gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gw kgCO2e/l 62 calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l ISO 8217:2010 Fuels (class F) Specifications of marine fuels - Table 1, "Density at 15°C", "DMB": 900,0 kg/m 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, Chapter Introduction, Table 1.2 "Gas/Diesel Oil", "Net Calorific value": 43,0 TJ/Gg; calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: ew MJ/kg - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COD1", "Crude oil to diesel", "energy expended (MJx/MJf)", "Total primary", "Best est." : 0,19 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 1,19 (=1+0,19) ew MJ/l calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - International Maritime Organization (IMO), Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), Circular 681, 17 August 2009 - Annex page 2, table of conversion factors, "Diesel/Gas Oil): 3,206000 t CO2 per ton of fuel; - this value of 3,206 is multiplied per 1000 and then divided by the tank-to-wheels (et) energy factor; gt Marine Diesel Oil - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, (MDO) gCO2e/MJ Chapter Mobile Combustion, Table 3.5.3 "Ocean-going Ships": kg/TJ (CH4) and kg/TJ (N2O); - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 - Chapter "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", table 2.14: Global Warming Potential for 100 years is 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O; - values for CO2, CH4 and N2O are finally added gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gt kgCO2e/l calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COG1", "Crude oil to diesel", "Net GHG emitted (gCO2eq/MJf)", "Best gCO2e/MJ est.": 15,9 gw - this value is added to the tank-to-wheels (gt) emission factor expressed in gCO2e/MJ gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 kgCO2e/kg gw kgCO2e/l calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l 63 BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Fuel type description Sources and explanations of the calculations d kg/l et MJ/kg et MJ/l ISO 8217:2010 Fuels (class F) Specifications of marine fuels - Table 1, "Density at 15°C", "DMA": 890,0 kg/m 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, Chapter Introduction, Table 1.2 "Gas/Diesel Oil", "Net Calorific value": 43,0 TJ/Gg; calculated: tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: ew MJ/kg - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COD1", "Crude oil to diesel", "energy expended (MJx/MJf)", "Total primary", "Best est." : 0,19 - tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by 1,19 (=1+0,19) ew MJ/l calculated: well-to-wheels energy factor (ew) expressed in MJ/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - International Maritime Organization (IMO), Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), Circular 681, 17 August 2009 - Annex page 2, table of conversion factors, "Diesel/Gas Oil): 3,206000 t CO2 per ton of fuel; - this value of 3,206 is multiplied per 1000 and then divided by the tank-to-wheels (et) energy factor; gt Marine Gas Oil - 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume Energy, (MGO) gCO2e/MJ Chapter Mobile Combustion, Table 3.5.3 "Ocean-going Ships": kg/TJ (CH4) and kg/TJ (N2O); - Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 - Chapter "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing", table 2.14: Global Warming Potential for 100 years is 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O; - values for CO2, CH4 and N2O are finally added gt calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by kgCO2e/kg tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 gt kgCO2e/l calculated: tank-to-wheels emission factor (gt) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l calculated: - JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis, version 3c 2011 - WTT Report v3c July 2011, Appendix 2, page 11 of 68: "COG1", "Crude oil to diesel", "Net GHG emitted (gCO2eq/MJf)", "Best gCO2e/MJ est.": 15,9 gw - this value is added to the tank-to-wheels (gt) emission factor expressed in gCO2e/MJ gw calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/MJ is multiplied by tank-to-wheels energy factor (et) expressed in MJ/kg, then divided by 1000 kgCO2e/kg gw kgCO2e/l 64 calculated: well-to-wheels emission factor (gw) expressed in gCO2e/kg is multiplied by density (d) in kg/l BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Annex I (informative) Example of available sources of default values ® a) ADEME: Base Carbone ; b) Connekt e.a : Lijst emissiefactoren; c) Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra, United Kingdom); Defra / DECC's GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting; d) EcoPassenger; e) EcoTransIT World (Ecological Transport Information Tool); f) European Commission – JRC (Joint Research Centre): 1) European Reference Life Cycle Database (ELCD); 2) Well-to-Wheels Analyses; g) Federal Environment Agency (Umwelt Bundes Amt, Germany): PROBAS (Prozessorientierte Basisdaten für Umweltmanagement-Instrumente); h) IEA (International Energy Agency); i) INFRAS (mandated by the responsible authorities of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, France and Norway): HBEFA (Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport); j) International Maritime Organization (IMO): EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator); k) International Union of Railways (UCI): l) NTM, Network for Transport and Environment (NTMCalc Goods & NTMCalc Travel); m) Oeko-Institut (Germany): GEMIS (Global Emission Model for Integrated Systems); n) SÅ Miljöcalc; o) Ecoinvent Centre (Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories): Ecoinvent Life Cycle Inventory; p) Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT, Finland): LIPASTO ; q) WRI/WBCSD: GHG Protocol (Greenhouse Gas Protocol); NOTE Default values presented by any of the sources included in this list may or may not have been calculated in full accordance with this standard 65 BS EN 16258:2012 EN 16258:2012 (E) Bibliography [1] BSI : PAS 2050, Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services [2] CEN/TR 14310:2002; Freight transportation services — Declaration and reporting of environmental performance in freight transport chains [3] EcoPassenger [4] EcoTransIT World (Ecological Transport Information Tool) [5] EN 14943:2005, Transport services — Logistics — Glossary of terms [6] European Commission directives 2009/28/EC and 2009/30/EC, and European Commission "Consultation paper on the measures for the implementation of Article 7a(5)" [7] European Commission directives 2003/87/EC (EU ETS), 2009/29/EC (amending 2003/87/EC), 2008/101/EC (amending 2003/87/EC), and decisions 2007/589/EC and 2009/339/EC (amending 2007/589/EC) [8] Global Reportive Initiative : G3 Guidelines [9] International Maritime Organization (IMO), Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), Circular 681 (17 August 2009) [10] IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006 [11] IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis [12] ISO 8217:2010, Petroleum products — Fuels (class F) — Specifications of marine fuels [13] ISO 13600, Technical energy systems — Basic concepts [14] EN ISO 14040, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework [15] EN ISO 14064 (all parts), Greenhouse gases management [16] ISO/DIS 14067:2012, Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication [17] EN ISO 50001:2011, Energy management systems — Requirements with guidance for use [18] NTM, Network for Transport and Environment (NTMCalc Goods & NTMCalc Travel); [19] CEN CENELEC TR 16103:2010 "Energy management and energy efficiency — Glossary of terms" [20] Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Power Trains in the European Context Reports Version 3c 2011, JEC (European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy; CONCAWE; EUCAR) [21] WRI/WBCSD: GHG Protocol (Greenhouse Gas Protocol) 66 TM This page deliberately left blank British Standards Institution (BSI) BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other standards-related publications, information and services It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level BSI is incorporated by Royal Charter British Standards and other standardisation products are published by BSI Standards Limited Revisions Information on standards British Standards and PASs are periodically updated by amendment or revision Users of British Standards and PASs should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using British Standards would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside 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