BS EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 BSI Standards Publication Cycles — Cycle trailers — Safety requirements and test methods BS EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 It supersedes BS EN 15918:2011, which is withdrawn The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of the CEN amendment For example, text altered by CEN amendment A1 is indicated by The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee GME/25, Cycles A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © The British Standards Institution 2013 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013 ISBN 978 580 79015 ICS 43.150 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2011 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected 31 May 2013 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2013 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 15918:2011+A1 NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM January 2013 ICS 43.150 Supersedes EN 15918:2011 English Version Cycles - Cycle trailers - Safety requirements and test methods Cycles - Remorques pour cycles - Exigences de sécurité et méthodes d'essai Fahrräder - Fahrradanhänger - Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 June 2011 and includes Amendment approved by CEN on 20 November 2012 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 15918:2011+A1:2013: E BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Contents Page Foreword .4 Introduction Scope Normative references .6 Terms and definitions 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 General test requirements Classification of cycle trailers Sampling Order of tests Tolerances Test bodies .9 Access zone for type C cycle trailers 5.1 5.2 Materials Chemical properties for type C cycle trailers (Migration of certain elements) Flammability for type C cycle trailers 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.5 6.6 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.7 6.7.1 6.7.2 6.8 6.8.1 6.8.2 6.9 6.10 6.10.1 6.10.2 6.11 6.11.1 6.11.2 6.12 6.12.1 6.12.2 6.13 6.13.1 6.13.2 6.14 6.15 6.15.1 6.15.2 6.16 Construction 10 General 10 Drawbar load and height 10 Deflection device 10 Hazardous edges and protrusions 11 Requirements 11 Test methods 11 Shear and compression points for type C cycle trailers 11 Indirect contact with the wheels for type C cycle trailers 11 Requirements 11 Test methods 11 Front protection for type C cycle trailers 12 Requirements 12 Test methods 12 Entrapment for type C cycle trailers 12 Requirements 12 Test methods 12 Small parts for type C cycle trailers 13 Folding mechanism 14 Requirements 14 Test method 14 Dimensions of the headroom for type C cycle trailers 14 Requirements 14 Test method 14 Parking brake 15 Requirements 15 Test method 15 Stability 15 Requirements 15 Stability test for type C2 cycle trailers 15 Lighting systems, reflectors and other conspicuity aids 15 Frame and chassis 16 Requirements 16 Test method 16 Drawbar and connecting device 18 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) 6.16.1 6.16.2 6.17 6.17.1 6.17.2 6.18 6.18.1 6.18.2 6.19 6.19.1 6.19.2 Requirements 18 Test method 19 Secondary safety device 20 Requirements 20 Test method 20 Strength of the restraint system 21 Requirements 21 Test method 21 Rigidity of the passenger cab for type C cycle trailers only .22 Requirements 22 Test method 22 Test report 23 Manufacturer's instructions 23 9.1 9.2 Marking 24 Marking requirement 24 Durability 24 Annex A (normative) Test bodies .25 Annex B (normative) Calculation of maximum possible deceleration 28 Annex C (normative) Test order 31 C.1 General 31 C.2 Dynamic tests 31 C.3 Static tests 31 Bibliography 32 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Foreword This document (EN 15918:2011+A1:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 333 “Cycles”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2013 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document includes Amendment approved by CEN on 20 November 2012 This document supersedes EN 15918:2011 The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !" According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Introduction This European Standard does not cover single wheel trailers due to the time necessary for test method validation, even though this type is a significant share of the market BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Scope This European standard specifies safety requirements and test methods for two track cycle trailers (i.e with one or two wheels) and their connecting devices These cycle trailers are intended for the conveyance of cargo loads or up to two passive child passengers (i.e not pedalling), both of whom are capable of sitting unaided and neither of whom weighs more than 22 kg The maximum permitted weight of such a cycle trailer, including cargo and/or passenger(s), does not exceed 60 kg This standard is not applicable to trailer cycles (one or two-track trailer for the transportation of one or two pedalling passengers, usually children, with device for connection behind cycle) and for type L trailers for professional use or with a single wheel (single track trailer) according to Table Normative references !The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies." EN 71-1:2005+A9:2009, Safety of toys — Part 1: Mechanical and physical properties EN 71-3, Safety of toys — Part 3: Migration of certain elements EN 1888, Child care articles — Wheeled child conveyances — Safety requirements and test methods !EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025)" Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply 3.1 cycle vehicle that has at least two wheels and is propelled solely or mainly by the muscular energy of the person on that vehicle, in particular by means of pedals 3.2 cycle trailer one or two track trailer for the conveyance of loads and/or passive passengers, who not contribute towards propulsion of the vehicle, with device for connection behind a cycle NOTE Classification, see 4.1 3.3 parking brake device to maintain the vehicle in a stationary position 3.4 access zone part of a type C cycle trailer that can be touched by an occupant BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) 3.5 connecting device part of the cycle trailer that is fixed to the towing bicycle !3.6 pitch pivot transverse horizontal axis of rotation between connecting device and trailer, which allows the vertical displacements of the trailer relative to the cycle that occur at changes in gradient of the road surface" !3.7" total weight weight of the cycle trailer plus load and/or children !3.8" nominal load either the maximum weight of children and/or cargo specified by the manufacturer or the difference between the total weight indicated by the manufacturer and the empty weight of the cycle trailer whichever is the greater !3.9" standard drawbar load vertical load measured at the pitch pivot of the connection to the bicycle, which results when the cycle trailer has been loaded up as intended with the nominal load !3.10" largest applicable test body largest of the three available standard sizes of test body (D9, D18 or D22) that is equal to or greater than the passenger height or weight limit specified by the manufacturer !3.11" visible crack crack which results from a test where that crack is visible to the naked eye !3.12" fracture unintentional separation into two or more parts !3.13" surface flash rapid spread of flame over the surface of a material without ignition of its base structure, reaching the first marker thread, which may or may not be severed, or either vertical edge of the test specimen [EN 1103:2005] 4.1 General test requirements Classification of cycle trailers The classification of cycle trailers is given in Table BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Table — Types of cycle trailers Number of tracks 4.2 For the transportation of: Childrena (C) Other loads (L) (single track) — — (two tracks) C2b L2 a In case the cycle trailer is convertible into e.g a stroller, see EN 1888 b EXAMPLE Type C2 is a two track cycle trailer for the transportation of children and luggage Sampling A single trailer shall be subjected to all of the following tests For all cycle trailers, where the superstructures have a variable design, all combinations of equipment shall meet all relevant requirements Accessories shall, if included by the manufacturer, be included in the tests In cases where the test method allows an element of discretion on the part of the tester, the tester shall use his discretion to produce a situation which he considers most likely to result in a failure 4.3 Order of tests The tests shall be performed in the following order: a) inspection test; b) dynamic test; c) static test For the order of tests, see Annex C 4.4 Tolerances Unless stated otherwise, the tolerances given in Table shall apply to nominal values Table — Tolerances Tolerances Forces and torques 0/+5% Masses and weights ±1% Dimensions ± mm Angles ± 1° Time duration ±5s Temperatures ± 10 °C Pressures ±5% Speeds ±5% Accelerations ±5% BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) 6.16.2.3 Procedure The cycle trailer shall be coupled to the test equipment and 100 000 test cycles shall be performed 6.16.2.4 Data All data for testing the drawbar connection device are given in Table Table — Data for testing the drawbar connection device Data for testing the drawbar connection device Loading Hold point of connecting device Movement Acceleration Number of cycles EXAMPLE 125 % of the nominal load rear construction of bicycle horizontal in driving direction, sinusoidal 2,0 m/s² 100 000 Drawbar test: Cycle rear constructions with pivoted top; Eccentric drive and con-rod acting on bottom bracket shell; Eccentric radius 50 mm Figure 11 — Drawbar test 6.17 Secondary safety device 6.17.1 Requirements Type C2 and type L2 cycle trailers shall be equipped with a secondary safety device between the drawbar and the cycle which avoids the complete disconnection of the cycle and the cycle trailer in the event of the failure of the connecting device The device shall withstand the test described in 6.17.2 6.17.2 Test method After the test described in 6.16.2 uncouple the cycle trailer, so that the only connection between the drawbar and the cycle is the secondary safety device Pull the cycle trailer backwards with an applied force of 000 N for 15 s 20 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) 6.18 Strength of the restraint system 6.18.1 Requirements The cycle trailer shall be fitted with seats appropriate for children and with at least a three point belt with shoulder straps and crotch belt The belts shall be fixed at the chassis of the cycle trailer and have a minimum width of 25 mm Belt buckle locks shall be so designed that they cannot easily be opened by children The enclosure of any belt or restraint device shall be of a childproof safety-quick-release type, requiring either two independent actions, the first of which must be maintained while the second is carried out or a force of at least 40 N to open the enclosure, with a maximum of 60 N Belts shall be subjected to the test according to 6.18.2 and shall show no signs of damage after the test 6.18.2 Test method Fix the cycle trailer as described in 6.19.2 The test according to Figure 12 shall be carried out with the forces parallel to the ground in accordance with Table The force shall be applied at the centre of gravity Table — Forces for the measuring the strength of the belts Test body Force N D9 410 D18 820 D22 000 The largest applicable test body shall be used If the cycle trailer is designed to seat either one or two children it shall also be tested with two test bodies 21 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Key F force Figure 12 — Testing of the belt 6.19 Rigidity of the passenger cab for type C cycle trailers only 6.19.1 Requirements When testing the rigidity of the passenger cab, the passenger cab shall not present a deformation of any part of the inner structure of more than 80 mm in any direction at the loaded point during the test After the test no structural changes shall be visible which may cause injuries 6.19.2 Test method The cycle trailer without wheels is fixed in its usual driving position on a plane horizontal surface, such that it cannot move during the test The fixing points shall only be in the lower area of the chassis, because otherwise the stabilisation of the superstructure is too strong A force of 1,5 times the nominal load permitted by the manufacturer shall be applied for at least 15 s to a plane pad at 45° ± 5° as shown in Figure 13 and as described below The line of action of the force shall run at an angle of 45° ± 5° to the horizontal plane and perpendicular to the cycle trailer centreline, from above and outside the cycle trailer so as to impinge upon the upper edge of its superstructure frame 22 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Figure 13 — Side impact Test report !The test report shall include at least the information according to the test report requirements of EN ISO/IEC 17025." Manufacturer's instructions Each cycle trailer shall be provided with a manufacturer's instruction at least with the following information given in the language of the country where the cycle trailer is sold: a) instruction to check that the cycle is suitable for towing the cycle trailer with reference to the cycle manufacturer's instructions; b) indication of the intended use of the cycle trailer together with a warning relating to the dangers in case of improper use; c) indication of the use of the cycle trailer in connection with a suitable cycle; d) instruction for correct mounting of the cycle trailer; e) instruction for appropriate operation of the connecting device; f) an advisory note to draw the attention of the user to possible national legal requirements when the cycle trailer is to be used on public roads (e.g lighting and reflectors); ! g) instruction how to fit lighting equipment to the trailer including appropriate designs of lamps and locations on the trailer;" h) indication of regular checking of all important components such as: drawbar, connecting device, frame, safety belts, lighting equipment, tyres and wheels etc for safe condition; regular verification whether bolted assemblies are well tightened; i) indication of appropriate restraint of the child/children with safety belts; j) indication of correct loading and of the total weight as well as the nominal load; k) information on driving behaviour of the cycle/cycle trailer set, especially when driving downhill or around corners; 23 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) l) caution on the negative influence of the trailer on the braking distance of the cycle when the trailer is attached; m) indication that the cover of a cycle trailer for children shall always be closed during the drive; n) information on how many children up to which weight and to which height are allowed to be transported; o) specifications for correct mounting and use of accessories; p) advice that children in seats should be fitted with a suitable safety helmet; NOTE In some countries, helmets are a legal requirement q) information about the minimum and maximum drawbar load and how to check it Marking 9.1 Marking requirement The cycle trailer shall be clearly and indelibly marked with a) the number of this European standard; b) the model name and/or model number c) the manufacturer’s identity, or the identity of the manufacturer's representative; d) the maximum total weight and the nominal load; e) the minimum and the maximum drawbar load; f) the minimum age and maximum height of the passengers ! g) caution on the negative influence of the trailer on the braking distance of the cycle when the trailer is attached." The durability test method is given in 9.2 NOTE 9.2 Certain countries have legal provisions for the marking of cycle trailers Durability The marking shall be rubbed by hand for 15 s with a piece of cloth soaked with water and again for another 15 s with a piece of cloth soaked with petroleum spirit 24 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Annex A (normative) Test bodies NOTE The dimensions of the test bodies are given in Table A.1 Figure A.1 — Test bodies Tolerances: dimensions ± mm; angles ± °; where shown corner radii shall be (10 ± 1) mm 25 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) The D18 and D22 test bodies shall be provided with removable test arms and test legs Each test limb shall be formed of a length of inextensible string passing through three tubes of rigid material, (8 ± 2) mm in diameter of length A1, A2 and A3 for the test arm, B1, B2 and B3 for the test leg The third section of each of these limbs: A3 or B3 represents the hand or foot respectively The inner string shall be fastened to this third section and the other end of the string, where it emerges from the first section, shall be equipped with a means by which it can be fastened temporarily to the test body at point A or B respectively For example: a loop in this end of the string, fitting a small hook on the test body at point A or B When the limb is attached to the test body and pulled straight, the distance from this point of attachment, to the extremity of the third limb section, shall equal length A or B as appropriate Table A.1 — Test bodies and dimensions 26 Test bodies and Dimensions D9 D18 D22 Mass kg 18 22 Nominal stature (standing height) mm 715 1050 1165 a mm 315 390 425 b mm 290 360 390 c mm 225 280 305 d mm 70 86 94 e mm 55 66 80 f mm 45 55 60 g mm 65 80 90 h mm 470 595 640 j mm 50 60 65 k mm 155 180 190 m mm 160 190 205 n mm 125 150 160 p mm 215 265 285 q mm 155 205 215 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Table A.1 (continued) Test bodies and Dimensions D9 D18 D22 r mm 20 20 20 s mm 160 175 175 t mm 120 135 140 A mm 230 385 440 A1 mm 65 120 140 A2 mm 100 140 160 A3 mm 60 120 130 B mm 255 505 595 B1 mm 45 150 180 B2 mm 130 255 305 27 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Annex B (normative) Calculation of maximum possible deceleration Adhesion is sufficient under most conditions to ensure that a bicycle and its rider will tip over forwards; i.e the rear wheel will lift, before the front tyre begins to slide Maximum possible deceleration is then a simple function of geometry: the height of the combined centre of gravity divided by the relatively short horizontal distance between that point and the front wheel/road contact Attachment of a trailer to a bicycle does not usually help to keep the rear wheel down, since the drawbar load may tend to become negative when the trailer is decelerated, thus reducing the rate and increasing the distance in which the combination may be stopped, compared to the bicycle alone The rate of deceleration (r) at which the rear wheel of a bicycle lifts, when a trailer is connected to it, may be calculated by formula B.1: A−e M ( A − B ) + mb a g r= MC + m d + (d − c ) A − e a where A, B, C are the dimensions of a typical bicycle; a, b, c, d, e are the dimensions of the cycle trailer; g is the rate of acceleration due to gravity, in m/s²; M is the total mass of the bicycle with rider, in kg; m is the mass of the fully loaded trailer, in kg !NOTE 1" The dimensions are indicated in Figure B.1 28 (B.1) BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Key A, B, C CG F P R T dimensions of a typical bicycle centres of gravity of the bicycle (with rider) and loaded trailer point of ground contact of front bicycle wheel centre of the pitch pivot of the trailer connecting device point of ground contact of rear bicycle wheel points of ground contact of trailer wheels Figure B.1 — Dimensions for braking calculation Default values are provided in this figure for relevant dimensions of a typical bicycle (A, B, C, rear wheel radius, location and angle of the seat tube) plus the value of M = 100 kg These dimensions shall normally be used to determine the position of the pitch pivot P and then for calculation In that case the formula B.2 simplifies as follows: 1,05 − e 63 + mb a r= g e − , 05 114 + m d + (d − c ) a (B.2) The default dimensions shall not be used where the manufacturer’s instructions indicate that it would not be appropriate to connect the trailer to such a bicycle In that case the dimensions that are typical of another type of cycle shall be used: of a design that tends to minimise r, but is nevertheless deemed appropriate by the trailer manufacturer and assuming a rider weight of 80 kg 29 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) !NOTE 2" Putting m to zero in the above formula shows that a typical bicycle (without a trailer) can be decelerated at up to 0,55 g before its rear wheel begins to lift But any attempt to stop a bicycle at the limiting rate carries a high risk of inadvertently toppling forwards A margin of safety is required for practicality; hence the dry condition braking tests in EN 14764 (and related standards) require bicycles to decelerate at 0,35 g Since it is reasonable to allow for some deterioration in brake performance when the rims are wet, the requirement for wet conditions is reduced to 0,2 g It is reasonable to take similar precautions when towing a trailer, and provided the combination does not topple at less than 0,35 g, it should be practicable to stop it likewise at 0,2 g 30 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Annex C (normative) Test order C.1 General Inspection tests can be performed in any order (see 6.2 to 6.14) C.2 Dynamic tests a) Frame and chassis (see 6.15); b) Drawbar and connecting device (see 6.16) C.3 Static tests a) Secondary safety device (see 6.17); b) Strength of the restraint system (see 6.18); c) Rigidity of the passenger cab for type C cycle trailers only (see 6.19) 31 BS 15918:2011+A1:2013 EN EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) EN 15918:2011+A1:2013 (E) Bibliography [1] EN 1078, Helmets for pedal cyclists and for users of skateboards and roller skates [2] EN 1103:2005, Textiles — Fabrics for apparel — Detailed procedure to determine the burning behaviour [3] EN 14764, City and trekking bicycles — Safety requirements and test methods [4] Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC 32 This page deliberately left blank NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW British Standards Institution (BSI) BSI is the national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other standards-related publications, information and services BSI is incorporated by Royal Charter British Standards and other standardization products are published by BSI Standards Limited About us Revisions We bring together business, industry, government, consumers, innovators and others to shape their combined experience and expertise into standards -based solutions Our British Standards and other publications are updated by amendment or revision The knowledge embodied in our standards has been carefully assembled in a dependable format and refined through our open consultation process Organizations of all sizes and across all sectors choose standards to help them achieve their goals Information on standards We can 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