EN 13431 2004 64 e stf BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 13431 2004 Packaging — Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior calorific value[.]
BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 13431:2004 Packaging — Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior calorific value The European Standard EN 13431:2004 has the status of a British Standard ICS 13.030.99; 55.020 12&23 (1) The inferior calorific value (net calorific value) of a packaging consisting of different components and/or constituents can be calculated according to equation (2): q net = n ∑f i q net,i (2) i=1 where qnet inferior calorific value (net calorific value) of the packaging; fi mass fraction of component or constituent ”i” in the packaging; qnet,i inferior calorific value (net calorific value) of component or constituent ”i” in the packaging A combustible packaging may contain non-combustible components and/or constituents of inert or reactive nature, which may have a negative effect on calorific gain The theoretical minimum inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific value) specified as Ha can be determined by the application of equations (3) and (4): q net,min,theor =H a = n ∑f i H a,i (3) i=1 where Ha the energy required to heat adiabatically combustion products, residues and excess air from T0 to Ta; Ha,i the energy required to heat adiabatically combustion products, residues and excess air from T0 to Ta of component or constituent ”i” of the packaging H a,i = m j=1 ∑g j Cpj Ta −T0 (4) EN 13431:2004 (E) where gj the ratio of combustion products and residues (flue gas and ashes) and excess air (j) resulting from the amount of component or constituent ” i” in the packaging; Cpj the specific heat capacity of post combustion product ”j” at constant pressure; Ta the adiabatic final temperature; T0 the ambient temperature Equation (4) is valid for an adiabatic situation For the purpose of this document, Ha shall be calculated for specified conditions, presently as given in Directive 2000/76/EC, i.e a final temperature Ta of 850 °C and % oxygen excess T0 is set at 25 °C Ha may be calculated from the declaration of chemical composition obtained from the material supplier Values of qnet for individual packaging materials are obtained from the raw material supplier or from standard handbooks qnet of a packaging is calculated according to equation (2) qnet can also be determined experimentally according to ISO 1928 The ash content (or solid residues), where required for the calculation of Ha, shall be determined by the method specified in ISO 1171 EN 13431:2004 (E) Annex B (informative) Derivation of a minimum inferior calorific value (minimum net calorific value) for packaging to allow optimisation of energy recovery in a real industrial system CR 1460 considers the development and implication of energy recovery in general, whereas CR 13686 elaborates the concept of optimisation of energy recovery The relationship between design of packaging, packaging requirements, optimisation of energy recovery and requirements for energy recovery is illustrated in Figure B.1 Figure B.1 — General Requirements for Packaging Optimisation - Critical Areas for Energy Recovery The requirement of calorific gain means that the packaging generates energy when combusted at conditions specified in Directive 2000/76/EC Calorific gain is determined for an ideal adiabatic case, at steady state conditions and with no losses In the real industrial system, the available thermal energy is always greater than the theoretical calorific gain Although there are heat losses in a combustion plant, the heat recovery of the hot flue gases result in an overall thermal efficiency of 75-90 % Table B.1 gives values of qnet, calorific gain and available thermal energy for typical packaging constituents, packaging materials and packaging Some of the packaging materials illustrated are not in common use, but have been chosen to demonstrate the range of possibilities The energy consumption for flue gas cleaning and residue handling is of the order of a few percent of the energy input All waste recovery or disposal options require energy for transportation and handling This varies according to circumstances, but is normally well below MJ/kg waste Figure B.2 is a graphic presentation of Table B.1 Calorific gain is plotted as function of qnet A mean line is calculated according to the least square method and extended to qnet = The extrapolation shows that calorific gain > when qnet > MJ/kg Taking the 95 % confidence limit into account, the theoretical minimum value, qnet,min,theor , is between 1,5 and 2,5 MJ/kg Applying a safety factor of 2, commonly used in design and construction of industrial processes, the required value, qnet,min,real , is set at MJ/kg 10 EN 13431:2004 (E) For a qnet of MJ/kg, the calorific gain is ≈ MJ/kg and the calculated available thermal energy MJ/kg or more Even when the energy consumption for additional transportation and handling, flue gas cleaning and residue handling are taken into account, the available thermal energy exceeds the energy consumed by these operations Table B.1 - Calorific gain calculated for an ambient temperature of 25 °C and a final temperature of 850 °C at % O2, for a range of constituents, components and packaging qnet is material specific and may be determined by standard methods, e.g by calorimetry (ISO 1928) Data for most materials are available in the literature (e.g Handbook of Chemistry and Physics) qnet - Ha Available Calorific Gain Thermal Energy (MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) f (weight %) g 16,1 7,9 8,2 12,1 < 0,1 - lignin 26,0 12,0 14,0 19,5 < 0,1 - starch 16,1 7,9 8,2 12,0 < 0,1 1,0 -1,0 - 100 - calcium carbonate a -2,0 1,0 -3,0 - 56 - water (as moisture) -2,0 2,0 -4,0 - - wood, dry 20,0 9,7 10,3 15,0 0,4 - wood, 30% moisture 13,3 7,3 6,0 10,0 0,3 - wood, 50% moisture 8,8 5,7 3,1 6,6 0,2 Examples qnet Ha (MJ/kg) e - cellulose fulfils requirement for energy recovery does not fulfil requirement for energy recovery - inert material (ceramic, glass, etc.) Ash or solid residues Wood Paper and board - cardboard (66% cellulose, 23% lignin, 11% inert coating), dry 16,6 8,1 8,5 12,5 11 - cardboard (66% cellulose, 23% lignin, 11% inert coating, dry), 7% moisture 15,3 7,6 7,7 11,5 10 - cardboard (85% cellulose, 15% inert filler), dry 13,7 6,8 6,9 10,3 15 - cardboard (85% cellulose, 15% carbonate filler, dry), 7% 12,6 6,5 6,1 9,5 14 - wrapping paper (80% cellulose, 20% inert filler) dry 12,9 6,5 6,4 9,7 20 - wrapping paper (80% cellulose, 20% inert filler, dry) 3% moisture 12,4 6,4 6,0 9,4 19 - wrapping paper (60% cellulose, 40% inert filler) dry 9,7 5,1 4,6 7,3 40 - wrapping paper (60% cellulose, 40% inert filler, dry) 3% moisture 9,3 5,0 4,3 7,0 39 - polyethylene, PE 43,0 21,0 22,0 32,2 < 0,1 - polypropylene, PP 44,0 20,4 23,6 33,0 < 0,1 - polystyrene, PS 40,0 18,2 21,8 30,0 < 0,1 - polyvinyl chloride, PVC 17,0 8,0 9,0 12,8 < 0,1 - polyethylene terephthalate, PET 22,0 10,0 12,0 16,5 < 0,1 - polycarbonate 29,0 14,0 15,0 22,0 < 0,1 moisture Polymers continued 11 EN 13431:2004 (E) Table B (continued) qnet - Ha Available Calorific Gain Thermal Energy (MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) (MJ/kg) f (weight %) g 31,0 6,4 24,6 23,3 189 - aluminium (inert) c 1,0 -1,0 - 100 - steel (inert) 0,4 -0,4 - 100 21,1 10,7 10,4 15,8 28 Examples fulfils requirement for energy recovery does not fulfil requirement for energy recovery qnet Ha (MJ/kg) e Ash or solid residues Metals - aluminium (combustible) b Plastics - PP with 50% carbonate filler - PP with 70% carbonate filler 12,0 6,8 5,2 9,0 39 - PS with 2% TiO2 39,2 17,9 21,3 29,4 - cardboard (66% cellulose, 23% lignin, 11% inert coating, dry) with 7% moisture, 20% PE, 5% Al 21,6 10,2 11,4 16,2 17 - 71%PE, 12%Al, 17%PET 38,0 17,3 20,6 28,5 23 - 49%PE, 22%Al, 29%PET 34,2 14,6 19,7 25,7 42 - 23%PE, 46%Al, 31%PET 31,0 10,9 20,1 23,3 87 - PP film with 0,7% Al metalised layer 43,9 20,3 23,6 32,9 - PET film with 0,7% SiOx layer 21,9 9,9 11,9 16,4 - 58,1% Al, 41,9% PVC 25,0 7,0 18,0 19,0 110 - wood pallet, 4% nails, 16% moisture 15,8 8,1 7,7 11,9 - wood box, 5% nails, 16% moisture 15,6 8,0 7,6 11,7 - spice can (81,8% steel, 18,2%PP) d 8,0 4,0 4,0 6,0 82 - steel aerosol (85,2% steel, 14,8%PP) d 6,5 3,4 3,1 4,9 85 - syrup can (89,5% steel, 10,5%PP) d 4,6 2,5 2,1 3,5 89 Laminates Packaging a During the combustion process, calcium carbonate forms calcium oxide and carbon dioxide endothermically b Thin gauge aluminium up to 50 µm has been calculated as combustible according to Clause 5, NOTE c Aluminium over 50 µm shall be deemed not combustible (Clause 5, NOTE 3) d Packaging does not fulfil the requirements for energy recoverability, but organic components provide available thermal energy (Clause 5, NOTE 4) e f g q net values in bold letters indicate that the packaging, constituent or component fulfils the requirements of Clause For conditions of a waste-to-energy plant with 25% heat losses Available thermal energy = 0,75 x q As determined by ISO 1171 12 net EN 13431:2004 (E) Figure B - Calorific gain as function of qnet for constituents, components and packaging from Table B.1 The line is calculated according to the least square method and extrapolated to qnet = (NOTE The three points well above the line represent examples containing more than 40 % aluminium (by weight) Thermodynamically, aluminium does not behave like organic materials, and these data are excluded from the calculations) 13 EN 13431:2004 (E) Annex C (informative) Substances and materials liable to have a negative influence on the energy recovery process and materials, combinations of materials or design of packaging liable to create problems during energy recovery Combustible packaging in itself does not represent a hazard during collection or sorting prior to energy recovery It is essential, however, that appropriate precautions are taken during the handling of any packaging waste that may have previously contained hazardous substances and that the requirements of the Directive 67/548/EEC and its amendments relating to dangerous substances are observed The requirements with regard to the content of heavy metals are set out in the Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (94/62/EC) Their concentration in packaging materials can be determined by standard methods and may be calculated for any particular packaging from the material composition This is covered in EN 13428 and CR 13695-1 During the energy recovery process the heavy metal content is largely concentrated in the solid residues and the process therefore helps remove such elements from the circulating material streams and facilitate safe final disposal Any organic hazardous components that may be present in packaging waste will be decomposed by the high temperature of the combustion process Emissions are subject to regulations Substances from the combustion of acid-forming elements such as sulphur, nitrogen and halogens have technical and environmental implications For sound functional reasons, combustible packaging may contain some of these elements Minimisation of other dangerous substances is covered in EN 13428 and CEN/TR 13695-2 Although requiring specific process management, packaging will still provide calorific gain in the combustion process Municipal Solid Waste incinerators are equipped to deal with formed acids in a technically and environmentally satisfactory way that will meet the requirements of Directives 94/67/EC and 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste The residues from incineration are also subject to regulations By implication, the requirement for calorific gain also limits the ash content of packaging considered recoverable in the form of energy The limits vary with packaging composition Packaging design and combination of materials not create problems for the energy recovery process Equipment is available to reduce the size of bulky packaging waste entering the waste stream 14 EN 13431:2004 (E) Annex D (informative) Example of format for the statement of compliance with this document Documentation No Date: Packaging Identification ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE A YES NO Organic content Suitable for energy recovery ≥ 50 % (by weight)? Go to 3a) Go to B B YES YES Inorganic content > 50 % (by weight) If present as constituent : If present as component; Calculate by use of Go to Go to 3b) C YES NO qnet ≥ MJ/kg? Suitable for energy recovery Does not fulfil the requirements of EN 13431 Go to 3a) Go to 3b) Not suitable for energy recovery PACKAGING DESCRIPTION, CALCULATION OF WEIGHT-% AND qnet Material % qnet Weighted (weight) (MJ/kg) qnet (MJ/kg) Function Component Constituent Ref Sum Return to B or C ASSESSMENT OF COMPLIANCE a) Packaging is suitable for energy recovery Go to b) Packaging does not fulfil the requirements of EN 13431 DECLARATION OF COMPLIANCE This packaging complies with the requirements of EN 13431 regarding energy recovery Date and signature: _ 15 EN 13431:2004 (E) Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 94/62/EC This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Directive 94/62/EC : European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on Packaging and Packaging Waste Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the clauses of this standard given in Table ZA confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations Table ZA — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 94/62/EC on Packaging and packaging waste Clauses and sub-clauses of Essential Requirements (ERs) Qualifying remarks/Notes this EN of Directive 94/62/EC Clause 6.1 Article and Annex II, paragraph 1, indents to 3, Clause and Article and Clause 6.2 Annex II, paragraph (b) WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this standard 16 EN 13431:2004 (E) Bibliography [1] 94/67/EC Council Directive of 16 December 1994 on the incineration of hazardous waste [2] Directive 67/548/EEC and its amendments on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances [3] CR 1460, Packaging - Energy recovery from used packaging [4] CR 13686, Packaging - Optimization of energy recovery from packaging waste [5] Handbook on Chemistry and Physics, 82th Edition, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001 17 BS EN 13431:2004 BSI — British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level It is incorporated by Royal Charter Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision Users of British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9000 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7400 BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards Buying standards Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be addressed to Customer Services Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001 Email: orders@bsi-global.com Standards are also available from the BSI website at http://www.bsi-global.com In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless otherwise requested Information on standards BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service Various BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its products and services Contact the Information Centre Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7111 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7048 Email: info@bsi-global.com Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards For details of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7002 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001 Email: membership@bsi-global.com Information regarding online access to British Standards via British Standards Online can be found at http://www.bsi-global.com/bsonline Further information about BSI is available on the BSI website at http://www.bsi-global.com Copyright Copyright subsists in all BSI publications BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior written permission from BSI BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations If these details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior written permission of BSI must be obtained Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright & Licensing Manager Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7070 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7553 Email: copyright@bsi-global.com