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BS EN 13084-1:2007 BSI Standards Publication Free-standing chimneys Part 1: General requirements NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW raising standards worldwide™ BS EN 13084-1:2007 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13084-1:2007 It supersedes BS EN 13084-1:2000 which is withdrawn The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/506/14, Structural Chimneys and Flues A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary BSI, as a member of CEN, is obliged to publish EN 13084-1 as a British Standard However, attention is drawn to the fact that during the development of this European Standard, the UK committee voted against its approval as a European Standard Reasons for the objection are as follows: – There is no calibration between this standard, BS EN 1993-3-2 and the National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4, and existing design practice, which would ensure the BS EN standards provide safe designs – BS EN 13084-1 refers to the Wind Code in BS EN 1991-1-4 According to the UK committee, the National Annex to EN 1991-1-4 is not compatible with modern computer design for free-standing chimneys – The UK committee believes that BS EN 13084-1 contains ambiguities that could lead to incorrect data input and would draw users attention to the following concerns in particular: • The factors CDIR and CSEASON, referred to in Subclause 5.2.3.2.2, only cover aspect ratios below 10, which could be considered too low for many chimneys • In relation to Subclause 5.2.4.1, it is the opinion of the UK committee that the steel chimneys mentioned in the note refer to unlined steel chimneys Seismic loading can be significant on refractory-lined stacks and particularly brick-lined steel stacks • The degree of uplift allowed in Subclause 5.4 could allow for uplift to occur in relatively low winds with consequent softening of the substrate This risk would increase with a foundation on clay soil Consequently, the UK committee recommend the continued use of the relevant CICIND Codes for the design and build of concrete and steel industrial chimneys CICIND stands for 'Comité International des Cheminées Industrielles' This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © BSI 2011 ISBN 978 580 57253 ICS 91.060.40 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2011 Amendments issued since publication Date Text affected EN 13084-1 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM February 2007 ICS 91.060.40 Supersedes EN 13084-1:2000 English Version Free-standing chimneys - Part 1: General requirements Cheminées autoportantes - Partie : Exigences générales Freistehende Schornsteine - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 December 2006 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 © 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members B-1050 Brussels Ref No EN 13084-1:2007: E BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) Contents Page Foreword Scope Normative references Terms and definitions 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 4.8.4 Performance requirements; general design .8 Materials Flue gas considerations General Design parameters .8 Heat flow calculations Flow calculations 11 Chemical attack 11 Environmental aspects .13 Noise .13 Temperature 13 Protection against falling ice 14 Gas tightness .14 Insulation 14 Ventilation 15 Protective coatings 15 Foundation 15 Accessories 15 Access 15 Lightning protection 16 Aircraft warning system 16 Additional accessories 17 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.3 5.4 5.5 Performance requirements: Structural design 17 Basic design principles .17 Actions 18 General 18 Permanent actions .18 Variable actions 18 Accidental actions .20 Imperfections .21 Foundation 21 Liner 21 Site activities 21 Inspection and maintenance 22 Instrumentation 22 Annex A.1 A.2 A.2.1 A.2.2 A.3 A (normative) Gas flow calculation 23 Principal features of the method of calculation 23 Parameters related to construction type 23 Roughness 23 Thermal resistance 23 Basic values for the calculation 24 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) A.3.1 A.3.2 A.3.3 A.3.4 A.3.5 A.3.6 A.3.7 A.3.8 A.4 A.4.1 A.4.2 A.4.3 A.4.4 A.5 A.6 A.7 A.7.1 A.7.2 A.7.3 A.7.4 A.7.5 A.7.6 A.7.7 A.8 Air temperature 24 Outside air pressure 24 Flue gas 24 Gas constant 25 Density of outside air 26 Specific heat capacity 26 Correction factor for temperature .26 Flow safety coefficient 26 Determination of temperatures 27 Flue gas temperatures 27 Coefficient of cooling 27 Heat transmission coefficient 27 Internal heat transfer coefficient 28 Density of flue gas .29 Flue gas velocity 29 Pressure at entry of flue gas into chimney 30 Calculation of pressure .30 Theoretical draught available due to chimney effect 30 Pressure resistance of the flue gas carrying tube 30 Flue friction coefficient 31 Individual resistance coefficient 31 Change in pressure due to change of velocity 31 Pressure caused by sudden interruption of the flue gas stream (Implosion) 31 Minimum velocity 32 Annex B (informative) Site activities .37 B.1 Execution 37 B.2 Programming and coordination of works 37 B.3 Site safety 37 B.4 Local conditions 38 Bibliography 39 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) Foreword This document (EN 13084-1:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 297 “Free- standing industrial chimneys”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2007 This document supersedes EN 13084-1:2000 This document is part of a package of standards as listed below  EN 13084-1, Free-standing chimneys - Part 1: General requirements  EN 13084-2, Free-standing chimneys - Part 2: Concrete chimneys  EN 13084-4, Free-standing chimneys - Part 4: Brick liners – Design and execution  EN 13084-5, Free-standing chimneys - Part 5: Material for brick liners - Product specifications  EN 13084-6, Free-standing chimneys - Part 6: Steel liners - Design and execution  EN 13084-7, Free-standing chimneys – Part 7: Product specifications of cylindrical steel fabrications for use in single wall steel chimneys and steel liners  EN 13084-8, Free-standing chimneys – Part 8: Design and execution of mast construction with satellite components Additionally applies:  EN 1993-3-2, Eurocode - Design of steel structures – Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys – Chimneys According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) Scope This European Standard deals with the general requirements and the basic performance criteria for the design and construction of all types of free-standing chimneys including their liners A chimney may also be considered as free-standing, if it is guyed or laterally supported or if it stands on another structure Chimneys attached to buildings have to be structurally designed as free-standing chimneys in accordance with this European Standard when at least one of the following criteria is met:  the distance between the lateral supports is more than m;  the free-standing height above the uppermost structural attachment is more than m;  the free-standing height above the uppermost structural attachment for chimneys with rectangular cross section is more than five times the smallest external dimension;  the horizontal distance between the building and the outer surface of the chimney is more than m Chimneys attached to free-standing masts are considered as free-standing chimneys The structural design of free-standing chimneys takes into account operational conditions and other actions to verify mechanical resistance and stability and safety in use Detailed requirements relating to specialized designs are given in the standards for concrete chimneys, steel chimneys and liners NOTE In other parts of the series EN 13084 rules will be given where chimney products in accordance with EN 1443 (and the relating product standards) may be used in free-standing chimneys Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 287-1, Qualification test of welders - Fusion welding - Part 1: Steels EN 1418, Welding personnel - Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance weld setters for fully mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials EN 1443, Chimneys - General requirements EN 13084-2, Free-standing chimneys – Part 2: Concrete chimneys EN 13084-4, Free-standing chimneys – Part 4: Brick liners – Design and execution EN 13084-5, Free-standing chimneys – Part 5: Materials for brick liners - Product specifications EN 13084-6, Free-standing chimneys – Part 6: Steel liners - Design and execution EN 13084-7, Free-standing chimneys – Part 7: Product specifications of cylindrical steel fabrications for use in single wall steel chimneys and steel liners BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) EN 13084-8, Free-standing chimneys – Part 8: Design and execution of mast construction with satellite components EN 1990, Eurocode – Basis of structural design EN 1991-1-1, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings EN 1991-1-4:2005, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions EN 1993-3-2, Eurocode - Design of steel structures - Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys - Chimneys EN 1998-6, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneys EN ISO 3834-2, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements (ISO 3834-2:2005) EN ISO 14731, Welding co-ordination - Tasks and responsibilities (ISO 14731:2006) EN ISO 15607, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - General rules (ISO 15607:2003) EN ISO 15609-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure specification - Part 1: Arc welding (ISO 15609-1:2004) EN ISO 15610, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Qualification based on tested welding consumables (ISO 15610:2003) EN ISO 15611, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Qualification based on previous welding experience (ISO 15611:2003) EN ISO 15612, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Qualification by adoption of a standard welding procedure (ISO 15612:2004) EN ISO 15613, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Qualification based on pre-production welding test (ISO 15613:2004) EN ISO 15614-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure test - Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys (ISO 156141:2004) EN ISO 15614-2, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure test - Part 2: Arc welding of aluminium and its alloys (ISO 15614-2:2005) Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply 3.1 windshield structural shell designed for load bearing purposes and to protect the flue from wind actions NOTE It may also function as a flue BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) 3.2 lining system total system, if any, which separates the flue gases from the windshield This comprises a liner and its supports, the space between liner and windshield and insulation, where existing 3.3 liner structural membrane of the lining system 3.4 accessible space space between windshield and liner that is designed for entry by personnel 3.5 spoiler device attached to the surface of a chimney with the objective of reducing cross wind response 3.6 protective cap cap at the top of the chimney which covers the space between windshield and liner 3.7 climbing sockets threaded sockets inserted in the concrete windshield to enable climbing dogs to be attached to the surface 3.8 down draught negative pressure on the lee-side of the chimney top, which can cause the flue gases to be drawn down 3.9 guyed chimney chimney, the stability of which is ensured by guy ropes 3.10 intransient heat flow flow of heat, where the temperature of each point does not change with time 3.11 transient heat flow flow of heat, where the temperature changes with time 3.12 positive pressure pressure inside the liner which is greater than the pressure outside the liner 3.13 negative pressure pressure inside the liner which is lower than the pressure outside the liner 3.14 flue gas gaseous products of combustion or other processes, including air, which may comprise of solids or liquids 3.15 concrete chimney chimney, the windshield of which is made of concrete BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) 3.16 steel chimney chimney, the windshield of which is made of steel Performance requirements; general design 4.1 Materials Materials shall conform to the appropriate CEN or ISO standards Where no such standards exist, other materials may be used if their properties are well defined and their suitability has been proven This proof shall take account of the mechanical, thermal and chemical loads For concrete and steel chimneys as well as for liners see EN 13084-2, EN 13084-4, EN 13084-5, EN 13084-6, EN 13084-7, EN 13084-8 and EN 1993-3-2 4.2 Flue gas considerations 4.2.1 General Thermal and flow calculations shall be carried out to ensure that the flue gases will be conveyed from the combustion appliance to atmosphere taking into account the effects of the flue gases on the environment and the safety in use However, the effect of the flue gases concerning the pollution with gaseous and particle components is not the subject matter of this standard To carry out these calculations, design parameters as stated in 4.2.2 are required These also apply to the assessment of chemical attack on those structural elements which are in contact with flue gases 4.2.2 Design parameters The following design parameters shall take into account the various operating conditions during normal and defined abnormal operations: a) nature of chimney operation, whether continuous, intermittent or occasional; b) planned frequency of shut-downs for internal inspection and maintenance; c) composition of the flue gases and concentrations of chemicals in the flue gases deleterious for the chimney; d) concentration of dust and particularly of abrasive dust in the flue gas; e) mass flow of each flue gas stream; f) flue gas temperature at entry of each flue gas duct into chimney; g) range of maximum acid dew point temperatures of the flue gases; h) admissible or required pressure at entry of flue gas ducts into chimney; i) altitude of the site and any special local topographic features (e.g nearby hills, cliffs); j) maximum, average and minimum outside temperature; k) maximum, average and minimum atmospheric pressure; BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) A.4.4 Internal heat transfer coefficient The internal heat transfer coefficient, αi, in W/m K, for the inner surfaces in contact with flue gas is calculated from Equation (A.10): αi = λ A × Nu (A.10) Dh where: λA is the thermal conductivity of flue gas, in W/m K, see Equation (A.11); Nu Dh is the Nusselt number, see Equation (A.12); is the internal hydraulic diameter, in m The thermal conductivity of the flue gas, λ A is dependent on the mean flue gas temperature Tm and is calculated with sufficient accuracy from Equation (A.11): λA = 0,00455 + 0,000065 × Tm (A.11) where: Tm is the mean flue gas temperature in K, see Equation (A.6) The mean Nusselt number Nu over the chimney height is calculated from Equation (A.12):  Ψ Nu =   Ψ smooth    0,67 0,67    D  × 0,0214 × ( Re0,8 - 100 ) × Pr 0,4 ×  +  h    H    (A.12) This equation may only be used when the following conditions are met: 300 < Re < 10 000 000 and  Ψ   Ψ smooth   < as well as  0,6 < Pr < 1,5) where: is the flue friction coefficient for hydraulically rough flow, see A.7.4; is the flue friction coefficient for hydraulically smooth flow (r = 0), see A.7.4; is the Reynolds number, see Equation (A.14); is the Prandl number, see Equation (A.13); is the internal hydraulic diameter, in m; is the effective chimney height, in m ψ ψsmooth Re Pr Dh H The Prandl number, Pr, is calculated from Equation (A.13): Pr = η × cp λA (A.13) The Reynolds number Re is calculated from Equation (A.14): Re = 28 w m × D h × ρm η (A.14) BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) where in the Equations (A.13) and (A.14): is the mean flue gas velocity, in m/s, see A 6; is the internal hydraulic diameter, in m; is the dynamic viscosity, in Pa s, see Equation (A.16); is the mean density of flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5; is the specific heat capacity of flue gas, in J/kg K, see A.3.6; is the thermal conductivity of flue gas in W/m K, see Equation (A.11) wm Dh η ρm cp λA The dynamic viscosity, ηi, in Pa s, for the individual gas i at the actual temperature is calculated from Equation (A.15): ηi =η0i T × × 273 C 273 273 1+ C 1+ (A.15) where: is the dynamic viscosity at °C, in Pa s; is the Sutherland constant, see Table A.1; is the actual temperature, in K η0i C T The dynamic viscosity, η, in Pa s, for the gas mixture at actual temperature is calculated from Equation (A.16): η= Y × η M × T k1 + Y × η M × T k2 + + Y × M × T k1 + Y × M × T k2 + + (A.16) where for the individual gas i: ηi Yi Tki Mi is the dynamic viscosity at actual temperature, in Pa s; is the content by volume; is the critical temperature, in K, see Table A.1; is the molar mass, in kg/kmol, see Table A.1 A.5 Density of flue gas The mean density of the flue gas, ρm, in kg/m , is calculated from Equation (A.17): ρm = PL R ×Tm (A.17) where: PL R Tm is the outside air pressure, in Pa, see A.3.2; is the gas constant of the flue gas, in J/kg K, see A.3.4; is the mean flue gas temperature in K, see Equation (A.6) A.6 Flue gas velocity The mean flue gas velocity, wm, in m/s, is calculated from Equation (A.18): wm = m A × ρm (A.18) 29 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) where: m A ρm is the mass flow of flue gas, in kg/s; is the clear cross-section of the flue gas carrying tube, in m ; is the mean density of the flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5 A.7 Pressure at entry of flue gas into chimney A.7.1 Calculation of pressure The pressure at entry of the flue gas into the chimney, Pz, in Pa, is calculated from Equation (A.19): Pz = -PH+PR (A.19) where: PH PR is the theoretical draught available due to chimney effect in the flue gas carrying tube, in Pa, see A.7.2; is the pressure resistance in the flue gas carrying tube, in Pa, see A.7.3 A.7.2 Theoretical draught available due to chimney effect The theoretical draught available due to chimney effect, PH, in Pa, is calculated from Equation (A.20): PH = H × g × (ρL-ρm) (A.20) where: H g ρL ρm is the effective chimney height, in m; is the acceleration due to gravity = 9,81 m/s ; is the density of outside air, in kg/m , see A.3.5; is the mean density of flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5 A.7.3 Pressure resistance of the flue gas carrying tube The pressure resistance of the flue gas carrying tube, PR, in Pa, is calculated from Equations (A.21) and (A.22): PR = SE × PE + SEG × PG (A.21)  H + PE =  Ψ × D h  (A.22) ∑ζ n n  ρm  ×  wm  where in the Equations (A.21) and (A.22): PE PG SE SEG is the pressure resistance due to friction and form resistance of the flue gas carrying tube, in Pa; is the difference in pressure due to change of velocity in the flue gas carrying tube, in Pa, see A.7.6; is the flow safety coefficient, see A.3.8; is the flow safety coefficient for difference in pressure due to change of velocity; for PG ≥ 0, SEG = SE applies for PG < 0, SEG = 1,0 applies ψ H Dh ζn ρm 30 is the flue friction coefficient, see A.7.4; is the effective chimney height, in m; is the internal hydraulic diameter, in m; is the individual resistance coefficient, see A.7.5; is the mean density of the flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5; BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) wm is the mean flue gas velocity, in m/s, see A.6 A.7.4 Flue friction coefficient The flue friction coefficient, ψ, is calculated for different roughness with sufficient accuracy from Equation (A.23)  2,51 r × 0,269 = - × log  +  ψ  Re × ψ Dh     (A.23) where: r Dh Re is the roughness of the inner wall of the flue gas carrying tube, see Table A.3, in m; is the internal hydraulic diameter, in m; is the Reynolds number, see Equation (A.14) A.7.5 Individual resistance coefficient The sum of the individual resistance coefficients of the chimney, Σζn, is dependent on the cross-sectional and directional changes inside the flue gas carrying tube (see Table A.4) The individual resistance coefficient for the cross-sectional extension at the top of the chimney shall not be taken into account, nor shall the change in pressure due to a change of velocity at this point be considered A.7.6 Change in pressure due to change of velocity The change in pressure due to change of velocity, PG, in Pa, is calculated from Equation (A.24): PG = ρ2 × w22 - ρ1 × w12 (A.24) where: ρ1 ρ2 w1 w2 is the density of the flue gas before the change of velocity, in kg/m ; is the density of the flue gas after the change of velocity, in kg/m ; is the velocity of the flue gas before the change of velocity, in m/s; is the velocity of the flue gas after the change of velocity, in m/s The mean values for the corresponding sections may be substituted for the densities and velocities before and after a change of velocity A.7.7 Pressure caused by sudden interruption of the flue gas stream (Implosion) A sudden interruption of the flue gas stream will cause negative or positive pressure This depends on the duration of shut down If the duration of shut-down is less than s, the value shall be determined by Equation (A.25) ∆P0 = ρm × wm × cs in Pa (A.25) 31 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) where: ρm wm cs is the mean density of the flue gas, in kg/m , see A.5; is the mean flue gas velocity, in m/s, see A.6; is the velocity of sound in the flue gas, in m/s If the duration of shut-down exceeds 10 s, the fluctuation in pressure may be neglected If the duration of shut-down exceeds s but is less than 10 s, a precise check shall be carried out or the value for a duration of shut-down of less than s shall be applied A.8 Minimum velocity A minimum velocity of the flue gas at the chimney top should be maintained in order to ensure the applicability of the equations given in this annex This minimum velocity, wmin, in m/s, as given in Equation (A.26) also limits penetration of secondary air of the top of the chimney wmin = f g × AM Ao (A.26) where: fg AM A0 is the reference value for the minimal velocity = 0,5 m/s; is the clear cross-section of the flue gas carrying tube at the top of the chimney, in m ; is the reference value = 0,01 m Table A.3 — Mean roughness of liner materials Liner material welded steel aluminium glass, plastic sheet metal, rabbeted pre-cast concrete blocks brickwork made of bricksb sheet metal, corrugated a b Roughness r a m 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,002 0,002 0,005 0,005 These design values only apply to clean surfaces For brickwork of shaped radial bricks with a joint thickness of less than mm a roughness of 0,002 m may be assumed 32 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) Table A.4 — Individual resistance coefficient for some forms (Interpolations between the given parameters are permissible) No Forms Geometric measurements ζ-values Ld/Dh ≥ 30 30 > Ld/Dh ≥ 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1,2 0,1 0,3 0,4 0,7 1,6 1,0 0,4 0,25 0,2 0,2 1,2 0,5 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,6 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,6 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 Straight angle form angle γ in ° 10 30 45 60 90 90° arc 60° arc R / Dh 0,5 0,75 1,0 1,5 2,0 R / Dh 0,5 0,75 1,0 1,5 2,0 33 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) Table A.4 (continued) No Forms 90° deflection Geometric measurements a = 2⋅R⋅tan(α/2) ζ-values Number of segments 2×45° 3×30° 4×22,5° 0,25 0,18 0,17 0,19 0,20 0,17 0,13 0,12 0,13 0,15 a / Dh 1,0 1,5 2,0 3,0 5,0 Mass flow ratio 90° branch and 45° junction γ = 90° A3 / A2 = 1,0 γ = 45° A3 / A2 = 1,0 34 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,35 0,4 ζ-values m2 / m3 ζ2-3 ζ1-3 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 -0,92 -0,38 0,10 0,53 0,89 1,20 0,03 0,20 0,35 0,47 0,56 0,62 m2 / m3 ζ2-3 ζ1-3 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 -0,92 -0,42 -0,04 0,22 0,35 0,35 0,03 0,16 0,17 0,06 -0,18 -0,53 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) Table A.4 (continued) No Geometric measurements Forms ζ-values Formula for calculating the individual resistance coefficients at junctions          -1    -1     A3   A3 m  m  A - 1-   × cos γ  +  -    × 1 -     A2   A2    A2   m3  m3        ζ 2-3 = - 0,92 1 - m2  -  m2  1,2  A3 cos γ - 1 + 0,8 1-  A3    A2    m3   m3    A2   2  -1   -1           ζ 1-3 = 0,03 1- m2  ×  m2  1 + 1,62  A3 cos γ - 1 - 0,38 1-  A3    ×  -  A3   × m2         A2  m3   m3    A2     A2   m3  Reducer, straight form  A2 / A1 0,4 0,6 0,8  m2   1  m3  0,33 0,25 0,15 with rounded lead-in edge ζ=0 Reference velocity: w2 Enlargement, straight form A1 / A2 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,0 0,7 0,4 0,2 0,1 Reference velocity: w1 35 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) Table A.4 (concluded) No Geometric measurements Forms Reducer, angle form ζ-values A2 / A1 γ = 30° γ = 60° γ = 90° 0,10 0,25 0,45 1,0 0,05 0,04 0,05 0,0 0,08 0,07 0,07 0,0 0,19 0,17 0,14 0,0 Reference velocity: w2 Table A.5 — Thermal resistance (1/Λ)n in m K/W of enclosed layers of air (n layer of the wall construction, concentric radial clearance, vertically arranged), dependent on the thickness d of the layer of air and the surface temperature T of the heat-emitting wall th T in °C 40 100 150 200 0,01 0,123 0,087 0,065 0,050 0,02 0,147 0,101 0,075 0,055 dn in m 0,03 0,153 0,101 0,075 0,055 0,04 0,152 0,100 0,074 0,055 th 0,05 0,150 0,099 0,074 0,054 NOTE The effective thermal conductivity λn of an enclosed layer of air (n layer of the wall construction), in W/m K, is calculated with the values given above from the following equation: λn = y  Dh,n + d n  Dh,n  × ln    1 Dh,n   2   Λ n where: y is the form coefficient: = 1,0 for round and oval cross-section = 1,1 for square and rectangular cross-section up to a side-ratio of : 1,5 Dh,n is the hydraulic diameter of the inside of the layer, in m;  1   is the thermal resistance of the layer of air, in m K/W; see values given above  Λ n dn is the thickness of the layer of air, in m 36 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) Annex B (informative) Site activities B.1 Execution Works should commence only after a proper, complete and approved project is in the possession of the responsible site personnel Setting out of the works should be carried out and subsequently verified The contractor should be prepared to provide statistics relating to the major progress parameters of the works including personnel and material means The characteristics of the equipment and workmanship to be used should comply with the expectations forecast The equipment to be used should be subject to testing and certification for the works before commencing the site works The personnel on site should wear safety equipment and the site areas should be illuminated properly, particularly during the night shift operations Before being used, materials should be stored in such a way that they are properly protected against weather and harmful influences and should, if necessary, be given proper curing when they have been installed Materials should be installed in accordance with the supplier's instructions, unless the relevant standards specify otherwise in this respect During the works constant attention should be paid to the weather conditions especially wind and temperature Appropriate devices for controlling the chimney shape and verticality should be used Temporary warning lights and lightning protection should be mounted during construction of the chimney, if necessary B.2 Programming and coordination of works The works should be subject to a detailed programme containing all activities to be performed, key date to be met for the job and reference to the different specialities and supplies, duly coordinated The programme should be subject to modification and updated whenever required B.3 Site safety The contractor's site activities should be governed by the safety site rules which should contain references to safety codes and standards Especially, rules have to address:     industrial hygiene; work safety including escape and rescue plans; fire safety; accident prevention 37 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) B.4 Local conditions A detailed plan should be drawn showing the location of the chimney to be constructed, the site installations for both personnel and equipment, parking lots for material storage, definition of the access routes to be used during the works The plan should include precise information regarding the location of power, illumination, telecommunications, water sewage, compressed air and other facilities and networks required to perform the site works 38 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) Bibliography [1] EN 13384-1, Chimneys - Thermal and fluid dynamic calculation methods - Part 1: Chimneys serving one appliance 39 BS EN 13084-1:2007 EN 13084-1:2007(E) This page deliberately left blank This page deliberately left blank British Standards Institution (BSI) BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level It is incorporated by Royal 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