BS EN 12697-1:2012 BSI Standards Publication Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 1: Soluble binder content BS EN 12697-1:2012 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12697-1:2012 It supersedes BS EN 12697-1:2005 which is withdrawn The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/510/1, Asphalt products A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application The British Standards Institution 2012 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012 ISBN 978 580 76411 ICS 93.080.20 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2012 Amendments issued since publication Date Text affected BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM June 2012 ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-1:2005 English Version Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 1: Soluble binder content Mélanges bitumineux - Méthode d'essai pour mélange hydrocarboné chaud - Partie 1: Teneur en liant soluble Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 1: Löslicher Bindemittelgehalt This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 April 2012 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 12697-1:2012: E BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) Contents Page Foreword Introduction Scope Normative references Terms and definitions Preparatory treatment of laboratory samples of bituminous mixtures 10 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 Determination of binder content 10 General principles of test 10 Binder extraction 11 Solvent 11 Apparatus 11 Procedure 11 Separation of mineral matter 12 Apparatus 12 Procedure 12 Binder quantity 12 Apparatus 12 Procedure 12 Calculation and expression of results 12 General 12 Binder determined by difference 13 Binder by total recovery 13 Binder by recovery from portion (volume calculation) 13 Binder by recovery from portion (mass calculation) 14 6.1 6.2 6.3 Drying to constant mass 14 General 14 Apparatus 14 Procedure 15 7.1 7.2 Reporting of results 15 Results 15 Test report 15 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Precision data 15 Precision — Experiment 16 Precision — Experiment 16 Precision — Experiment 17 Precision — Experiment 17 Annex A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A (informative) Guidance on the determination of binder content 18 Evaluation of the results 18 Effect of water content 18 Choice of test equipment and the sequence of operations 19 Determination of total binder content 19 Annex B (normative) Use of equipment for the determination of binder content 20 B.1 Binder extraction 20 B.1.1 Hot extractor (paper filter) method 20 B.1.2 Hot extractor (wire mesh filter) method 23 B.1.3 Soxhlet extractor method 24 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) Page B.1.4 B.1.5 B.1.6 B.2 B.2.1 B.2.2 B.2.3 B.2.4 B.3 B.3.1 B.3.2 Bottle rotation machine method 27 Centrifuge extractor method 29 Cold mix dissolution of bitumen by agitation 32 Separation of mineral matter 32 Continuous flow centrifuge 32 Pressure filter 34 Bucket type centrifuge — Type 35 Bucket type centrifuge — Type 36 Soluble binder content 37 Method by recovery from a portion using a volume calculation 37 Method by recovery from a portion using a mass calculation 39 Annex C (normative) Determination of residual mineral matter in the binder extract by incineration 40 C.1 General 40 C.2 Method 40 C.2.1 Apparatus 40 C.2.2 Reagent 40 C.2.3 Procedure 40 C.3 Method 41 C.3.1 Apparatus 41 C.3.2 Procedure 41 Annex D (informative) Guidance on determination of soluble binder content of mixtures with polymer-modified binders 43 D.1 General 43 D.2 Preparatory treatment of laboratory samples of bituminous mixtures 43 D.3 Determination of binder content 43 D.3.1 General principles of test 43 D.3.2 Binder extraction 43 D.3.3 Separation of mineral matter 45 D.3.4 Binder quantity 46 D.3.5 Calculation and expression of results 46 D.4 Drying to constant mass 46 D.5 Reporting of results 46 D.6 Precision data 46 Bibliography 47 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) Foreword This document (EN 12697-1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC TC “Road materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2012 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document supersedes EN 12697-1:2005 Compared with EN 12697-1:2005, the following changes have been made: a) Removal of warning that the precision may be compromised with polymer-modified binders even when following Annex D; b) For the separation of mineral, a note is added that the residue depends on the solvent and the equipment used; c) The desiccator is made optional with the method of achieving a moisture-free atmosphere not fixed; d) The definition of constant mass is changed; e) Alternative procedures for determination of binder are extended; f) Volume units are corrected from mm³ to 10³ mm³ as appropriate; g) In Annex B, note is added to ensure the binder is well dissolved; h) In Annex B, density of perchloroethylene is changed from (1,6 ± 0,05) g/cm³ at 24 °C to (1,6 ± 0,05) Mg/m³ at 20 ºC; i) In Annex B, weighing of multiple sieves that are fitted to the feed funnel is allowed; j) In Annex B, repeating the procedure with a second cup in the centrifuge is undertaken with half the flow rate; k) In Annex B, note is added that the second run is unnecessary for some centrifuges with larger capacities; l) In Annex C, M2 is clarified as being the mass of fine mineral matter; m) In Annex C, the procedures for collecting the recovered binder are clarified; n) In Annex D, a note is added that a good solubility of the polymer-modified binder does not always guarantee a good extraction of the PmB in the bituminous mixture; o) In Annex D, the discussion on different solvents is refined; p) In Annex D, the flow rate is adjusted rather than just checked to avoid overflowing; BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) q) In Annex D, the exceptions on the apparatus and procedure for the centrifuge extractor method are removed and notes added; r) In Annex D, note is added to continuous flow centrifuge; s) In Annex D, precision statement is changed This European Standard is one of a series of standards for Bituminous mixtures as listed below: EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder content EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 2: Determination of particle size distribution EN 12697-3, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 3: Bitumen recovery: Rotary evaporator EN 12697-4, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 4: Bitumen recovery: Fractionating column EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the maximum density EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens EN 12697-7, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 7: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens by gamma rays EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void characteristics of bituminous specimens EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactability EN 12697-11, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 11: Determination of the affinity between aggregate and bitumen EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 12: Determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperature measurement EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content EN 12697-15, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 15: Determination of the segregation sensitivity EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 16: Abrasion by studded tyres EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Particle loss of porous asphalt specimen EN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 18: Binder drainage EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of specimen BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using cube or cylindrical specimens(CY) EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using plate specimens EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking EN 12697-23, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 23: Determination of the indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to fatigue prEN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 25: Cyclic compression test EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of samples for determining binder content, water content and grading EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the dimensions of a bituminous specimen EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation by impact compactor EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction of bituminous mixtures by vibratory compactor EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared by roller compactor EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing EN 12697-36, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 36: Determination of the thickness of a bituminous pavement EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for the adhesivity of binder on precoated chippings for HRA EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Common equipment and calibration EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by ignition EN 12697-40, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 40: In-situ drainability EN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 41: Resistance to de-icing fluids BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) EN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of coarse foreign matter in reclaimed asphalt EN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 43: Resistance to fuel EN 12697-44, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 44: Crack propagation by semi-circular bending test EN 12697-45, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 45: Saturation ageing tensile stiffness (SATS) conditioning test EN 12697-46, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 46: Low temperature cracking and properties by uniaxial tension tests EN 12697-47, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 47: Determination of the ash content of natural asphalts prEN 12697-48, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 48: Interlayer bonding1) prEN 12697-49, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 49: Determination of friction after polishing prEN 12697-50, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 50: Scuffing resistance of surface course1) The applicability of this European Standard is described in the product standards for bituminous mixtures WARNING — The method described in this European Standard may require the use of dichloromethane (methylene chloride), 1,1,1-trichloroethane, benzene, trichloroethylene, xylene, toluene, perchloroethylene (tetracloroethylene) or other solvents capable of dissolving bitumen These solvents are hazardous to health and are subject to occupational exposure limits as detailed in relevant legislation and regulations Exposure levels are related to both handling procedures and ventilation provision and it is emphasised that adequate training should be given to staff employed in the usage of these substances According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom 1) In preparation BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) Introduction This European Standard describes a unified approach to the examination of bituminous mixtures that allows some divergence in the detail of procedures followed by individual laboratories In Clause of this European Standard, a description is given of the basic operations that together form the test method for the proper determination of the binder content of bituminous mixtures Guidance on the test method is given in Annex A and Figure A.1, while the use of alternative items of equipment that are equally suitable for carrying out particular parts of the test method are described in Annex B Although the apparatus specified for the separation of mineral filler from the binder solution obtained after extraction is of a suitably efficient level not to affect the precision of the test described in Clause 8, a method for determining the amount of residual mineral matter in the extract is given in Annex C for use in those particular cases where some doubt may exist Methods and equipment other than those described in Annex B and Annex C, including automated equipment, are permissible provided that they have been demonstrated to provide the same results as one of the methods in Annex B or Annex C within the limits of the precision given in this document Guidance on determination of soluble binder content of mixtures with polymer-modified binders is given in Annex D BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) r NOTE is the radius to the bottom of the tubes (internal), when rotating, expressed in millimetres (mm) A cooled centrifuge may be necessary to meet temperature restraints B.2.3.1.2 Pouring bottles, with a capacity between 600 × 103 mm3 to 000 × 103 mm3 made of polypropylene and with a screw cap B.2.3.2 Procedure B.2.3.2.1 Without delay, transfer approximately 500 × 103 mm3 of binder solution obtained from the binder extraction process to a clean dry pouring bottle B.2.3.2.2 Transfer to the centrifuge tube sufficient liquid such that after centrifuging is complete there is enough solution to provide duplicate aliquot portions Seal the remainder of the solution in the pouring bottle until aliquot portions are satisfactorily obtained B.2.3.2.3 Seal the centrifuge tube and centrifuge for the appropriate time determined from Figure B.9 At all stages of this operation, keep the evaporation to a minimum by ensuring the containers have close fitting lids and solutions are poured quickly Key Y X acceleration, m/s2 centrifuging time, Figure B.9 — Acceleration/time relationship for bucket centrifuge B.2.4 Bucket type centrifuge — Type B.2.4.1 NOTE Apparatus The apparatus should be calibrated and traceable B.2.4.1.1 Bucket centrifuge, capable of producing a minimum acceleration of 40 000 m/s2 fitted with buckets having a capacity greater than 20 000 mm3 36 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) B.2.4.2 Procedure Centrifuge at not less than 40 000 m/s2 for at least 30 for Mastic Asphalt and for at least 15 for other types of mixture B.3 Soluble binder content B.3.1 Method by recovery from a portion using a volume calculation B.3.1.1 NOTE Apparatus The apparatus should be calibrated and traceable B.3.1.1.1 Recovery apparatus, comprising a water bath with an electric heater capable of maintaining boiling water in the bath throughout the recovery procedure, flasks of 200 × 103 mm3 or 250 × 103 mm3 capacity, a pressure gauge, a vacuum reservoir and a method of maintaining reduced pressure, e.g a filter pump NOTE Figure B.10 illustrates a typical arrangement for a recovery apparatus Nevertheless, this particular arrangement is not the only one that can be used, provided that the conditions for recovering the binder from the solution as specified in B.3.1.2 are strictly followed Key pressure gauge to vacuum pump water bath vacuum reservoir Figure B.10 — Recovery apparatus showing necessary features B.3.1.1.2 Burette, of suitable size B.3.1.1.3 Balance, readable to mg for weighing flasks B.3.1.1.4 Desiccator, to store the extraction flasks before weighing B.3.1.2 B.3.1.2.1 Procedure Carry out the procedure in duplicate 37 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) NOTE When the binder content of the sample cannot be estimated, it is advisable to recover the binder from one aliquot portion of solution before proceeding with the duplicate recovery to ensure compliance with the restrictions on mass contained in B.3.1.2.3 B.3.1.2.2 Dry a flask and weigh the dry flask to the nearest mg B.3.1.2.3 Measure and record the temperature of the solution in the centrifuge tube and then, provided the temperature is not greater than °C from the temperature in B.1.4.4.2, immediately poor into the burette Alternatively, cap the tube and allow the solution to equalise to within °C, then pour into the burette Measure a sufficient amount of the centrifuged solution into the flask, to give a residue of 750 mg to 250 mg of soluble binder after evaporation of the solvent NOTE The difference between the temperature of the solvent when measured in accordance with B.1.4.4.2 and the temperature of the centrifuged binder solution in accordance with this sub-clause should not exceed ± °C NOTE An estimate of the volume, v, in cubic millimetres (mm3), of solution (aliquot portion) required is given by the following formula: v= 100 × V M × SE (B.3) where v is the estimated volume of solution (aliquot portion), expressed in cubic millimetres (mm3); V is the total volume of solvent, expressed in cubic millimetres (mm3); M is the mass of the sample, expressed in grams (g); SE is the estimated soluble binder in the sample, expressed in mass percent (%) The estimate of the volume, v, should be rounded to the nearest 000 mm3 B.3.1.2.4 Remove the solvent from the binder solution by connecting the flask to the recovery apparatus (see B.3.1.1.1), immersing the flask to approximately half its depth in the boiling water, and distilling off the solvent While the distillation is proceeding, gently shake the flask in a rotary motion so that the binder is deposited in a thin layer on the walls of the flask Do not allow pressure above atmosphere to develop in the flask during the evaporation of the solvent NOTE It is recommended that the distillation be carried out under reduced pressure If reduced pressure is used, this pressure should be not less than 60 kPa NOTE Two flasks may be connected to the vacuum system and the distillation may be carried out simultaneously provided that both are rotated continuously Rotary evaporators may be used to agitate the flasks; they also alleviate frothing B.3.1.2.5 As there is relatively rapid reduction in pressure when the bulk of the solvent has been removed and frothing usually occurs at this stage, proceed as follows: a) For penetration grade bitumen, reduce the pressure to between 18 kPa and 22 kPa in to and maintain at this pressure for a further to The combined time under reduced pressure shall be (300 ± 15) s b) For cutback bitumens, allow the pressure to increase to approximately atmospheric pressure and then reduce n to between 55 kPa and 65 kPa in to and maintain it at this pressure for a further mm to The combined time under reduced pressure shall be (300 ± 15) s B.3.1.2.6 Remove the flask from the bath and admit air to the apparatus to increase the pressure to atmospheric Wipe the flask dry and disconnect it, taking care to prevent the entry into the flask of water that 38 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) may have collected at the joint between the flask and the stopper Remove all traces of solvent that remain in the flask by a gentle current of clean, oil-free and water-free air at ambient temperature Insert the air supply tube into the flask to below mid-depth Thoroughly clean the outside of the flask and also remove any rubber adhering to the inside of the flask neck if rubber bungs are used B.3.1.2.7 Cool the flask in a desiccator (see B.3.1.1.4) and weigh to the nearest mg B.3.1.2.8 If the mass of soluble binder recovered is not between 750 mg and 250 mg (inclusive), repeat the procedure from B.3.1.2.1 to B.3.1.2.7 inclusive with another portion of the solution after adjusting the volume of the aliquot (see B.3.1.2.3) to ensure that an adequate mass of binder is recovered B.3.1.2.9 If the difference between the duplicate recoveries is greater than 20 mg, reject these results and repeat the recovery of the binder from further aliquot portions in duplicate Use the average of these duplicate determinations to calculate the binder content B.3.2 Method by recovery from a portion using a mass calculation B.3.2.1 NOTE Apparatus The apparatus should be calibrated and traceable B.3.2.1.1 Flat trays, fitted with a cover and of minimum internal diameter 90 mm and maximum external diameter 105 mm and with an edge of (25 ± 5) mm and of mass M1, known to the nearest 10 mg B.3.2.1.2 Evaporator, consisting of a hot plate capable of maintaining the sample at a temperature measured between 140 °C and 150 °C and an evaporation bell enabling a thermometer, linked to an aspiration device of at least 10 kPa Alternatively, an oven capable of maintaining the sample between 140 °C and 150 °C and fitted with an air socket able to renew the supply from the oven times every 15 B.3.2.1.3 B.3.2.2 Desiccator Procedure B.3.2.2.1 After centrifuging, take a sample of (10 000 ± 500) mm3 with a pipette and pour onto the tray Cover immediately Weigh the tray with the cover as M3 to the nearest 10 mg B.3.2.2.2 Either: Method using an evaporator: Place the tray on the hot plate so that it is horizontal Remove the cover Place the bell on the tray Measure the temperature (5 ± 2) mm above the liquid in the tray Reduce the pressure by not less than 10 kPa When the temperature has reached a maximum, then a minimum and then the previous maximum +5 °C, remove the tray Method using an oven: Preheat the oven to (150 ± 10) °C for at least 15 min, where the temperature is measured inside the oven at (5 ± 2) mm above the liquid in the tray Place the tray horizontally in the oven, evaporate for (25 ± 2) and remove the tray B.3.2.2.3 10 mg Keep the tray in a desiccator until cool Weigh the cooled tray with its cover as M2 to the nearest B.3.2.2.4 Repeat the operations in B.3.2.2.1 to B.3.2.2.3 at least once 39 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) Annex C (normative) Determination of residual mineral matter in the binder extract by incineration C.1 General Determine the amount of residual mineral matter in the binder extract by one of the methods in C.2 or C.3 C.2 Method NOTE The apparatus should be calibrated and traceable C.2.1 Apparatus C.2.1.1 Balance, capable of measuring to an accuracy of mg C.2.1.2 Steam bath or electric hot plate, with adjustable heating rate C.2.1.3 Graduated cylinders, of 000 × 103 mm3, 000 × 103 mm3 and 100 × 103 mm3 capacity C.2.1.4 Furnace, capable of heating to 600 °C C.2.1.5 Ignition dish, of 125 × 103 mm3 capacity C.2.1.6 Desiccator, of suitable capacity C.2.2 Reagent Saturated solution of reagent grade ammonium carbonate (NH4)2 CO3 C.2.3 Procedure C.2.3.1 Determine the volume of the total binder solution collected in accordance with 5.2 and 5.3 C.2.3.2 Condition the ignition dish in the furnace, cool in a desiccator and determine the mass of ignition dish to mg C.2.3.3 Agitate the extract thoroughly and immediately measure approximately 100 × 103 mm3 into the ignition dish C.2.3.4 Evaporate to dryness on a steam bath or hot plate C.2.3.5 Place the sample in the furnace and ash residue at a dull red heat (500 °C to 600 °C), cool, weigh and add × 103 mm3 of saturated ammonium carbonate solution per gram of ash C.2.3.6 Digest at room temperature for h Dry to constant mass (see Clause 6), cool in a desiccator, and determine the mass to mg 40 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) C.2.3.7 Calculate the mass of fine mineral matter in the total volume of extract, M2, in grams, by means of the following formula: M2 = G× V1 V1 − V2 (C.1) where G is the mass of ash in aliquot, expressed in grams (g); V1 is the total volume of extract, expressed in cubic millimetres (mm 3); V2 is the volume of extract after removing aliquot, expressed in cubic millimetres (mm3) C.2.3.8 S= Calculate the soluble binder content, S, by means of the following formula: [(M − M W ) − (M + M )] × 100 M − MW (C.2) where S is the soluble binder content, expressed in percent (%); M is the mass of un-dried test portion, expressed in grams (g); MW is the mass of water in the un-dried test portion, expressed in grams (g); M1 is the mass of recovered mineral matter, expressed in grams (g); M2 is the mass of fine mineral matter in the total volume of the extract, expressed in grams (g) C.3 Method C.3.1 Apparatus NOTE The apparatus should be calibrated and traceable C.3.1.1 Balance, capable of measuring to an accuracy of 10 mg C.3.1.2 Steam bath, hot plate or heating lamps, with adjustable heating rate C.3.1.3 Ignition dish, of 125 × 103 mm3 capacity C.3.1.4 Furnace, capable of heating to 600 °C C.3.1.5 Desiccator, of suitable capacity C.3.2 Procedure C.3.2.1 Collect the recovered binder in accordance with B.3.2 of this standard or with either EN 12697-3 or EN 12697-4 Weigh and transfer approximately one tenth to the pre-weighed ignition dish and weigh to an accuracy of 10 mg C.3.2.2 burn Incinerate the binder and heat gradually to cause the binder to carbonise, making sure it does not 41 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) C.3.2.3 Heat up to a dull red heat (500 °C to 600 °C) until constant mass C.3.2.4 Cool the mass in a desiccator and weigh the ash to an accuracy of 10 mg C.3.2.5 Calculate the soluble binder content, S, in percent, by means of the following formula: M × G Mb − b × 100 c S= M − MW (C.3) where S is the soluble binder content, expressed in percent (%); M is the mass of the un-dried test portion, expressed in grams (g); MW is the mass of water in the un-dried test portion, expressed in grams (g); Mb is the mass of recovered binder, expressed in grams (g); c is the mass of incinerated binder, expressed in grams (g); G is the mass of ash, expressed in grams (g) C.3.2.6 Calculate the mass of fine mineral matter in the total volume of extract, M2, in grams in accordance with C.2.3.7 42 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) Annex D (informative) Guidance on determination of soluble binder content of mixtures with polymer-modified binders D.1 General This annex gives guidelines for the determination of the soluble binder content of samples of bituminous mixtures containing polymer-modified binders NOTE used The producer of the polymer-modified binder should be consulted regarding the most appropriate solvent to be D.2 Preparatory treatment of laboratory samples of bituminous mixtures The same preparatory treatments of samples apply as described in Clause D.3 Determination of binder content D.3.1 General principles of test The same general principles as described in 5.1 apply D.3.2 Binder extraction D.3.2.1 Solvent Not all solvents used to dissolve bitumen are suitable for dissolving any polymer-modified binder The use of an appropriate solvent suitable to dissolve the polymer binder completely is therefore very important Insufficient solubility leads to incorrect results and to large discrepancies between the results of different methods Therefore, a preliminary check of the solubility of the polymer-modified binder in the applied solvent is required, according to EN 12592 NOTE A good solubility of the polymer-modified binder according to EN 12592 does not always guarantee a good extraction of the PmB in the bituminous mix Toluene, trichloroethylene, dichloromethane (methylene chloride) and perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) are generally able to dissolve styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) modified binders Toluene, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) are sometimes suitable for ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) modified binders Dichloromethane is generally not suitable to dissolve EVA Few solvents have been found suitable to dissolve atactic polypropylene (APP) modified binders completely; the best solubility is generally found with hot xylene Hot 1,3,5-trichlorinebenzene is also suitable for APP, but its use is limited to the difference method, because of the high boiling point NOTE Warning on the use of these solvents is given in the Foreword NOTE The solubility of polymer-modified binders may depend largely on the temperature of the solvent This can lead to considerable differences between the results of cold and hot extraction methods NOTE Table D.1 gives the boiling point of different solvents 43 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) Table D.1 — Boiling points of different solvents Solvent Boiling point (°C) Toluene Trichloroethylene Xylene 110,6 87,0 140 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 74,1 Dichloromethane 39,5 Benzene 80,1 Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene) 121 NOTE The temperature dependent solubility may lead to a precipitation of the polymer on the recipient after cooling NOTE Hot solvents are not suitable for all procedures described hereafter D.3.2.2 D.3.2.2.1 Apparatus and procedure General The apparatus and procedure used for the binder extraction are given in 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 respectively Special conditions related to the different methods are recommended for mixtures containing polymer-modified binders They are described in D.3.2.2.2 to D.3.2.2.6 D.3.2.2.2 Hot extractor (paper filter and wire mesh filter) method The apparatus and procedure for the hot extractor method are given in B.1.1 (paper filter) and B.1.2 (wire mesh filter), except that extraction should not be stopped when the solvent collected in the extractor becomes virtually colourless Extraction should be continued for a period of approximately 10 % of the time necessary to obtain a colourless collected solvent It is recommended that the apparatus includes a transparent inspection window in order to determine the completion of extraction D.3.2.2.3 Soxhlet extractor method The apparatus and procedure for the soxhlet extractor method are given in B.1.3, except that extraction should not be stopped when the solvent collected in the extractor becomes virtually colourless Extraction should be continued for a period of approximately 10 % of the time necessary to obtain a colourless collected solvent Adjust the flow rate so as the solvent does not overflow NOTE Overflow of the case may more easily occur with polymer-modifier binder, because of clogging of the polymer in the filter D.3.2.2.4 Bottle rotation machine method The apparatus and procedure for the bottle rotation machine method are given in B.1.4, except that the minimum rolling time given in Table D.2 should be respected The minimum extraction time may be adjusted in accordance with the producer of the polymer-modified binder 44 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) Table D.2 — Time required for extraction by bottle rotation machine Type of material Minimum extraction time (min) Asphalt concrete 30 Porous asphalt 30 Stone mastic asphalt 40 Mastic asphalt 40 Hot rolled asphalt 40 Soft asphalt 30 Coated chippings for hot rolled asphalt 20 NOTE For some polymer-modified binders, several washings may be necessary to dissolve all the polymer NOTE Long extraction periods may cause damage to the aggregate D.3.2.2.5 Centrifuge extractor method The apparatus and procedure for the centrifuge extractor method are given in B.1.5 NOTE It is recommended to verify that the binder is well dissolved If not, the minimum extraction time in Table B.1 should be increased NOTE Toluene gives generally more accurate and more reproducible results than dichloromethane NOTE EVA modified binders are generally very difficult to dissolve in a cold solution D.3.2.2.6 Cold mix dissolution of bitumen by agitation The apparatus and procedure for cold mix dissolution of modified binder by agitation are given in B.1.6, except that the container should be shaken for at least 45 instead of 30 Before starting, check the solubility of the modified binder in perchloroethylene, according to EN 12592 This method cannot be applied if the solubility of the modified binder is insufficient D.3.3 Separation of mineral matter D.3.3.1 General The apparatus and procedures to be used for the separation of the mineral matter are described in 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 Special conditions related to the different methods are recommended for mixtures containing polymermodified binders They are described in D.3.3.2 to D.3.3.5 D.3.3.2 Continuous flow centrifuge The requirements and procedure for separation of mineral matter by the continuous flow centrifuge are given in B.2.1, except that re-washing of the filler collected in the centrifuge cup should be repeated once more, after the decanted solvent has become virtually colourless NOTE A loss of mineral material is possible during centrifugation with the continuous flow centrifuge leading to an overestimation of the binder content 45 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) D.3.3.3 Pressure filter This method is not recommended for polymer-modified binder, because of risks of clogging D.3.3.4 Bucket centrifuge type The requirements and procedure for separation of mineral matter by the bucket centrifuge type method are given in B.2.3 D.3.3.5 Bucket centrifuge type The requirements and procedure for separation of mineral matter by the bucket centrifuge type method are given in B.2.4 D.3.4 Binder quantity For the determination of the binder quantity, follow the procedure as given in 5.4.2 If the soluble modified binder is not needed for further purposes, the difference method is the reference method It is however recommended to use both methods as an initial check Either method may be used subsequently, if the difference is 0,3 % or less D.3.5 Calculation and expression of results Calculation and expression of results is performed according to 5.5 D.4 Drying to constant mass The requirements for drying to constant mass are the same as given in Clause D.5 Reporting of results The reporting of results is as given in Clause It is recommended to add the solvent used and the results of the solubility test D.6 Precision data No reproducibility data are available Data are available of a repeatability experiment performed on a laboratory prepared bulk mix SMA-6.3 containing 6,6 % SBS modified binder The rolling bottle machine was used for 1,5 h to dissolve the binder The continuous flow centrifuge was used for extraction and the binder content was determined by difference The repeatability (r) for a 95 % confidence level was found very comparable as in the case of unmodified binders: 0,1 % in the case of toluene as solvent and 0,2 % in the case of dichloromethane NOTE No differences in the precision of the method are to be expected for polymer-modified binders compared to bitumens, insofar that the solvent being used was able to dissolve the polymer-modified binder completely NOTE In case of insufficient solubility of the polymer, incorrect results are obtained and larger discrepancies between the different methods and different solvents are to be expected compared to bitumens 46 BS EN 12697-1:2012 EN 12697-1:2012 (E) Bibliography [1] EN 12592, Bitumen and bituminous binders — Determination of solubility [2] EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by ignition [3] ISO 5725-1, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 1: General principles and definitions [4] ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement 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