BRITISH STANDARD Building acoustics — Estimation of acoustic performance of building from the performance of elements Part 5: Sounds levels due to the service equipment ICS 91.120.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BS EN 12354-5:2009 Incorporating corrigendum October 2010 BS EN 12354-5:2009 National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12354-5:2009, incorporating corrigendum October 2010 The start and finish of text introduced or altered by corrigendum is indicated in the text by tags Text altered by CEN corrigendum October 2010 is indicated in the text by tags ˆ‰ The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/1/6, Building acoustics A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2009 © BSI 2011 ISBN 978 580 73567 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Comments 31 July 2011 Implementation of CEN corrigendum October 2010 EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12354-5 NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM April 2009 Incorporating corrigendum October 2010 ICS 91.120.20 English Version Building acoustics - Estimation of acoustic performance of building from the performance of elements - Part 5: Sounds levels due to the service equipment Acoustique du bâtiment - Calcul des performances acoustiques des bâtiments partir des performances des éléments - Partie : Niveaux sonores dûs aux équipements de bâtiment Bauakustik - Berechnung der akustischen Eigenschaften von Gebäuden aus den Bauteileigenschaften - Teil 5: Installationsgeräusche This European Standard was approved by CEN on March 2009 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 12354-5:2009: E BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Contents Page Foreword Introduction Scope Normative references 3.1 3.2 Relevant quantities Quantities to express building performance Quantities to express product performance .9 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 Calculation models General principles Airborne sound transmission through pipes and ducts 10 General 10 Sources 13 Transmission 15 Airborne sound transmission through building construction 17 General 17 Sources 18 Transmission in a source room 18 Transmission through a building 19 Structure-borne transmission through building construction 19 General 19 Sources 21 Transmission through the mounting 21 Transmission through the building 22 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 Application of models 23 Application to ventilation systems 23 General 23 Guidelines for the application 24 Application to heating installations 25 General 25 Guidelines 26 Application to lift installations 26 General 26 Guidelines 26 Application to water supply installations 27 General 27 Guidelines 30 Application to waste water installations 32 General 32 Guidelines for the application 33 Application to miscellaneous service equipment 33 General 33 Guidelines 33 Accuracy 34 Annex A (normative) List of symbols 35 Annex B (informative) Airborne sound sources in duct systems 38 B.1 Sound power level of fans 38 B.2 Sound power level of flow-generated sound 38 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Annex C (informative) Airborne sound sources 39 C.1 Sound sources 39 C.1.1 Service equipment, such as whirlpool baths 39 C.1.2 Waste water appliances 39 C.1.3 Heating systems 39 C.2 Sound transmission in source room 39 Annex D (informative) Structure-borne sound sources 41 D.1 Measurement of characteristic structure-borne sound power level 41 D.1.1 General 41 D.1.2 Service equipment with high source mobility 42 D.1.3 Service equipment with known source mobility 46 D.1.4 Service equipment with low source mobility 47 D.2 Mounting with elastic supports 48 D.3 Estimation of data on source strength, elastic supports and source mobilities 49 Annex E (informative) Sound transmission through elements of duct and pipe systems 50 E.1 Introduction 50 E.2 Duct wall 50 E.3 Along straight, unlined duct 51 E.4 Along straight, lined duct / silencer 51 E.5 Area changes 52 E.6 Branches 52 E.7 Air terminal devices and openings 52 E.8 Radiation by openings 53 Annex F (informative) Sound transmission in buildings 55 F.1 Transmission through junctions 55 F.2 Adjustment term 56 F.3 Mobility of supporting building elements 57 F.3.1 Essentially homogeneous elements 57 F.3.2 Elements with beams 57 F.3.3 Excitation near borders and corner 58 F.4 Measurement of total transmission 58 F.4.1 Airborne sound transmission 58 F.4.2 Structure-borne sound transmission 59 Annex G (informative) Sound levels at low frequencies 61 Annex H (informative) Guidance for the design of service equipment systems 63 H.1 General 63 H.2 Choice of equipment 63 H.3 Location of a service equipment room and air-handling unit 63 H.4 Airborne sound insulation of service equipment room 64 H.5 Structure borne sound and vibration insulation 64 H.5.1 Heavy structure 64 H.5.2 Lightweight structure 64 H.6 Pipes and ductwork 65 Annex I (informative) Calculation examples 66 I.1 Example for a ventilation system 66 I.2 Example for a whirlpool bath 68 I.3 Example for a sanitary system 71 Bibliography 73 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Foreword This document (EN 12354-5:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 126 “Acoustic properties of building elements and of buildings”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2009 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document is the first version of a standard, which forms a part of a series of standards specifying calculation models in building acoustics: Part 1: Building Acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements Part 1: Airborne sound insulation between rooms Part 2: Building Acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements Part 2: Impact sound insulation between rooms Part 3: Building Acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements Part 3: Airborne sound insulation against outdoor sound Part 4: Building Acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements Part 4: Transmission of indoor sound to the outside Part 5: Building Acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements Part 5: Sound levels due to the service equipment Part 6: Building Acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements Part 6: Sound absorption in enclosed spaces Although this part covers the most common types of service equipment and installations in buildings, it cannot as yet cover all types and all situations It sets out an approach for gaining experience for future improvements and developments The accuracy of this standard can only be specified in detail after widespread comparisons with field data, which can only be gathered over a period of time after establishing the prediction model To help the user in the mean time, indications of the accuracy have been given, based on earlier comparisons with comparable prediction models It is the responsibility of the user (i.e a person, an organisation, the authorities) to address the consequences of the accuracy, inherent for all measurement and prediction methods, by specifying requirements for the input data and/or applying a safety margin to the results or applying some other correction Annex A forms an integral part of this part of EN 12354 Annexes B, C, D, E, F, G and H are for information only According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Introduction The estimation of sound levels due to service equipment in buildings is a complex task and structure-borne sources and transmission are not completely understood In addition there are large variations between different equipment and installations and an installation often results in both airborne and structure-borne sources This document contains a framework within which this subject can be treated The main part (Clause 4) describes general models for sound transmission and related sources for ducts, airborne sound through buildings and structure-borne sound through buildings For airborne and structure-borne sound transmission, parts and of EN 12354 are used wherever possible In Clause the application of these models to the different types of service equipment in buildings is addressed, specifying what is already known and available and what is not Informative annexes give additional information on various aspects, related to sources and their sound production as well as to specific aspects of sound transmission through buildings Wherever possible references are made to available handbooks, literature or ongoing standardization work Over the course of time some annexes or parts of them, especially those relating to the sound production by sources, can be deleted when appropriate standards become available For sound transmission through ducts there are standardized methods available to determine the sound power level of sources or the transmission loss of elements Various handbooks are widely used for these estimations For airborne sound transmission through buildings information exists about sources and transmission, but some aspects that are particularly relevant to service equipment are less well known, such as the effect of acoustic near-fields, non-diffuse spaces and excitation and transmission at low frequencies For these aspects some indications are given as to how they could be treated and also as an indicator for the direction of further research and future improvements to the models For structure-borne sound transmission similar solutions and problems exist as used for airborne sound However, here the appropriate methods to characterize the sources for structure-borne sound excitation are just starting to become available, largely due to standardization work started within CEN (TC126/WG7) Therefore in this document a choice has been made to use a general quantity in the models, called "the characteristic structure-borne sound power level" of sources, even though there is no practical measurement method available at the moment This allows the estimation models to have a general form that could be developed and refined in the future For some types of equipment indications are given in an informative annex as to how this quantity can be deduced or estimated from available and current measurement methods, such as the ones already developed within CEN The aim of this document is to provide a general basis for a practical approach to the estimation of sound levels due to service equipment It also clarifies the need for work on source characterisation with an indication of areas where further research work is needed BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Scope This document describes calculation models to estimate the sound pressure level in buildings due to service equipment As for the field measurement document (EN ISO 16032) it covers sanitary installations, mechanical ventilation, heating and cooling, service equipment, lifts, rubbish chutes, boilers, blowers, pumps and other auxiliary service equipment, and motor driven car park doors, but can also be applied to others equipment attached to or installed in buildings The estimation is primarily based on measured data that characterises both the sources and the building constructions The models given are applicable to calculations in frequency bands This document describes the principles of the calculation models, lists the relevant quantities and defines its applications and restrictions It is intended for acoustical experts and provides the framework for the development of application documents and tools for other users in the field of building construction, taking into account local circumstances The calculation models described use the most general approach for engineering purposes, with a link to measurable quantities that specify the performance of building elements and equipment The known limitations of these calculation models are described in this document Users should, however, be aware that other calculation models also exist, each with their own applicability and restrictions The models are based on experience with predictions for dwellings and offices; they could also be used for other types of buildings provided the constructional dimensions are similar to those in dwellings Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 12354-1:2000, Building acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements Part 1: Airborne sound insulation between rooms EN 12354-2, Building acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements Part 2: Impact sound insulation between rooms EN 13141-1, Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residential ventilation Part 1: Externally and internally mounted air transfer devices EN 13141-2, Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residential ventilation Part 2: Exhaust and supply air terminal devices EN ISO 3740, Acoustics Determination of sound power levels of noise sources Guidelines for the use of basic standards (ISO 3740:2000) EN ISO 3741, Acoustics Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure Precision methods for reverberation rooms (ISO 3741:1999) EN ISO 3743 (all parts), Acoustics Determination of sound power levels of noise sources Engineering methods for small, movable sources in reverberant fields (ISO 3743-1:1995 and ISO 3743-2:1996) EN ISO 3744, Acoustics Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure Engineering method in an essentially free field over a reflecting plane (ISO 3744:1994) EN ISO 3745, Acoustics Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure Precision methods for anechoic and semi-anechoic rooms (ISO 3745:2003) BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) EN ISO 3746, Acoustics Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting plane (ISO 3746:1995) EN ISO 3747, Acoustics Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure Comparison method for use in situ (ISO 3747:2000) EN ISO 3822-1, Acoustics Laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations Part 1: Method of measurement (ISO 3822-1:1999) EN ISO 3822-2, Acoustics Laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations Part 2: Mounting and operating conditions for draw-off taps and mixing valves (ISO 3822-2:1995) EN ISO 3822-3, Acoustics Laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations Part 3: Mounting and operating conditions for in-line valves and appliances EN ISO 3822-4, Acoustics Laboratory tests on noise emission from appliances and equipment used in water supply installations Part 4: Mounting and operating conditions for special appliances EN ISO 7235, Acoustics Laboratory measurement procedure for ducted silencers and air-terminal units Insertion loss, flow noise and total pressure loss (ISO 7235:2003) EN ISO 10846-1, Acoustics and vibration Laboratory measurement of vibro-acoustic transfer properties of resilient elements Part 1: Principles and guidelines (ISO 10846-1:2008) EN ISO 10846-2, Acoustics and vibration Laboratory measurement of vibro-acoustic transfer properties of resilient elements Part 2: Direct method for determination of the dynamic stiffness of resilient supports for translatory motion (ISO 10846-2:2008) EN ISO 10846-3, Acoustics and vibration Laboratory measurement of vibro-acoustic transfer properties of resilient elements Part 3: Indirect method for determination of the dynamic stiffness of resilient supports for translatory motion (ISO 10846-3:2002) EN ISO 10846-4, Acoustics and vibration Laboratory measurement of vibro-acoustic transfer properties of resilient elements Part 4: Dynamic stiffness of elements other than resilient supports for translatory motion (ISO 10846-4:2003) EN ISO 11691, Acoustics Measurement of insertion loss of ducted silencers without flow Laboratory survey method (ISO 11691:1995) 3.1 Relevant quantities Quantities to express building performance The protection against sound from equipment and machinery according to EN ISO 16032 can be expressed in sound pressure levels in various ways These quantities are determined in octave bands as maximum level using time weighting "S" or time weighting "F" or as equivalent level; in all cases normalization to a reference equivalent absorption area or standardization to a reference reverberation time can be applied The building performance is normally expressed in an A-weighted or C-weighted sound pressure level that is to be calculated from these octave band levels NOTE The octave band levels are also used to determine the so-called NC, NR or RC ratings, as described in many textbooks This is especially the case for buildings such as offices, commercial buildings, schools and performance spaces BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) 3.1.1 A-weighted maximum sound pressure level LA max, The A-weighted maximum sound pressure level in a room, due to the sound produced by equipment or machinery in the building NOTE This sound pressure level is obtained from the maximum sound pressure level in octave bands from 63 Hz to kHz using time weighting "S" (LAS max) or time weighting "F" (LAF max) The sound pressure levels in octave bands can also be normalized (LAS max, n, LAF max, n) or standardized (LAS max, nT, LAF max,nT) 3.1.2 A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level LAeq The equivalent A-weighted sound pressure level in a room, due to the sound produced by equipment or machinery in the building NOTE This sound pressure level is obtained from the equivalent sound pressure level in octave bands from 63 Hz to kHz The sound pressure levels in octave bands can also be normalized (LAeq, n) or standardized (LAeq, nT) 3.1.3 C-weighted maximum sound pressure level LC max, The C-weighted maximum sound pressure level in a room, due to the sound produced by equipment or machinery in the building NOTE This sound pressure level is obtained from the maximum sound pressure level in octave bands from 31,5 Hz to kHz using time weighting "S" (LCS max) or time weighting "F" (LCF max) The sound pressure levels in octave bands can also be normalized (LCS max, n, LCF max, n) or standardized (LCS max, nT, LCF max, nT) 3.1.4 C-weighted equivalent sound pressure level LCeq The equivalent C-weighted sound pressure level in a room, due to the sound produced by equipment or machinery in the building NOTE This sound pressure level is obtained from the equivalent sound pressure level in octave bands from 31,5 Hz to kHz The sound pressure levels in octave bands can also be normalized (LCeq, n) or standardized (LCeq, nT) 3.1.5 Relation between quantities The A-weighted and C-weighted quantities are all obtained from the sound pressure levels in octave bands These sound pressure levels (L) are depending on the applied time weighting, i.e "S", "F" or integration over a cycle (equivalent) The level with these various time weightings depends on the type of sound and cannot be deduced from each other in general Hence, the estimated octave band level will have to relate to the same time weighting as the specified quantity In all cases there is a direct relation between the sound pressure level (L), the normalized sound pressure level (Ln) and the standardized sound pressure level (LnT) in octave bands These relations are given by: L = Ln + 10 lg Aref dB A A T LnT = Ln + 10 lg ref ref dB 0,16 V where A is the equivalent absorption area in the room, in square metres; Aref is the reference equivalent absorption area (Aref = 10 m2), in square metre; Tref is the reference reverberation time (Tref = 0,5 s), in seconds; V is the volume of the room, in cubic metres (1a) (1b) BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Key 50 m 200 m Figure G.1 — Waterhouse correction in dB, for two rectangular, low storey height rooms The estimated sound pressure levels in accordance with this standard use the diffuse sound field theory, also at low frequencies Some studies indicate that these sound levels overestimate the measured room average at low frequencies The estimated sound pressure levels at low frequencies are thus somewhat on the safe side, with Equation G.1 giving an indication of the safety margin 62 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Annex H (informative) Guidance for the design of service equipment systems H.1 General The design of a building service equipment room, its position in the building and the building structures often have to be outlined at an early stage of planning, when no detailed data exist At this stage detailed calculations may be difficult to perform For the purpose of facilitating some decisions about the constructions, the following rules-of-thumb may be applied These are given for a ventilation system but are globally applicable also to other comparable equipment rooms (i.e heating equipment, lift, etc.) H.2 Choice of equipment It is essential that pressure and flow data of the air handling unit and the duct system are optimized with respect to sound A complicated duct system, with several bends and changes of dimensions, causes a large pressure drop and the fan must be forced to operate at a high pressure Operation at high pressure and poor air flow conditions causes high sound levels and vibrations of the ducts as well as structure borne sound As a rule of thumb, the most energy efficient mode of operation is often the most quiet as well A quiet air handling system typically includes ducts with large cross-sectional area, moderate radii of bends, airflow diffusers, spaces for pressure distribution chambers before and after the fan, and a low-pressure loss type of sound silencer It is cost-efficient to compare different types of unit and duct design, taking into account that sound emission from the unit and ducts put different requirements of sound and vibration insulation on the building construction A maintenance scheme should be included to avoid increasing sound levels when parts of the equipment not work optimally, e.g regular replacement of air filters and balancing of the power transmission line Ageing, especially if exposed to chemical or corrosive substances can impair vibration isolator’s performance, and their function should be checked regularly H.3 Location of a service equipment room and air-handling unit If possible, allocate service equipment rooms away from spaces that are sensitive to sound Small rooms for storage, WC etc may be used to decrease airborne sound transmission A large space for the equipment is preferred Locate the air-handling unit away from the slab and walls Preferably, all sides of the unit should be possible to access Put the primary sound silencer close to the airhandling unit Design the shape of ducts as to give an efficient airflow in the ducts, with a minimal loss of pressure Avoid branches and sharp bends of the principal duct if possible Ducts with rectangular section have much less sound insulation than circular Do not locate rectangular ducts close to lightweight walls or suspended ceilings but use closed shaft spaces with enough sound insulation to prevent sound transmission to other spaces Air inlets and outlets outdoors should not expose nearby buildings to excessive levels, as may be estimated according to EN 12354-4 Silencers and screens may be used to decrease the sound exposure 63 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) H.4 Airborne sound insulation of service equipment room Heavy materials, such as brick, concrete, etc are preferred for slabs and walls If lightweight double walls are used, they should be designed to ensure a fundamental resonance frequency of the double wall much below the fundamental frequencies of the air-handling unit This may be achieved with a high surface mass (e.g 3-5 layers of plaster board on each side), resilient studs or channels, a large air gap and the maximum amount of sound absorption material H.5 Structure borne sound and vibration insulation H.5.1 Heavy structure As a rule-of-thumb, the mass of the part of the slab below and close to the unit (covering approximately the surface of the unit), should exceed the mass of the air-handling unit The mass of the slab may be increased by an additional layer of concrete, or a less heavy air-handling unit may be used Typically, a slab of 220-250 mm concrete is preferred Resonance frequencies of the slab (fstructure) should be calculated with respect to the combined masses of the air handling unit and the slab, as well as the stiffness of the slab taking into account the span widths and the restraint at the supports The first resonance frequency should be higher than any rotation frequency of the air handling unit (funit), taking into account the various rotational speeds of the motor, fan, cooling compressor, pumps etc The resonance frequency of the isolators (fisol) should be even lower, approximately fisol < funit/4 Resonance frequencies must not coincide The mass of the unit may be carried differently by the stands The (mm) The deflection of weight on each stand causes a static deflection b of the isolator that equals 320 f isol the isolators should be maximized to about 25 mm for steel springs and 12 mm for rubber isolators, This corresponds to a minimum fisol of 3,6 Hz and 5,2 Hz respectively H.5.2 Lightweight structure Air handling units should not be mounted directly on floating floors, aerated concrete slabs, timber joist floors or steel plate structures The recommended practice is to build a separate structure that supports the airhandling unit, which is as stiff as possible (steel profiles with a high moment of inertia) The supports of the frames should be heavyweight walls or rigid columns that not have any stiff structural contact with other parts of the building structure Even small points of contact may cause structure borne sound in the building In some cases, it may be practical to suspend the unit elastically from the roof structure Vibration isolators are designed with a fundamental resonance frequency fisol at least times less than the resonance frequency of the structure fstructure Vibration isolators as well as the structure should be designed with as high a structural loss factor as possible The use of the structural beams as in integral part of the vibration isolation system is not recommended 64 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) H.6 Pipes and ductwork The vibrating parts of the service equipment that are suspended by external or internal vibration isolators, i.e motor, fan, pumps etcetera must not be connected to the building structure since this will increase the structure borne sound considerably Electric wiring, pipes for water supply, hydraulic hoses, ducts, etc must not be clamped directly to the building structure The clamps should be fitted with vibrations insulation material or mounted firmly to footings (e.g concrete blocks) that rest on elastic pads on the slab The elastic materials used for pads and clamps should maintain the elastic properties with respect to physical and environmental loads (i.e be resistant to moisture, alkali and organic compounds) Air outlets in rooms transmit sound differently depending on their location Air outlets located in the corners increase low frequency sound in the room The choice of air outlets should be made taking this location effect into account 65 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Annex I (informative) Calculation examples I.1 Example for a ventilation system A ventilation system serves a small offices building Figure I.1 sketches the ventilation system with the fan and its dimensions, one of the office rooms it ventilates and an enclosed space through which a duct passes The table I.1 indicates the prediction steps and input data used, largely based on data from VDI [1] and ASHREA [2] The example covers the fan noise in room h, the flow noise of the silencer c in room h., the flow noise of the air inlets in room h and the radiated sound by duct e in the surrounding enclosed space Figure I.1 – Example of a situation with a ventilation system 66 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Table I.1 — Calculation example of radiated sound into a room (h) in figure I.1; fan noise through outlet openings (grid) nr a element source quantity LW - remark/ source 63 125 250 500 63,0 64,0 65,0 +correction working point [1] 6,0 6,0 Manufacturer, centri (q=0,44 m /s; ∆P=60 Pa) fan 1000 2000 A 60,0 55,0 50,0 62 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 - b bend ∆LW [1] 0,0 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 3,0 - c silencer ∆LW s200/220; l1500; manufact 2,0 6,0 13,0 25,0 32,0 30,0 - d split ∆LW [1]; S-ratio=0,5+ bend att 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 - e duct att ∆LW [1], l = 4,0 m 3,0 0,4 0,5 0,6 1,0 1,0 - f split ∆LW annex E; S-ratio=0,34 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 - e' duct att ∆LW [1], l = 2,5 m 1,9 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,6 0,6 - 15,3 9,7 4,9 1,8 0,5 0,1 - -4,0 -4,0 -4,0 -4,0 -4,0 -4,0 - g h grid room att h ∆LW annex E.8;plane, S=350 cm 10lg 4/Α A=Aref=10 m Ln,d (g) eq.3=a'-(b+c+d+e+f+e'+g)+h 35,2 42,0 39,7 24,6 11,2 7,6 32 Ln,d (f) as (g), less duct att f 37,0 42,2 40,0 24,9 11,8 8,2 33 So the resulting A-weighted normalized sound level in the room as caused by fan noise through the two outlet openings will be 36 dB, the C-weighted level for the same frequency range is than 48 dB Taking into account also the direct field at m distance (eq 3b) gives a result that dB higher at most Table I.2 — Calculation example of radiated sound into a room (h) in figure I.1; flow noise from silencer through outlet opening (grid) nr c element source dh Quantity remark/ source 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 A LW [1]; ∆P = 50 Pa, v =5 m/s 28,0 24,0 20,0 16,0 8,0 Σ ∆LW as befor 23,9 14,1 9,4 6,5 6,8 7,4 - 4,1 9,9 10,6 9,5 1,2 -7,4 17 10lg 4/Α Ln,d (g) Since the level through one opening is only dB, this contribution can be neglected Table I.3 — Calculation example of radiated sound into a room (h) in figure I.1; flow noise by the outlet openings (grid) nr element f h quantity 63 125 250 500 manufacturer; at ca m/s 33,0 34,0 30,0 10lg 4/Α A=Aref=10 m -4,0 -4,0 Ln,d (g) eq 3=a-(b+c+d+e+f+g)+h 29,0 Ln,d (f) same as h 29,0 LW room att remark/ source 1000 2000 A 31,0 31,0 22,0 34 -4,0 -4,0 -4,0 -4,0 - 30,0 26,0 27,0 27,0 18,0 30 30,0 26,0 27,0 27,0 18,0 30 67 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) So the resulting A-weighted normalized sound level in the room as caused by flow noise at the outlet openings (two grids) will be 33 dB, the C-weighted level for the same frequency range is then 38 dB It is less than the fan noise though not negligible Table I.4 — Calculation example of radiated sound into a room (h) in Figure I.1; total sound levels due to fan, flow noise silencer and flow noise grids nr element room, total quantity remark/ source 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 A Ln,d eq with results table I.1, I.2 and I.3 40,0 45,4 43,0 32,1 30,2 21,4 37 Ld (fan) A=0,16 V/T=0,16 90/0,7 36,8 42,3 39,9 28,9 27,0 18,3 34 So the actual resulting A-weighted sound level in the room as caused by the ventilation system will be 34 dB, the corresponding C-weighted level is than 45 dB Table I.5 — Calculation example of radiated sound from duct element e in Figure I.1 nr e e element quantity remark/ source 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 A fan LW in e as befor, a - d 64,0 61,0 54,0 36,0 22,0 18,0 49 duct Rio [2] 50,0 55,0 55,0 52,0 44,0 35,0 - ∆LW eq.13; near Ø200 mm; l = m 34,0 39,0 39,0 36,0 28,0 19,0 - Ln,d eq.2 30,0 22,0 15,0 0,0 -6,0 -1,0 - Ld A=0,16 V/T=0,16 30/1,2 34,0 26,0 19,0 4,0 -2,0 3,0 16 ceiling; So the resulting A-weighted sound level in the enclosed space due to fan noise is 16 dB, the C-weighted level for the same frequency range is 34 dB I.2 Example for a whirlpool bath Figure I.1 below sketches a whirlpool bath put on the floor of a bathroom (emission room) and also fixed to a wall on one side; a certain structural power is injected to both floor and wall The floor is a 20 cm concrete floor and the wall a 10 cm concrete wall In this example, the structure borne noise transmitted diagonally into the reception room is calculated The transmission paths (2 for each power injected) are indicated in Figure I.2 – floor-wall junction length: m – source room dimensions: 3m x 4m x 2.5 m – reception room dimensions: 5m x 4m x 2.5m – floor: 200 mm concrete – wall: 100 mm concrete Figure I.2 — Example of a situation with a whirlpool bath 68 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Figure I.3 — Transmission path involved Each flanking sound pressure level Ln,s,ij is calculated according to Equation (18a) (see 4.4.1) from the corresponding installed structure borne power, adjustment term and flanking sound reduction index; (18a) reduces to: Ln,s,ij = LWs,inst,i – Dsa,i – Rij – Laboratory measurement of the whirlpool bath (prEN 15657-1) In the laboratory, the whirlpool bath is mounted in a three plate test rig, leading to three characteristic reception plate power component LWs,n,i (power corrected with respect to a 10 cm concrete plate of -6 characteristic mobility Y∞,rec = 10 m/Ns) Laboratory results are given in third octave band Installed structure borne sound power In the example, the whirlpool bath is only connected to the floor (index 1) and on one side to the wall (index 2); so only power components are considered here Each installed power LWs,inst,i is calculated according to: LWs,inst,i = LWs,n,i + 10 lg Y∞ , i Y∞ ,rec where Y∞,i is the characteristic mobility of the receiver (floor or wall) and calculated according to prEN 15657-1 -6 -6 In the configuration studied, Y∞,2 = 10 m/Ns for the wall and Y∞,1 = 1.25 10 m/Ns for the floor Adjustment term The adjustment term is calculated for each receiver (floor and wall) according to Equation (20b) (see 4.4.4) 20b can be re written as: Dsa,i = 10 lgηi – Ri + 10 lg(2πf.mi/ρc) – 10 lgσi where ηi is the loss factor of the receiver and Ri its sound reduction index 69 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Flanking sound reduction index The four flanking sound reduction index Rij are calculated according to EN 12354-1 Tables I.6a and I.6b give the detailed calculation in octave bands of the sound pressure level generated in the reception room by the floor and the wall power component respectively; Table I.7 give the total sound level generated Table I.6a — Normalized sound pressure level Ln,s,1 generated in the reception room by the floor power component element quantity 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 Lwsn,1 67,6 67,3 64,4 48,4 42,5 41,3 Source (installed) Lwsn,inst,1 61,6 61,3 58,4 42,4 36,5 35,3 Loss factor 10 lg η -11,5 -12,5 -13,5 -14,5 -15,5 -16,5 R 42,2 41,4 49,3 57,7 63,9 71,7 10 lg σ -1,0 0,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Adjustment term Ds,a -26,1 -24,8 -30,3 -36,6 -40,8 -46,6 Rij (flanking), EN 12354-1 R11 48,4 48,9 57,3 66,2 72,9 81,2 R12 48,0 48,9 56,8 65,6 72,4 80,6 Ln,s,11 35,4 33,3 27,4 8,8 0,4 -3,3 22 Ln,s,12 35,8 33,2 27,8 9,4 0,9 -2,7 22 Ln,s 38,6 36,3 30,6 12,2 3,7 0,0 25 Source (laboratory) R index Radiation efficiency Normalized sound pressure level A Table I.6b — Normalized sound pressure level Ln,s,2 generated in the reception room by the wall power component element quantity 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 Lwsn,2 54,6 55,6 56,1 38,8 31,2 32,0 Source (installed) Lwsn inst,2 54,6 55,6 56,1 38,8 31,2 32,0 Loss factor 10 lg η -11,5 -12,5 -13,5 -14,5 -15,5 -16,5 R 37,9 36,6 44,2 52,2 58,2 66,2 10 lg σ -8,0 -3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Adjustment term Ds,a -17,9 -19,5 -28,1 -34,1 -38,1 -44,1 Rij (flanking), EN 12354-1 R21 47,5 48,9 56,8 65,6 72,4 80,6 R22 47,7 48,7 56,4 64,9 72,0 80,0 Ln,s,21 21,0 22,2 23,4 3,4 -7,1 -8,5 16 Ln,s,22 20,8 22,5 23,8 4,0 -6,7 -7,9 16 Ln,s 23,9 25,4 26,6 6,7 -3,9 -5,2 19 Source (laboratory) R index Radiation efficiency Normalized sound pressure level 70 A BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Table I.7 — Normalized total sound pressure level Ln,s generated in the reception room by the whirlpool bath normalized sound pressure level 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 A Ln,s 39 36 31 12 25 Ln,s 24 25 27 -4 -5 19 Ln,s total 39 37 32 13 26 So the A-weighted normalized sound level in the reception room as caused by the whirlpool bath will be 26 dB I.3 Example for a sanitary system Figure I.4 gives a building situation with a receiving room diagonally below a bathroom with a flushing cistern in a pre-wall installation system with connecting elements both to the wall and to the floor Also the considered structure-borne sound transmission paths are indicated source room - 4.52 m x 3.40 m, height 3.0 m, receiving room - 4.52 m x 4.50 m, height 2.75 m; floor/ceiling: 180 mm reinforced concrete, ρ = 2300 kg/m³, m’ = 414 kg/m²; installation wall (separating wall) and wall at the room below: 100 mm gypsum blocks, ρ = 920 kg/m³, m’ = 92 kg/m², rigidly connected to surrounding structures without resilient material; other flanking walls: 240 mm calcium-silicate bricks, ρ = 2000 kg/m³, m’ = 490 kg/m², with lining; these walls are further disregarded Figure I.4 — Example of building situation with sanitary equipment in source room; in source room wall excited by wall contacts and floor by floor contacts of pre-wall toilet system with flushing cistern The applied data of the source has been gained by measurements by means of the reception plate method according to prEN 15657-1 The excitation spectrum used for prediction is a maximum sound power spectrum The spectrum was obtained by recording the complete flushing process (55 seconds) with short-time Leq’s and finding the maximum sound power within these time records for each 1/3 octave band (worst case situation for all frequency bands and all time intervals) The measured power levels and the derived source quantities are presented in Table I.8 71 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Table I.8 — Structure-borne sound power levels of source (measured following prEN 15657-1, as installed in the building and characteristic level as in EN 12354-5); in octave bands and A-weighted quantity LW,s; wall Lw,installed Lw,sc LW,s; floor Lw,installed Lw,sc remark/ source measured +10lg Ywall/Yplate +10lg Ysource/Yplate measured +10lg Ywall/Yplate +10lg Ysource/Yplate data 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 A -6 61,7 59,8 47,2 44,9 38,8 27,2 48 -6 68,2 66,3 53,7 51,5 45,4 33,7 54 -3 84,4 82,5 69,9 67,6 61,6 49,9 70 -6 57,4 56,2 44,0 42,4 34,9 28,9 44 -6 52,3 51,1 38,9 37,3 29,8 23,8 39 -3 80,1 78,9 66,7 65,1 57,6 51,6 67 Yplate= 5,34 10 m/Ns Ywall =24,1 10 m/Ns Ysource =1,0 10 m/Ns Yplate= 5,34 10 m/Ns Yfloor =1,65 10 m/Ns Ysource =1,0 10 m/Ns The resulting sound pressure levels are calculated separately for the two transmission path for wall and floor excitation each and presented in Table I.9 Table I.9 — Resulting structure-borne sound levels for the situation in Figure I.5 and the source data as in Table I.8 quantity LWsc,wall Dc,wall Dsa,wall Rij,ref remark/ source data 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 A 84,4 82,5 69,9 67,6 61,6 49,9 70 16,2 16,2 16,2 16,2 16,2 16,2 -13,6 -17,3 -17,4 -20,0 -26,9 -32,9 43,0 46,0 50,2 54,7 64,6 73,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 Aref = 10 m 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 33,8 32,6 15,9 11,7 2,6 -11,4 wall excitation wall wall wall>floor; EN12354-1 10lg(Si/Sref) -6 Ywall =24,1 10 m/Ns eq 20b, m'= 92 kg/m 2 Sref = 10 m Si = 12,8 m 2 10lg(Aref/4) Ln,s,ij ij=path wall>floor eq.18 Rij,ref wall>wall; EN12354-1 Sref = 10 m 37,0 41,2 35,9 37,7 49,0 57,8 Ln,s,ij ij= path wall>wall eq.18 39,8 37,4 30,1 28,7 18,3 3,8 29 LWsc,floor floor excitation 80,1 78,9 66,7 65,1 57,6 51,6 67 27,8 27,8 27,8 27,8 27,8 27,8 -15,5 -19,4 -26,7 -33,2 -39,1 -44,8 42,4 45,9 50,1 54,7 64,6 73,0 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9 Aref = 10 m 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 19,5 18,7 9,7 9,9 -1,5 -10,3 Dc,floor Dsa,floor Rij,ref floor floor floor>floor; EN12354-1 10lg(Si/Sref) -6 Yfloor =1,65 10 m/Ns eq 20b, m'=414 kg/m Sref = 10 m Si = 15,4 m 2 10lg(Aref/4) 18 Ln,s,ij ij =path floor>floor eq.18 Rij,ref floor>wall; EN12354-1 Sref = 10 m 29,1 32,3 43,7 53,5 62,1 70,1 Ln,s,ij ij = path floor>wall eq.18 32,8 32,3 16,1 11,1 1,0 -7,4 18 eq.17 41,4 39,6 30,5 28,9 18,5 4,4 29 Ln,s total So the A-weighted normalized sound level in the reception room as caused by the flushing cistern will be 29 dB 72 10 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) Bibliography [1] VDI 2081, Sound production and reduction in ventilation systems (in German: Geräuscherzeugung und Lärmminderung in Raumlufttechnischen Anlagen), VDI, 2000 [2] 2003 ASHRAE Handbook – Heating, Ventilating and Air-conditioning Applications, chapter 47, Sound and vibration control, ASHREA, 2003 [3] ARI-standard 885, Procedures for estimating occupied space sound levels in the application of air terminals and air outlets, 1998 [4] EN 12828, Heating systems in building – Design for water-based heating systems [5] C Simmons, Measurement of Noise from Radiator Valves in the laboratory – A Proposal for a New Nordtest Method, SP Report 1996:31 [6] VDI 2566, Part 1: Acoustical design for lifts with a machine room; Part 2: Acoustical design for lifts without a machine room, VDI, 2001/2004 [7] T Alber, M Yankonis, HM Fischer and BM Gibbs, A new method to describe valve noise, CFA/DAGA Strasbourg, 2004 [8] M Späh, HM Fischer and BM Gibbs, Measurement of structure-borne sound power of mechanical installations, CFA/DAGA Strasbourg, 2004 [9] M Villot, Structure-borne sound from waste water installations in buildings, Proceedings Int Congress on Sound and Vibration Stockholm, 2003 [10] GS Jagt, van der, Modelling of structure-borne sound transmission in pipe systems to building structures - a Framework, Proceedings Internoise Nice, 2000 [11] PH Heringa, e.a., Structure-borne sound from domestic appliances – Characterisation of emission and transmission, Internoise Aignon, 1988 [12] VDI 2715, Noise reduction at domestic hot water and central heating systems, VDI, 2000 [13] M Villot and C Guigou-Carter, Airborne sound insulation; case of a small airborne sound source close to a wall, ICA Kyoto Japan, 2004, Proceedings [14] JW Verheij, Multi-path sound transfer from resiliently mounted shipboard machinery, PhD Thesis, TNO TPD Delft, 1982 [15] AT Moorhouse, On the characteristic power of structure-borne sound sources, J of Sound and Vibration 248 (2001), 441-459 [16] T Hiramatsu, e.a., Studies on the reference vibration source to be used for the determination of vibromotive force of machinery by the reception plate method, Internoise Avignon, 1988 [17] E Gerretsen, Modelling structure-borne sound from equipment in buildings – current developments in EN 12354-5, Proc ICA 2004, Kyoto, 2683-2686 [18] K-J, Buhlert, J Feldmann, A measuring procedure for determining structure-borne sound and its transmission, Acustica 42 (1979), 108-113 [19] VDI 3733, Noise at pipes, VDI, 1996 73 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) [20] WB Marx Wöhle, Structural sound transmission in buildings – Comparison of experimentally observed values and theoretically evaluated values using the SEA method (in German), Acustica 72 (1990), 258-268 [21] Robert JM Craik, Sound transmission through Buildings using Statistical Energy Analysis, Gower Publishing Ltd, Hamshire, Vermont, 1996 [22] LM Cremer, EE Heckl, Ungar, Structure-borne sound, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988 [23] E Gerretsen, Calculation of airborne and impact sound insulation between dwellings, Applied Acoustics 19 (1986), 245-264 [24] BAT Petersson, Structural acoustic power transmission by point moment and force excitation, part II: plate-like structures, J of Sound&Vibration 160 (1993), 67-91 [25] D Lubman, Precision of reverberant sound power measurements, JASA 56 (1974), 523-533 [26] C Simmons, Measurements of sound pressure levels at low frequencies in rooms – Comparison of available methods and standards with respect to microphone positions, Acta Acustica 85 (1999), 88100 [27] M Vorländer, Revised relation between the sound power and the average sound pressure level in rooms and consequences for acoustic measurements, Acustica 81 (1995), 332-343 [28] RV Waterhouse, Interference patterns in reverberant sound fields, JASA 27 (1955), 247-258 [29] EN 1151-2, Pumps — Rotodynamic pumps Circulation pumps having a rated power input not exceeding 200 W for heating installations and domestic hot water installations Part 2: Noise test code (vibro-acoustics) for measuring structure- and fluid-borne noise [30] EN 12354-6:2003, Building acoustics Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements Part 6: Sound absorption in enclosed spaces [31] EN 13141-3, Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residential ventilation Part 3: Range hoods for residential use [32] EN 13141-5, Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residential ventilation Part 5: Cowls and roof outlet terminal devices [33] EN 13141-6, Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residential ventilation Part 6: Exhaust ventilation system packages used in a single dwelling [34] EN 13141-7, Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residential ventilation Part 7: Performance testing of a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation units (including heat recovery) for mechanical ventilation systems intended for single family dwellings [35] ISO 5135, Acoustics Determination of sound power levels of noise from air-terminal devices, airterminal units, dampers and valves by measurements in a reverberation room [36] ISO 9611, Acoustics Characterization of sources of structure-borne sound with respect to sound radiation from connected structures Measurement of velocity at the contact points of machinery when resiliently mounted [37] EN ISO 11546-1, Acoustics Determination of sound insulation performances of enclosures Part 1: Measurements under laboratory conditions (for declaration purposes) (ISO 11546-1:1995) [38] EN 14366:2004, Laboratory measurement of noise from waste water installations 74 BS EN 12354-5:2009 EN 12354-5:2009 (E) [39] prEN 15657-1, Acoustic properties of building elements and of buildings Laboratory measurement of airborne and structure-borne sound from service equipment Part 1: Simplified cases where the equipment mobilities are much higher than the receiver mobilities, taking wirlpool baths as an example [40] EN 13141-4, Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residential ventilation Part 4: Fans used in residential ventilation systems [41] EN ISO 16032, Acoustics Measurement of sound pressure level from service equipment in buildings Engineering method (ISO 16032:2004) [42] EN ISO 5136, Acoustics Determination of sound power radiated into a duct by fans and other airmoving devices In-duct method (ISO 5136:2003) 75 BS EN 12354-5:2009 BSI - British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level 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