BS EN 1918-4:2016 BSI Standards Publication Gas infrastructure — Underground gas storage Part 4: Functional recommendations for storage in rock caverns BS EN 1918-4:2016 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1918-4:2016 It supersedes BS EN 1918-4:1998 which is withdrawn The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee GSE/33, Gas supply A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © The British Standards Institution 2016 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 580 86102 ICS 75.200 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2016 Amendments issued since publication Date Text affected BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM March 2016 ICS 75.200 Supersedes EN 1918-4:1998 English Version Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 4: Functional recommendations for storage in rock caverns Infrastructures gazières - Stockage souterrain de gaz Partie 4: Recommandations fonctionnelles pour le stockage en cavités minées Gasinfrastruktur - Untertagespeicherung von Gas - Teil 4: Funktionale Empfehlungen für die Speicherung in Felskavernen This European Standard was approved by CEN on January 2016 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 1918-4:2016 E BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) Contents Page European foreword Scope Normative references 3.1 3.2 Terms and definitions Terms and definitions common to parts to of EN 1918 Terms and definitions not common to parts to of EN 1918 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 General requirements 10 General 10 Underground gas storage 10 Long-term containment of stored products 15 Environmental conservation 16 Safety 16 Monitoring 16 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Design 16 Design principles 16 Geological exploration 18 Stored product containment 19 Determination of the maximum operating pressure (MOP) 19 Cavern stability 20 Construction parameters 21 Concrete plug specifications 21 Connecting caverns to surface 21 Monitoring systems 24 Neighbouring subsurface activities 24 Construction 25 7.1 7.2 Testing and commissioning 26 General 26 First gas filling 27 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Operation, monitoring and maintenance 27 Operating principles 27 Monitoring 27 Maintenance 28 HSE 28 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Abandonment 29 General 29 Withdrawing the fluid 29 Plugging and abandonment of wells and accesses 29 Surface facilities 30 Monitoring 30 Annex A (informative) Non-exhaustive list of relevant standards 31 Annex B (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous version EN 1918-4:1998 33 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) European foreword This document (EN 1918-4:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 234 “Gas infrastructure”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2016 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document supersedes EN 1918-4:1998 This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association For a list of significant technical changes between this European Standard and EN 1918-4:1998, see Annex B This document is Part of a European Standard on “Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage” which includes the following five parts: — Part 1: Functional recommendations for storage in aquifers; — Part 2: Functional recommendations for storage in oil and gas fields; — Part 3: Functional recommendations for storage in solution-mined salt cavities; — Part 4: Functional recommendations for storage in rock caverns; — Part 5: Functional recommendations for surface facilities Directive 2009/73/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and the related Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks also aim at technical safety including technical reliability of the European gas system These aspects are also in the scope of CEN/TC 234 standardization In this respect, CEN/TC 234 evaluated the indicated EU legislation and amended this technical standard accordingly, where required and appropriate According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) Scope This European Standard covers the functional recommendations for design, construction, testing, commissioning, operation, maintenance and abandonment of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities in mined rock caverns up to and including the wellhead This European Standard does not cover the technology of lined rock NOTE Even if not covered in this standard, the lined rock is an available technology This European Standard specifies practices which are safe and environmentally acceptable For necessary surface facilities for underground gas storage, EN 1918-5 applies In this context, "gas" is any hydrocarbon fuel: — which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 °C and under a pressure of 0,1 MPa (this includes natural gas, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) The stored product is also named fluid); — which meets specific quality requirements in order to maintain underground storage integrity, performance, environmental compatibility and fulfils contractual requirements This European Standard specifies common basic principles for underground gas storage facilities Users of this European Standard should be aware that more detailed standards and/or codes of practice exist A non-exhaustive list of relevant standards can be found in Annex A This European Standard is intended to be applied in association with these national standards and/or codes of practice and does not replace them In the event of conflicts in terms of more restrictive requirements in the national legislation/regulation with the requirements of this European Standard, the national legislation/regulation takes precedence as illustrated in CEN/TR 13737 (all parts) NOTE CEN/TR 13737 (all parts) contains: — clarification of relevant legislation/regulations applicable in a country; — national contact point for the latest information — if appropriate, more restrictive national requirements; This European Standard is not intended to be applied retrospectively to existing facilities Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 1918-5, Gas infrastructure - Underground gas storage - Part 5: Functional recommendations for surface facilities BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) Terms and definitions 3.1 Terms and definitions common to parts to of EN 1918 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply They are common to parts to of EN 1918 3.1.1 abandoned well well permanently out of operation and permanently plugged including removed surface facilities 3.1.2 annulus space between two strings of pipes or between the casing and the borehole 3.1.3 aquifer reservoir, group of reservoirs, or a part thereof that is fully water-bearing and displaying differing permeability/porosity 3.1.4 auxiliary well well completed for other purposes than gas injection/withdrawal, e.g water disposal 3.1.5 casing pipe or set of pipes that are screwed or welded together to form a string which is placed in the borehole for the purpose of supporting the borehole and to act as a barrier preventing subsurface migration of fluids when the annulus between it and the borehole has been cemented and to connect the storage reservoir respectively cavern to surface 3.1.6 casing shoe bottom end of a casing 3.1.7 cementing operation whereby usually a cement slurry is pumped and circulated down a cementation string within the casing and then upwards into the annulus between the casing and the open or cased hole 3.1.8 completion technical equipment inside the last cemented casing of a well 3.1.9 containment capability of the storage reservoir or cavern and the storage wells to resist leakage or migration of the fluids contained therein Note to entry: This is also known as the integrity of a storage facility BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 3.1.10 core sample sample of rock taken during coring operation in order, e.g to determine various parameters by laboratory testing and/or for a geological description 3.1.11 cushion gas volume gas volume required in a storage for reservoir management purpose and to maintain an adequate minimum storage pressure for meeting working gas volume delivery with a required withdrawal profile and in addition in caverns also for stability reasons Note to entry: The cushion gas volume of storages in oil and gas fields may consist of recoverable and nonrecoverable in-situ gas volumes and/or injected gas volumes 3.1.12 drilling all technical activities connected with the construction of a well 3.1.13 exploration all technical activities connected with the investigation of potential storage locations for the assessment of storage feasibility and derivation of design parameters 3.1.14 formation body of rock mass characterized by a degree of homogeneous lithology which forms an identifiable geologic unit 3.1.15 gas injection gas delivery from gas transport system into the reservoir/cavern through surface facilities and wells 3.1.16 gas inventory total of working and cushion gas volumes contained in UGS 3.1.17 gas withdrawal gas delivery from the reservoir / cavern through wells and surface facilities to gas transport system 3.1.18 geological modelling generating the image of a structure from the information gathered 3.1.19 indicator horizon horizon overlying the caprock in the storage area and used for monitoring 3.1.20 landing nipple device in a tubing string with an internal profile to provide for latching and sealing various types of plugs or valves BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 3.1.21 liner casing installed within last cemented casing in the lowermost section of the well without extension to surface 3.1.22 lithology characteristics of rocks based on description of colour, rock fabrics, mineral composition, grain characteristics, and crystallization 3.1.23 logging measurement of physical parameters versus depth in a well 3.1.24 master valve valve at the wellhead designed to close off the well for operational reasons and in case of emergency or maintenance 3.1.25 maximum operating pressure MOP maximum pressure of the storage reservoir or cavern, normally at maximum inventory of gas in storage, which has not to be exceeded in order to ensure the integrity of the UGS and is based on the outcome of geological/technical engineering and is approved by authorities Note to entry: The maximum operating pressure is related to a datum depth and in caverns usually to the casing shoe of the last cemented casing 3.1.26 minimum operating pressure minimum pressure of the storage reservoir or cavern, normally reached at the end of the decline phase of the withdrawal profile and for caverns is based on geomechanical investigations to ensure stability and limit the effect of subsidence and normally has to be approved by authorities and has not to be underrun Note to entry: The minimum pressure is related to a datum depth 3.1.27 monitoring well observation well well for purposes of monitoring the storage horizon and/or overlying or underlying horizons for subsurface phenomena such as pressure fluctuation, fluid flow and qualities, temperature, etc 3.1.28 operating well well used for gas withdrawal and/or injection 3.1.29 overburden all sediments or rock that overlie a geological formation BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 3.1.30 permeability capacity of a rock to allow fluids to flow through its pores Note to entry: m2 Permeability is usually expressed in Darcy In the SI Unit system permeability is measured in 3.1.31 porosity volume of the pore space (voids) within a rock formation expressed as a percentage of its total volume 3.1.32 reservoir porous and permeable (in some cases naturally fractured) formation having area- and depth-related boundaries based on physical and geological factors Note to entry: It contains fluids which are internally in pressure communication 3.1.33 saturation percentages of pore space occupied by fluids 3.1.34 seismic technology technology to characterize the subsurface image with respect to extent, geometry, fault pattern and fluid content applying acoustic waves, impressed by sources near to surface in the subsurface strata, which pass through strata with different seismic responses and filtering effects back to surface where they are recorded and analysed 3.1.35 string entity of casing or tubing plus additional equipment, screwed or welded together as parts of a well respectively completion 3.1.36 subsurface safety valve valve installed in casing and/or tubing beneath the wellhead or the lower end of the tubing for the purpose of stopping the flow of gas in case of emergency 3.1.37 tubing pipe or set of pipes that are screwed or welded together to form a string, through which fluids are injected or withdrawn or which can be used for monitoring 3.1.38 well borehole and its technical equipment including the wellhead 3.1.39 well integrity well condition without uncontrolled release of fluids throughout the life cycle BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) Key product inlet line product outlet line seepage water removal line instrumentation line vent line ground level water table Figure — Fail safe valves in lines between LPG cavern and surface installations Casing/tubing completions connecting the LPG caverns to the surface may include: — inlet lines; — outlet lines; — instrumentation lines; — seepage water removal lines; 22 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) — vent line(s) Casings in operating shafts shall be tightly embedded in a concrete plug poured near the rock cavern roof Before operation, the shaft shall be flooded with water Gas shall not be allowed inside the operating shaft NOTE This applies even in steel-lined operating shafts The casings shall be protected against corrosion For casing strings in boreholes: — the boreholes shall be equipped with permanent casings; — a sufficient number of casing strings shall be set to avoid uncontrolled fluid movements into or from the well; — the grades of casing materials shall be selected to ensure that pressure integrity is maintained under MOP; — fluid movements behind the casings shall be prevented by appropriate cementing of the casing strings Special attention should be given to cementing techniques to minimize voids, channelling and micro-annuli Devices and procedures shall be provided to pull safely the equipment and the tubing installed in the casings for maintenance purposes The wellhead shall be located so that any inadmissible impact on the environment is prevented Safety distances to habitation or critical neighbouring points shall be defined for normal operations and emergency A well is built up by a set of casing strings cemented in the annulus between the casing and the formation The last cemented inner casing string, of wells likely to be in contact with gas, should be provided with gastight connections By the installation of cemented casings, sensitive formations such as fresh water horizons and unstable layers are protected and tightness is provided between water bearing horizons, hydrocarbon formations and the storage horizon Sufficient casing strings shall be set to avoid uncontrolled fluid movements into the well during the drilling operation A casing shall be installed and cemented on either the storage caprock or a leak tight formation separating the storage horizon from overlaying aquifers and/or oil and gas fields In certain cases, a liner installation may has to be installed in the lowermost interval of the well without a surface casing The program for the casing scheme and the cementation shall be planned and carried out so that there is no impact on upper fresh ground water horizons The diameter of the casings shall be selected to meet withdrawal/injection requirements The grades of the casings shall be selected to ensure that pressure integrity is maintained under the permitted operating conditions Design and safety factors for collapse, burst, tension and compression of casings should be applied according to relevant standards Casings should be manufactured, inspected and tested in accordance with relevant standards and recommendations Casing strings shall be cemented to prevent fluid movements behind them Particular attention should be paid to cementing techniques which minimize voids, channelling and micro annuli Cement bonding to both the casing string and the strata should be investigated The design shall prepare for pressure testing of the casing and the casing shoe of the last cemented casing string, if applicable may be pressure tested after installation 23 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) Suitable technical measures for preventing corrosion of the last cemented casing should be considered if the subsurface environment is likely to cause corrosion If necessary, the withdrawn fluid may be treated for water removal (by coalescer and/or drier) When filling, the product is adequately treated (e.g heated for LPG) to prevent formation of ice or hydrate plugs in the flow lines and tubing strings The seepage water is treated to remove dissolved gas and disposed of in compliance with local safety and environmental requirements 5.9 Monitoring systems Essential parameters such as cavern pressure and temperature and product level shall be measured using two independent instrument systems The two systems should be based on different physical principles Continuous evaluation of water and gas balance in caverns for CNG storage should be performed A hydrogeological and groundwater quality monitoring system will be installed for checking the containment of stored products and preventing any detrimental disturbance of the initial hydrogeological conditions A seismic monitoring of the storage cavern should be installed for checking on permanent basis the stability of the storage galleries during operation Automatic interlocks shall be specified after a detailed review of operation and emergency scenarios, which may be supported for instance by a hazard and operability study (HAZOP) Alarms shall be set on high pressure and, for LPG, on high and low liquid product level in the cavern These alarms should be generated by the independent instrument systems The storage facility shall be equipped with fail-safe devices that operate automatically in case of unauthorized operation of the facility or emergency The safety principle applied to wellheads and subsurface completions is that actuated wellhead valves and the subsurface safety valves (if fitted) shall close in the event of: — failure of the wellhead control panel; — site emergency shut-down system actuated either remotely or at the wellhead; — unauthorized operating conditions at the wellhead or in the cavern; — excessive pressure in the cavern; — excessive (too high or too low) product level in the cavern After emergency closure of the shut-down valves, it shall not be possible to re-open the valves from the control room 5.10 Neighbouring subsurface activities The design, construction and monitoring of any proposed storage facility shall take into account all neighbouring subsurface activities, past or present, such as oil or gas reservoirs and fresh water aquifers, mining activities and other underground storage facilities The operations of any proposed storage facility and those of neighbouring subsurface activities shall be compatible with each other 24 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) All available information necessary to evaluate the potential impact of a planned storage facility on neighbouring subsurface activities shall be used The distance between adjacent caverns shall be chosen to ensure structural stability and product containment and prevent the migration of stored products from one cavern at operating pressure to an adjacent cavern at atmospheric pressure The hydrogeological protection perimeters around the storage caverns restricting drilling or underground works in the protected area shall be defined Construction Construction shall be based on adequate procedures and performed by skilled personnel Employees and contractors shall be informed about the local safety and environmental circumstances and instructed to comply with the safety rules and environmental requirements The design criteria and options shall be confirmed or adapted to the actual conditions encountered during excavation The water table shall be permanently monitored by a network of observation wells (piezometers) installed to monitor the integrity of the groundwater table in the vicinity of the caverns The facility construction shall use proven technology for each of the various construction activities involved A reporting system shall be set up Groundwater inflow shall be controlled Precautions shall be taken to prevent loss of saturation of the surrounding formation, or excessive drop in the water table during the construction phase This will impose that water curtain boreholes (if any) be injected with water prior to excavating the cavern galleries The design shape of the excavation shall be adhered to When blasting techniques are used, their application shall minimize fracturing of the rock around the storage caverns or adjacent formations, The induced level of vibration shall be monitored The discharge of all wastes, solids and fluids shall be controlled during excavation The excavated muck and products used during the excavation works (e.g cement admixtures) shall not contaminate groundwater At the end of excavation, the cavern volume shall be measured When the lines are installed in operating boreholes: — the boreholes shall be drilled in accordance with oil and gas drilling practice; — the casings shall be fabricated, inspected and tested in accordance with standards and recommendations; — cement bonding to both casing and the strata shall be monitored All relevant data concerning the design and the construction aspects of the underground storage facility shall be documented and made available to the owner and the operator of the storage facility, especially: — as-built drawings of the cavern galleries, shafts and other access drifts; — strapping of the storage galleries, volumetric measurements; 25 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) — geological, geotechnical and hydrogeological synthesis report at end of construction including final mapping and monitoring data history; — concrete (plugs, cavern floor, etc.) works final report; — grouting works final report; — cavern and shaft equipment final report, including namely completion works report, final drawings, material and test documentation; — wellhead equipment final report; — commissioning and start-up report; — maximum working pressure in reference to the acceptance test pressure of the storage cavern; — minimum working pressure related to rock cavern stability; — storage cavern operation procedures, including namely maintenance management systems, risks assessments and abnormal events management plan Testing and commissioning 7.1 General Testing and commissioning shall be based on written procedures and performed by skilled personnel In general, after construction, an LPG storage cavern shall be filled with compressed air or inert gas to a test pressure exceeding the MOP to demonstrate gas tightness The test pressure shall not jeopardize the ability of the groundwater level' to maintain the hydraulic containment When several caverns are involved, each cavern shall be pressurized in turn, the other caverns being kept at atmospheric pressure A test report shall be issued All relevant data concerning the tests (such as test records or quality assurance documentation) should be made available to the owner and to the operator of the storage facility For CNG cavern for which air test could be difficult to be performed due to high pressures and relatively high capacity storage, an alternative methodology could be considered and applied after construction and inertization of the storage cavern atmosphere provided this methodology is approved by local regulatory bodies and a proper monitoring system is installed in the near field of the cavern During an initial "test operating period", a storage pressure increasing program should be defined and applied for a progressive reasonable validation of the MOP For mined cavern storage, the Acceptance Test program should at least include: — a specific monitoring system and procedure, aiming at preventing any adverse evolution of the product containment conditions; — a specific acceptance tests procedure carried out during dedicated pressure stabilization phases; — 26 a definition of countermeasures in case of failure BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) 7.2 First gas filling The first filling shall take place only after successful completion of the air pressure test During the first LPG filling, the part of the caverns where the product is in the vapour phase shall not lead to any explosive mixture with air As well for CNG storage cavern, during the first gas injection the whole cavern space shall not lead to any explosive mixture with air For that purpose, a preliminary injection of inert gas is performed Operation, monitoring and maintenance 8.1 Operating principles Operation of these facilities shall conform to written operating instructions and safety procedures These shall cover start-up, normal operations, emergency conditions, shut-down and maintenance operations The management should employ operating staff of suitable number, ability and experience The management shall ensure that staff is trained to carry out their duties in a safe manner Safety training shall be given and updated as necessary Safety audits shall be conducted on a regular basis 8.2 Monitoring 8.2.1 Operating parameters The operating pressure of each cavern shall be measured continuously at the wellhead or downhole For pressure measurement at the wellhead, the pressure differential between the wellhead pressure and the pressure in the cavern shall be calculated The MOP shall not be exceeded For LPG, wellhead pressure, product level, water level, stock and operating status of each cavern shall be monitored For CNG caverns, the maximum flowrate should be limited The value should take into account the flow velocity in the surface and subsurface installations considering the rock mechanical and thermodynamic limitations 8.2.2 Inventory All gaseous and/or liquid products injected into or withdrawn from the storage facility shall be metered The measurements shall be counterchecked by means of the product level measurement in the cavern The operator of the storage facility shall investigate any losses or gains in inventory and the reasons for the variations Should the losses be due to migration of the stored hydrocarbon, the operator shall undertake a study to review the integrity of the storage system and the impact, if any, beyond the boundaries of the facility 8.2.3 Cavern stability, product containment, corrosion monitoring Monitoring shall be carried out throughout the operational life of the facility to demonstrate cavern stability and successful hydrodynamic containment 27 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) The monitoring program may include: — monitoring of the hydraulic flow pattern around the caverns by means of groundwater level measurements, piezometers and/or pressure cells, seepage water flow rate metering, etc.; — assessment of cavern stability by seismic monitoring; — water quality follow-up procedures by regular sampling and analysis; — corrosion monitoring, including periodic casing evaluation surveys 8.3 Maintenance The operator of the storage facility shall: — have written maintenance procedures, including procedures for downhole maintenance; — maintain the gas storage facilities in compliance with such procedures; — keep records necessary to administer such procedures; — update such procedures as experience dictates and as changes in operating conditions require A routine inspection and maintenance schedule for surface and subsurface safety equipment shall be prepared All safety devices shall be periodically checked to ensure that they function properly Periodic instrumentation calibration checks shall be carried out, at a frequency depending upon the required accuracy Special attention should be paid to gas detectors, gauged measurement equipment and cavern level instruments, which can be used to cross-check each other 8.4 HSE 8.4.1 HSE management The operator shall implement, within a reasonable time prior to start-up of the facility, a Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) management system in accordance with applicable directives in force It shall demonstrate that the operator takes all possible measures necessary to limit risks The HSE management system shall include operator’s Health, Safety, Security and Environmental (HSSE) requirements, rules, and regulations It will provide a manual and procedures with the objective to accomplish operator’s HSSE performance standards Subject manuals and procedures shall be auditable The HSE manual shall provide a structured collection of guidelines on HSE matters in all areas of underground gas storage by the storage facility operator It covers but is not limited to the following topics: HSE management systems, HSE management in business and hazards and effects management tools & techniques 8.4.2 Emergency procedures The operator of the storage facility shall include emergency procedures in its HSE management system, which shall include but not be limited to: — established emergency procedures, including procedures for the safe operation or the shut-down of the storage facility or parts thereof, in the event of a failure or other emergency, and safety procedures for personnel at emergency site; 28 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) — documented emergency procedures to deal with fluid releases, including mitigation of the release, notification and protection of operating personnel, documentation for notification and protection of the public in accordance with national regulation, and communications with community and regulatory bodies; — audit and test procedures for operating personnel at frequencies determined by factors such as condition of the system and/or population density; — a document system for audit and test results and recommendations Abandonment 9.1 General The definitive closure and abandonment including restoration of the surface area of a storage plant shall be considered for each location, with special attention paid to long term integrity In the case of the abandonment of one or few caverns during operation, similar procedures shall be applied In individual cases, part of the infrastructure may be reused for another purpose but in the present standard, only definitive abandonment will be considered Moreover, the definitive closure shall be considered separately for each cavern The studies and measurements shall prove the safety of the condition left after abandonment A specific abandonment plan shall be prepared Plugging of wells is done as to durably ensure the mechanical stability of rock formation and the conservation of tightness between the major aquifers from bottom to surface A long time simulation shall be conducted to assess and prove the structural stability of the cavern to be abandoned The abandonment of a storage comprises as a minimum: — withdrawing the recoverable fluids from the cavern; — plugging and abandonment of wells and accesses; — dismantling surface facilities; — monitoring Total abandonment program has to be confirmed by relevant authorities All operations comprised in the abandonment process shall be properly documented 9.2 Withdrawing the fluid Water is injected into the cavern and the inventory is withdrawn The cavern is flooded and remains filled with water Near static equilibrium shall be reached before plugging the connections to the cavern Water quality in the cavern shall meet the pre-required specification before plugging the connections to the cavern 9.3 Plugging and abandonment of wells and accesses For the abandonment of a cavern usually the completion and finally the wellhead is removed 29 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) Integrity of casing and tightness against formation are investigated and repaired if needed to protect relevant horizons If long time stability is confirmed, plugging the well and shaft is usually done by packer and/or cement jobs and plugging materials which demonstrate its long term tightness Plugs shall be designed and positioned properly to overcome any failure of long-term casing integrity in ensuring tightness between aquifers Special attention is to be paid on the lowest plug taking into account in particular the final pressure of the cavern The abandonment of the well is concluded by cutting the remaining casings below the surface The shaft has to be removed completely near the surface Subsequently, wells are sealed by a solid patch welded on their top and shafts are sealed by a concrete floor plate The reference of the well is branded on the patch mentioning well name and date If necessary, soil remediation is carried out, and the platform area may be restored 9.4 Surface facilities The abandonment of the surface facilities shall comply with EN 1918-5 9.5 Monitoring Monitoring and testing necessary for a safe abandonment should be put in place 30 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) Annex A (informative) Non-exhaustive list of relevant standards Reference ICS Title Explosive atmospheres — Explosion prevention and protection — Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology EN 1127-1 13.230 EN 13509 77.060 Cathodic protection measurement techniques 77.060 Cathodic protection of complex structures EN 12954 EN ISO 13534 EN 14505 EN 15112 CEN/TR 13737-1 77.060 75.180.10 77.060 23.040.99 91.140.40 CEN/TR 13737-2 91.140.40 EN ISO 10870 13.060.70 EN ISO 10405 EN ISO 10417 EN ISO 10423 EN ISO 10424-1 EN ISO 10424-2 EN ISO 10427-1 EN ISO 10427-2 EN ISO 10427-3 EN ISO 10432 23.040.01 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 Cathodic protection of buried or immersed metallic structures — General principles and application for pipelines Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Inspection, maintenance, repair and remanufacture of hoisting equipment External cathodic protection of well casings Gas infrastructure — Implementation Guide for Functional Standards prepared by CEN/TC 234 — Part 1: General Gas infrastructure — Implementation Guide for Functional Standards prepared by CEN/TC 234 — Part 2: National Pages related to CEN/TC 234 standards Water quality — Guidelines for the selection of sampling methods and devices for benthic macroinvertebrates in fresh waters (ISO 10870) Petroleum and natural gas industries — Care and use of casing and tubing Petroleum and natural gas industries — Subsurface safety valve systems —Design, installation, operation and redress Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment —Wellhead and Christmas tree equipment Petroleum and natural gas industries — Rotary drilling equipment — Part 1: Rotary drill stem elements Petroleum and natural gas industries — Rotary drilling equipment — Part 2: Threading and gauging of rotary shouldered thread connections Petroleum and natural gas industries — Equipment for well cementing — Part 1: Casing bow-spring centralizers Petroleum and natural gas industries — Equipment for well cementing — Part 2: Centralizer placement and stop-collar testing Petroleum and natural gas industries — Equipment for well cementing — Part 3: Performance testing of cementing float equipment Petroleum and natural gas industries — Downhole equipment — Subsurface safety valve equipment 31 BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) Reference EN ISO 11960 EN ISO 11961 EN ISO 13500 EN ISO 13533 EN ISO 14310 EN ISO 15463 EN ISO 16070 EN ISO 17078 ISO 5596 ISO 10414-1 ISO 10416 ISO 10945 ISO 10946 ISO 13501 ISO 13535 ISO 17824 ISO 28781 ISO/TR 10400 32 ICS Title 77.140.75 75.180.10 Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells 77.140.75 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 23.100.99 75.180.10 75.100 75.180.10 23.100.99 23.100.99 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 75.180.10 Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel drill pipe Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling fluid materials —Specifications and tests Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Drill-through equipment Petroleum and natural gas industries — Downhole equipment — Packers and bridge plugs Petroleum and natural gas industries — Field inspection of new casing, tubing and plain-end drill pipe Petroleum and natural gas industries — Downhole equipment — Lock mandrels and landing nipples Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment Hydraulic fluid power — Gas-loaded accumulators with separator — Ranges of pressures and volumes and characteristic quantities Petroleum and natural gas industries — Field testing of drilling fluids — Part 1: Water-based fluids Petroleum and natural Laboratory testing gas industries — Drilling fluids Hydraulic fluid power — Gas-loaded accumulators — Dimensions of gas ports Hydraulic fluid power — Gas-loaded accumulators with separator — Selection of preferred hydraulic ports Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling fluids — Processing equipment evaluation Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Hoisting equipment Petroleum and natural gas industries — Downhole equipment — Sand screens Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Subsurface barrier valves and related equipment Petroleum and natural gas industries — Equations and calculations for the properties of casing, tubing, drill pipe and line pipe used as casing or tubing BS EN 1918-4:2016 EN 1918-4:2016 (E) Annex B (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous version EN 1918-4:1998 Clause 5.1 8.4 Title/Paragraph/Table/Figure Change Introduction More details on function and technology of underground storage, including figures Terms and definitions Addition of definitions Normative references Design principles HSE Abandonment Section added Addition of activities and reviews related to safety Addition of this new chapter Addition of this new chapter NOTE The technical changes referred to include the significant changes from the European Standard revised but it is not an exhaustive list of all modifications from the previous version NOTE The previous standard was reviewed concerning environmental compatibility 33 This page deliberately left blank This page deliberately left blank NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW British Standards Institution (BSI) BSI is the national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other 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