BS EN 1371-2:2015 BSI Standards Publication Founding — Liquid penetrant testing Part 2: Investment castings BS EN 1371-2:2015 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 1371-2:2015 It supersedes BS EN 1371-2:1998 which is withdrawn The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/111, Steel Castings and Forgings A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract Users are responsible for its correct application © The British Standards Institution 2015 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 580 82656 ICS 77.040.20; 77.140.80; 77.150.99 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2015 Amendments issued since publication Date Text affected BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM January 2015 ICS 77.140.80; 77.150.99 Supersedes EN 1371-2:1998 English Version Founding - Liquid penetrant testing - Part 2: Investment castings Fonderie - Contrôle par ressuage - Partie : Pièces en moulage de précision (cire perdue) Gießereiwesen - Eindringprüfung - Teil 2: Feingussstücke This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 December 2014 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German) A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members Ref No EN 1371-2:2015 E BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Contents Page Foreword Introduction Scope Normative references Conditions for liquid penetrant testing .5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Method of testing Operating mode .6 Qualification of the operators .6 Surface preparation .6 Viewing conditions 5.1 5.2 5.3 Acceptance criteria Indications of discontinuities .6 Definition of liquid penetrant indications Severity levels Classification of the indications and interpretation of results Retesting 8 Post cleaning and protection .8 Test report Annex A (informative) Indicative conversion of severity levels of linear (LP) and aligned (AP) indications 11 Annex B (informative) Nature of discontinuities and types of corresponding liquid penetrant indications 12 Annex C (informative) Reference figures – Non-linear clustered indications designated CP 13 Annex D (informative) Reference figures – Linear and aligned indications designated LP and AP 14 Annex E (informative) Model of a liquid penetrant test report 15 Annex F (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition 18 Bibliography 19 BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Foreword This document (EN 1371-2:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry technology”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2015 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights This document supersedes EN 1371-2:1998 Within its programme of work, Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 requested CEN/TC 190/WG 11 "Surface inspection" to revise the following standard: — EN 1371-2:1998, Founding — Liquid penetrant inspection — Part 2: Investment castings This is one of two European Standards for liquid penetrant testing for castings The other standard is: — EN 1371-1, Founding — Liquid penetrant testing — Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure die castings Annex F provides details of significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Introduction This European Standard complements the general principles of liquid penetrant testing given in EN ISO 3452-1 for the additional requirements for investment castings The structure of this European Standard is similar to that of EN 1371-1:2011, Founding — Liquid penetrant testing — Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure die castings [1] It has been written to take account of the difference of dimension of the reference area and the difference of nature of discontinuities with regard to other casting processes for which EN 1371-1 is applicable Liquid penetrant testing as well as any other non-destructive examination method is part of a general or specific assessment of the quality of a casting to be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of acceptance of the order BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Scope This European Standard specifies a liquid penetrant testing method for castings produced by investment casting for general purposes NOTE Investment casting is sometimes referred to as lost-wax casting This European Standard applies to all cast metals, except copper-tin and/or copper-tin-lead alloy castings, where copper is the major constituent (see EN 1982 [3]) Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 1370, Founding — Examination of surface condition EN 4179, Aerospace series — Qualification and approval of personnel for non-destructive testing EN ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions (ISO 3059) EN ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 1: General principles (ISO 3452-1) EN ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials (ISO 3452-2) EN ISO 3452-5, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 5: Penetrant testing at temperatures higher than 50 degrees C (ISO 3452-5) EN ISO 3452-6, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 6: Penetrant testing at temperatures lower than 10 degrees C (ISO 3452-6) EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712) Conditions for liquid penetrant testing The manufacturing stage(s) when liquid penetrant testing is to be performed shall be clearly defined by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser by the time of ordering The methods detailed in this standard shall only apply to the agreed surfaces of castings and the percentage or number of castings to be checked For each agreed area of the casting to be inspected, the following shall be indicated: — type of discontinuity; — severity level This information enables the manufacturer to assess the additional testing and operations involved Sensitivity can differ depending on the method of liquid penetrant testing selected and surface conditions, the application of the casting (e.g increased wear, safety related component) and its manufacture stage Therefore the liquid penetrants used and the method agreed shall fit to detect the minimum required severity level BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) The type of discontinuity and the severity level can vary depending on the area of the casting inspected (see Table and Table 2) The conversion from the severity levels specified in EN 1371-2:1998, Table [2], to the severity levels specified in Table of the present edition is given in Table A.1 Method of testing 4.1 Operating mode Testing shall be carried out as described in EN ISO 3452-1, EN ISO 3452-2, EN ISO 3452-5 and EN ISO 3452-6 The characteristics of the penetrant materials shall be checked in accordance with specifications to be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser 4.2 Qualification of the operators Testing shall be performed by qualified personnel The level of qualification shall be agreed between the contracting parties (e.g EN ISO 9712, or EN 4179, or a similar certification scheme) 4.3 Surface preparation The surface to be inspected shall be clean, free from rust, scale, moulding residues, oil, grease, paint or any other contaminant which can interfere with a correct testing The surface to inspect shall be cleaned by using mechanical or chemical methods, or a combination of these Shot blasting is not recommended prior to liquid penetrant testing If shot blasting is necessary, it shall be as light as possible, in order to avoid sealing or closing up possible discontinuities If the risk of sealing or closing up possible discontinuities is unacceptable then blasting shall be followed by chemical etching in order to enable detection of discontinuities The chemical composition of the etching bath and other parameters such as concentration, temperature, immersion time neutralizing and rinsing, if applicable, shall be recorded To detect the smallest indication to be considered, the surface finish shall be in accordance with Table 3, unless otherwise specified at the time of ordering The assessment of surface finish should be carried out using a visual cast-surface roughness comparator; see EN 1370 4.4 Viewing conditions The examination of the indications shall be carried out with the naked eye or at a minimum magnification of and viewing conditions in conformity with EN ISO 3059 Acceptance criteria 5.1 Indications of discontinuities 5.1.1 General The indication of discontinuities can be non-linear (isolated or clustered), aligned or linear Although liquid penetrant testing cannot generally be used to determine the size of detected discontinuities, it allows discontinuities to be assessed by measurement of the length L of the indication In the following clauses: — L indicates length; — W indicates width; — P indicates liquid penetrant; BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) — SP indicates non-linear isolated indication; — CP indicates non-linear clustered indication; — AP indicates aligned indication; — LP indicates linear indication NOTE Based on the principle of the test method, the operator evaluates the size of the indications, not the real size of discontinuities 5.1.2 Criteria The physical discontinuities shall give either a non-linear, linear or aligned liquid penetrant testing indication The various types of penetrant indication can correspond to the discontinuities (A, B, C, etc.) shown in Annex B 5.2 Definition of liquid penetrant indications a) Linear indication (LP) An indication with a largest dimension three or more times its smallest dimension (i.e L ≥ W); b) Non-linear indication An indication with a largest dimension less than three times its smallest dimension (i.e L < W): c) 1) isolated (SP); 2) clustered (CP): area of multiple indications, the distance between the indications cannot be measured (they seem to form only one indication); Aligned indication (AP) Indication that is either: 1) linear: the distance between two indications is smaller than the length of the longest discontinuity in the alignment; or 2) non-linear: the distance between two indications is less than mm and at least three indications are noted 5.3 5.3.1 Severity levels General Several severity levels are recognized in accordance with Table and Table It is necessary to carry out the test on a surface corresponding to a given degree of finish (see Table 3) depending on the severity level desired The liquid penetrant testing for each type of indication and its severity levels shall be specified at the time of ordering, by the purchaser, depending on the use of the castings The manufacturer shall give his agreement The penetrant indications to be taken into account shall have dimensions in accordance with the severity level 5.3.2 Criteria Table and Table show the largest dimensions of the smallest indications to be considered in the severity level concerned BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) 5.3.3 Tables Table corresponds to non-linear isolated or non-linear clustered indications Table corresponds to linear or aligned indications Table and Table are independent (different severity levels may be selected from these tables) Reference figures corresponding to non-linear, aligned and clustered indications in accordance with Table and Table are represented in Annexes C and D for guidance only Classification of the indications and interpretation of results In order to classify an indication of discontinuity, a frame measuring 25 mm × 25 mm shall be placed in the most unfavourable location The observed indications shall be in relation to the reference severity levels as described in this standard and compared to the equivalent or immediately better severity level If the casting dimensions in total are smaller than 25 mm × 25 mm, then the indicating criteria shall be in proportion to the surface area Indications shall be considered to be equivalent when the same number of non-linear spots and/or the same length of linear indications of similar appearance are detected Maximum permissible discontinuities may appear simultaneously on the area of 25 mm × 25 mm If, for any indication type, the observed severity level is worse than that specified in the order, the casting shall be considered to be in non-conformance with this standard It shall be considered as conforming to this standard when the observed severity level is equal to or better than that specified in the order Classification of severity levels shall be made to the values in Table and Table Only values expressed in these tables are valid Reference figures are for information only (see Annexes C and D) The requirements detailed in the order or in the specifications shall be written in conformance to the terminology used in this standard Examples of how the requirements shall be specified are as follows: — non-linear indications level (abbreviated as "SP 2"); — linear and aligned indications level (abbreviated as "LP 5" and "AP 5") NOTE Severity level references are arbitrary They cannot be considered in the same progression from one table to the other, nor from one kind of indication to another NOTE Provided that on the casting surface no tested area contains discontinuities which exceed the agreed severity level, there is no limit to the acceptability of discontinuities Retesting Retesting shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 3452-1 Post cleaning and protection Unless otherwise specified in the order, post cleaning shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 3452-1 If required, a suitable corrosion protection shall be applied BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Test report The test report shall be in accordance with EN ISO 3452-1 A model of a trilingual liquid penetrant test report is shown in Annex E Table — Severity levels for liquid penetrant testing — Non-linear indications — Isolated (SP) or clustered (CP) Severity level Characteristic SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 7a SP 8a CP CP CP CP CP CP CP 7a CP 8a 0,3 0,3 0,5 1,5 2 2 2 SP 0,3 1,5 10 CP 0,3 11 15 Diameter of the smallest indication b to take into account, in mm Maximum number indications c of non-linear Maximum dimensions of indication A, B, C, F and N, in mm Reference figures see Figure C.1 The penetrant indications can grow over a period of time and this should be taken into account a Informative for specific dimensions (e.g large sized castings outside the usual range) b "SP" or "CP" c "SP" + "CP" BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Table — Severity levels for liquid penetrant testing – Linear (LP) and aligned (AP) indications Severity levels Characteristics LP 01 AP 01 Testing means LP AP Arrangement of indicationsb, isolated (I) or cumulative (C) Maximum length of linear (LP) and aligned (AP) indication allowed (mm) LP AP LP AP LP AP LP AP Magnifying glass Eyes ≥3 Magnification for observation of penetrant indication Length of smallest indication to be considered (mm) LP AP none 0,3 I or C none 0,3 0,3 0,5 1,5 LP 7a AP 7a LP 8a AP 8a 2,5 I C I C I C I C I C I C I C 0,5 1 1,5 12 Reference figures see Figure D.1 The severity levels "01" and "1" are difficult to achieve and should be specified with caution The penetrant indications can grow over a period of time and this should be taken into account NOTE The sensitivity can differ, depending on the method of penetrant testing selected a Informative for specific dimensions (e.g large sized castings outside the usual range) b The length L of an aligned indication is the distance between the starting point of the first discontinuity and the opposite end of the last discontinuity (L ≥ W) Table — Recommended surface finish for liquid penetrant testing Dimension of smallest indication mm Visual tactile comparatorsa BNIF [4] 0,3 ≥3 a See EN 1370 b No corresponding comparator available c Corresponds to "5 S2" 10 2/0S1 – 1/0S1 S2 – S2 SCRATA [5] —b S1 – S1 A1–A2 S2 – S2 —b S1 – S1 A2–A3 S2 – S2 H 1c not specified A3–A4 (rough surface) H3–H4–H5 BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Annex A (informative) Indicative conversion of severity levels of linear (LP) and aligned (AP) indications Table A.1 gives an indicative conversion from the severity levels specified in EN 1371-2:1998, Table to severity levels specified in Table of the present edition Table A.1 only applies to drawings and specifications based on EN 1371-2:1998 Table A.1 is prepared as a tool for adaptation of specifications and/or drawings based on EN 1371-2:1998 Table A.1 — Indicative conversion between the severity levels Severity levels of the present edition Severity levels of EN 1371-2:1998 Section thickness t ≤ 16 mm Section thickness 16 mm < t ≤ 50 mm Section thickness t > 50 mm LP 01 AP 01 — — — LP AP 1 1 LP AP 2 — — LP AP 3 — LP AP 4 — LP AP 5 — LP AP 6 LP AP — — LP AP — — — — — > LP > AP 11 BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Annex B (informative) Nature of discontinuities and types of corresponding liquid penetrant indications Table B.1 — Nature of discontinuities and types of corresponding liquid penetrant indications Types of liquid penetrant indications Nature of discontinuities Symbol non-linear linear aligned isolated SP clustered CP LP AP Gas porosity A X X – X Sand and/or slag inclusions (other than alumina) B X X – X Shrinkage C X X X X Cracks D – – X X Hot tears E – – X X Inserts F X – X X Laps and cold shuts H – – X X Presence of aluminium oxides (alumina) or a magnesium oxides J – – X X Other inclusions (shell) N X X – X a 12 For aluminium alloy or magnesium alloy castings only BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Annex C (informative) Reference figures – Non-linear clustered indications designated CP All reference figures shown in this annex are for guidance only and should be used at a scale of 1:1 a) CP b) CP c) CP d) CP e) CP f) CP g) CP h) CP Key indications not to be considered indications to be considered Figure C.1 — Non-linear clustered indications designated CP 13 BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Annex D (informative) Reference figures – Linear and aligned indications designated LP and AP All reference figures shown in this annex are for guidance only and should be used at a scale of 1:1 a) LP AP b) LP AP c) LP AP d) LP AP e) LP AP f) LP AP g) LP AP h) LP AP Key indications not to be considered indications to be considered Figure D.1 — Linear and aligned indications designated LP and AP 14 BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Annex E (informative) Model of a liquid penetrant test report Company Liquid-penetrant test report No Société Firma Contrôle par ressuage - Rapport d'essais Prüfbericht zur Eindringprüfung n° Nr Sheet Page Blatt According to Conforme Entsprechend Customer Order No Client Kunde Commande n° Bestell-Nr Specification Spécification Material Nuance Heat No Coulée n° Vorschrift Werkstoff Schmelze Nr Identification Quantity Casting designation Lot No Drawing No Marquage Kennzeichnung Quantité Menge Désignation des pièces Gussstückbezeichnung n° du lot Los Nr Plan n° Zeichnung Nr Area examined – Zone contrôlée – Prüfbereich □ 100 % □ testing scheme – plan de contrôle – Prüfplan □ cavity root – fonds affouillements – Ausmuldung für Schweißung Stage – Stade – Zustand □ after heat treatment – après traitement thermique – nach Wärmebehandlung □ before stress relieving – avant détensionnement – vor Spannungsarmglühen Penetrant – Pénétrant – Eindringmittel ………… …………………… …………………… …………………… ………… Trademark – Marque – Handelsmarke ………… …………………… …………………… …………………… ………… Excess penetrant remover – Produit de nettoyage – Spülmittel ………… …………………… …………………… … Trademark – Marque – Handelsmarke ………… …………………… …………………… …………………… ………… Developer – Révélateur – Entwickler ………… …………………… …………………… …………………… ………… Trademark – Marque – Handelsmarke ………… …………………… …………………… …………………… ………… (continued) 15 BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Model (continued) Testing conditions – Conditions d'examen – Prüfbedingungen Surface condition – Etat de surface – Oberflächenzustand □ shot blasted – grenaillé – gestrahlt □ ground – meulé – geschliffen □ machined – usiné – mechanisch bearbeitet Casting temperature – Température de la pièce moulée – Gussstücktemperatur □ °C up to / jusqu'à / bis 14 °C □ 15 °C up to / jusqu'à / bis 35 °C □ 36 °C up to / jusqu'à / bis 55 °C □ ………….………….………… °C Pre-cleaning – Nettoyage préalable – Vorreinigung □ yes – oui – ja □ no – non – nein Penetrant application – Application du pénétrant – Auftragen des Prüfmittels □ brush – pinceau – Pinsel □ spray – pulvérisation – sprühen □ dip – immersion – tauchen Penetration time – Temps d'imprégnation – Eindringdauer ………….………… Penetration removal – Elimination du pénétrant – Entfernen des Eindringmittels □ cleaning with water – lavage l'eau – Abspülen mit Wasser □ solvent – solvant – Lösemittel Drying time – durée de séchage – Trocknungsdauer …………… Drying temperature – Température de séchage – Trocknungstemperatur ……… ………… °C Developer application – Application du révélateur – Anwendung des Entwicklers □ brush – pinceau – Pinsel □ spray – pulvérisation – sprühen □ wet – humide – nass □ dry – sec – trocken Developing time – Temps de révélation – Entwicklungsdauer Illumination – Eclairage – Beleuchtung □ natural – naturel – Tageslicht □ artificial – artificiel – künstlich □ ultraviolet – ultraviolet – ultraviolet 16 ………… ………… BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Model (continued) Testing results – Résultats de l'examen – Prüfergebnisse According to – Conforme – entsprechend ………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………… ………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………… Accepted – Accepté – abgenommen □ yes – oui – ja □ no – non – nein Non-conformance note – Fiche d'anomalie – Beanstandung ………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………… ………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………… Continuation sheet – Annexe – Fortsetzungsblatt □ yes – oui – ja □ no – non – nein Inspection authority – Organisme de contrôle – Abnahmegesellschaft ………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………… Quality assurance section – Service assurance qualité – Abteilung Qualitätssicherung ………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………… Date – Date – Datum ………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………… Signature of inspector / operator – Signature de l'inspecteur / contrôleur – Unterschrift des Leiters der Prüfstelle / Prüfers ………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………….………… If applicable, tick the relevant box Suivant le cas, cocher la case correspondante Falls zutreffend, Entsprechendes ankreuzen 17 BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Annex F (informative) Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition Table F.1 — Significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition Clause/Paragraph/Annex/Table/ Figure Changes General Structure and wording in conformity with EN 1371-1 5.3.2 Deletion of section thickness ranges for linear and aligned indications Table Was Table Table Maximum dimension of indication for severity levels CP 5, CP and CP are increased Table Was Table with modifications (deletion of section thickness ranges and two new severity levels added) Table Was Table Annex A New annex giving the conversion from the severity levels specified in EN 1371-2:1998, Table to severity levels given in Table of the present edition Annex B Was Table Annex C New annex giving reference figures for non-linear indications Annex D New annex giving reference figures for linear and aligned indications Annex E New model of a liquid penetrant test report NOTE The referred technical changes include the significant technical changes from the revised EN, but is not an exhaustive list of all modifications from the previous version 18 BS EN 1371-2:2015 EN 1371-2:2015 (E) Bibliography [1] EN 1371-1:2011, Founding — Liquid penetrant testing— Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure die castings [2] EN 1371-2:1998, Founding — Liquid penetrant inspection — Part 2: Investment castings [3] EN 1982, Copper and copper alloys — Ingots and castings [4] BNIF 359 - Recommandation technique du Bureau de Normalisation des Industries de la Fonderie Caractérisation d'états de surface des pièces moulées - Utilisation des échantillons types de 110 × 160 mm", available from Editions Techniques des Industries de la Fonderie, 44 avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92310 Sèvres, France 1) [5] "SCRATA surface comparators for the definition of surface quality of steel and iron castings", ASTM A 802 shorter set, available from Castings Technology International, Advanced Manufacturing Park, Brunel Way, Rotherham, S60 5WG, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom 1) "BNIF 359 Technical Recommendation issued by Bureau de Normalisation des Industries de la Fonderie Characterization of surface condition of castings - Use of 110 x 160 mm standard specimens" 19 This page deliberately left blank This page deliberately left blank NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW British Standards Institution (BSI) BSI is the national body responsible for 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