Api publ 4619 1995 scan (american petroleum institute)

*!iw-: A P I P U B L X 95 11’ American Petroleum Institute 2 0545622 A Study to Characterize Air Concentrations of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) at Service Stations in the Northeast Health and Environmental Sciences Department Publication Number 4619 March 1995 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBL*:YbLS 95 2 0 5 705 = One of the most significant long-term trends affecting the future vitality of the petroleum industry is the public's concerns about the environment Recognizingthis trend, API member companies have developed a positive, forward-looking strategy called STEP: Strategies for Today's Environmental Partnership This program aims to address public concerns by improving our industry's environmental, health and safety performance; documenting petformance improvements; and communicating them' to the public The foundation of STEP is the API Environmental Mission and Guiding Environmental Principles API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers The members recognize the importance of efficiently meeting society's needs and our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to these principles: To recognize and to respond to Community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportationand disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBLm4bL9 = 0732290 5 641 m A Study to Characterize Air Concentrations of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) at Service Stations in the Northeast Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4619 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: TEDJOHNSON, MICHAEL MCCOY, AND TONYWISBITH IT CORPORATION 3710 UNIVERSITY DRIVE,SUITE201 DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA 27707 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - OCTOBER 1994 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBL*4bL9 95 0732290 0545625 588 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDEML LAWS AND REGULATiONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED API IS NOT UNDERTAKING To MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR U N D E R T m G THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE,OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETIERS PATF" Copytight&, 1995 American pcaoltum institute ii Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ACKNOWLEDGMENTS `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - - THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: Will Ollison, Health and Environmental Sciences Department Jim Vail, Health and Environmental Sciences Department API MTBE WORKaOUP Jack Hinton, Texaco Terry Delaney, ARCO Chemical John Hoban, Mobil Chris Kearney, Mobil John Koehn, Shell Francis Marshall Exxon Brian McCulloch, Texaco Carolyn Phillips, Shell Gerhard Raabe, Mobil Jerry Ransdell, Shell David Risi, Exxon Thomas Selders ARCO Alfred Talbot, Sun NAL TECHNOJ ,OGYCORPOJoan Abemethy George Byers Ginger Darnell Michelle McLeod iii Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale PREFACE Preliminary findings from a presentation on MTBE made by Ted Johnson to the U S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are included as an attachment to this report The presentation was made at the EPA Conference, MTBE and Other Oxygenates: A Research Update, July 26-28, 1993 in Falls Church, VA The attachment contains additional information a presentation summary and copies of projection transparencies for inclusion in the conference proceedings It has been included solely for the convenience of the reader - `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - iv Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ABSTRACT The compound methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is routinely added to gasoline during the winter driving season to reduce carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from motor vehicles in CO nonattainment areas In 1992, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began receiving anecdotal complaints of headaches, nausea, and other symptoms following alleged wintertime exposures to MTBE in fuels EPA solicited estimates of typical air concentrations of MTBE that motorists and attendants might experience during refueling at service stations that dispense gasoline containing MTBE In response, the American Petroleum Institute (API) funded breathing zone, pump island and station perimeter measurements of ambient MTBE concentrations at 10 service stations in the New York metropolitan area in April 1993 Air samples were also analyzed for BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene), THC (total hydrocarbons), CO and formaldehyde Field personnel monitored meteorological parameters, gasoline composition (oxygenate content, Reid vapor pressure, BTEX), and gasoline sales and deliveries during each sampling period Personnel also noted the time each vehicle was refueled and conducted regular counts of traffic on nearby roadways The principal findings of the study are summarized below: I `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Mean and maximum four-hour average MTBE concentrations generally decrease from breathing zone to pump island to perimeter, suggesting that refueling activities are the principal source of MTBE measured at service stations, and MTBE concentrations are generally lower at stations with Stage II vapor controls Median four-hour average MTBE concentrations for all stations are below ppm at breathing zone and pump island locations and below 0.02 ppm at the station perimeters Maximum four-hour average MTBE concentrations are below 2.6 ppm at breathing zone and pump island locations and below 0.2 ppm at station perimeters Because the canisters also sampled nonrefueling periods, breathing zone measurements may underestimate actual breathing zone concentrations during fuel dispensing by station-specific factors ranging from to Most factors fall between 1.0 and 1.4 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~ A P I PUBL*4bL9 0732290 5 m TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Pacie EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-I INTRODUCTION 1-1 SELECTION OF SERVICE STATIONS AND MONITORING PERIODS 2-1 MONITORING ACTIVITIES 3-1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 4-1 CANISTER SAMPLES 4-1 IMPINGER SAMPLES (FORMALDEHYDE) 4-15 CHARCOAL TUBE SAMPLES 4-19 CONTINUOUS CARBON MONOXIDE MEASUREMENTS 4-21 CONTINUOUS THC MEASUREMENTS 4-21 METEOROLOGICAL STATION MEASUREMENTS 4-28 TRAFFIC-RELATED PARAMETERS 4-30 ANALYSIS OF LIQUID FUEL GASOLINE SAMPLES 4-32 4-34 4-36 5-1 POLLUTANT RATIOS BASED ON CANISTER DATA 5-1 REGRESSION ANALYSES OF CANISTER DATA TO DEVELOP PREDICTIVE RELATIONSHIPS 5-5 EVALUATION OF MAXIMUM MTBE CONCENTRATION VALUES OBTAINED FROM CANISTERS 5-16 COMPARISON OF CANISTER AND CHARCOAL TUBE DATA SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES REPLICATE SAMPLES Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 5-18 5-20 6-1 7-1 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - NOTABLE M N T S SPECIAL STATISTICAL ANALYSES VOLUME OF GASOLINE DISPENSED A P I P U B L * 75 2 0 5 9Y5 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Appendix A GENERALIZED STATION SCHEMATICS , A-I Appendix B NOTABLE EVENTS LOG B-i `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale LIST OF TABLES Table - Page 2-1 Service station characteristics 2-2 3-1 Summary of principal monitoring activities 3-2 3-2 Number of individual air samples collected using canisters, impingers, and charcoal tubes 3-3 3-4 Sampling methods and analytical techniques 3-3 4-1 4-2 Approximate heights of sampling points 3-4 3-5 Concentrations of total hydrocarbon (THC) obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-3 Concentrations of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-4 4-5 4-3 Concentrations of benzene obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-4 Concentrations of toluene obtained from four-hour samples 4-6 4-5 Concentrations of ethyl benzene obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-7 4-6 Concentrations of xylene obtained from four-hour samples 4-7 Descriptive statistics for concentrations of THC obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-8 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 4-9 4-8 4-9 Descriptive statistics for concentrations of MTBE obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-1 O Descriptive statistics for concentrations of benzene obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-1 4-1O Descriptive statistics for concentrations of toluene obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-12 4-1 Descriptive statistics for concentrations of ethyl benzene obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-1 4-1 Descriptive statistics for concentrations of xylene obtained from four-hour canister samples 4-14 4-13 Concentration measurements obtained from one-hour canister samples 4-16 4-14 Concentrations of formaldehyde obtained from four-hour impinger samples 4-17 4-1 Descriptive statistics for concentrations of formaldehyde obtained from four-hour samples 4-18 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale _ _ ~ ~ ~ A P I PUBL*4bL7 75 2 0545745 257 W `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - v1 E O B- U , , , , * * I I I I I * # ir E * I I * I I * I * I I I I I I * I I I I * m * I v * * i a " - : : : * ::ax:., ::E - : :} .: : I L * ::*:: : : & , ,., , , , , , * * * I , I * * I * I I * I I * * * I * * ::xq):: .= ., : i.:.: N : ., d I rn a rn I * ., A I e., O I '* * * * * * a a * * * I * e , < e * * a , * * * I I I I a * * * I a * * , * I I , , , , , , , , ::q; :: ::a I .I Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ~~~ -, : * I I * * * I * * * * * , :6, " ' ' * C: :Q * I * * I , * , ** , .* * I - * * a * a * a I a * I , I , * I * * * &) : : , * * I I * * * * * I I I r Not for Resale ? r O O A P I PUBL*4bL9 95 D 2 0 5 b 193 m' Cu d O fu 0' Co Y= Cu c') O c(i Q m O o C e -O U CI Q L c, v) O Cu f O al d O b O O o 0' O e3 C a o e O Co b x ' i! o n i o) o > L a m O 0' al O o * Cu O O o o o O O O CQ CQ d eu b c a) b O r O œ O z I ä v) U c L - a Q N C O Y o O O J Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS àj Not for Resale -.-alt Y C t L al e `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - E P P `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - r ö 8- Y , : i.;.; ;.;.; ; ; 1.11 a a * * * 11.1 I * * * I I I ::::: : : : : .d ’ I .6 z # i .! u: it I I I I * * I I e 1** Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -m .: : ‘ L : a : % :.$;: ; ; i ‘* EL - : Q ) a * a * I :a:-; : : : E.c l m :s.-.d n m , , ; , * e * , * a * * I * I * * * a < * * * I * I * O r F l- F o O O O O wdd Not for Resale O 2 0 5 Tbb A P I P U B L X 95 v) O rn' tn c Q) l- (o c4 d O O T- l- ò O O b d T- T- O O O O O O d r ò Q) O r O m v- O O 0' ò l- N O O r d U œ L c O al C o) a O N -€L O t5 e I U o œl `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS al c, Not for Resale o) API P U B L * b l S 95 0732290 0545749 T H , & :at .ci .Q, ; : E i=G+ 'L' :a .*,, I -' ::::: :: : : *e: , , .,, * I * a I I * I I I , , , , , S P@ ) * * t; i * L ~ * ,.< e a I * I I , I I c - a c * gi;;;;;; , a * rs l - v= F O O `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - O , * Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale I I `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - L Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale c I @ U I/) 0- c c -c - E ow Q) - O c, o"I t- 5= O c, a o c c O o z W * ìz L (d O a L a u L 9- ci E rc ü c L al I- a c O N U a rnx L ü c T d cd O Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS O Not for Resale O `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - E = o 9- a c ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~ A P I PUBL*4bLS 95 E 2 O545752 49'7 I W m I- n n a > n âj âj rn a > & i a a rn rn al > v) n I à5 v) I rc a n a Q) P h U U o z t O c U * I a `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS a a v) > a a Y; Y; t t a O O Y Not for Resale > c al W L CD b O r wp 0 ' 00' E 9, ! W `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - m c n a s W O Z I= w O œ U cd a cd v) I r Oc O c u ui 85 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS a Y Not for Resale c u P) cd 35 U O r I Q) o > L I" O I O o) a* cri r 10 I' a =Q! m =-U O r I = I 3; n cy r O r 00 (o d cv `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - l8 VI O w f Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~~ API PUBL*4619 0732290 0545755 L T b W O m I `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - i 7: _, ,., ,., r I l E om I O O I Cu' m > 8 U C œ O C u! O r I r O I' O a m U m L U c al o e= r I r L u! Y O u) P I, 8O I O I cy r O r OD m d cy O : W o f Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I P U B L * 95 0732290 O545756 032 O ul (Y I `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - O O Cri I E a a -m I > e œ IS E O I iCI Q L CI E Q) o E O I r ul O I O v) o I O Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale o A P I P U B L * 95 = 0732290 5 7 T79 cn o' I ci a a ci u) -o)o L ci t a o u O L t * ' c > a E E L -* O 3-02 AI L v) ô a ci o v) cd , 0" z ci cd U O ci U o a a a c cr O o m `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale N cd * a N - `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A P I PUBL*4bL9 95 D O732290 0545758 905 144PP Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS O4951.2C1 P Not for Resale - ~~ A P I PUBL*4bL9 95 W 3 2 0 5 4 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, D.C 20005 ~ Related API Publication `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Publication 4553, GasoZine Vapor Exposure Assessment at Service Stations, May 1993 To order, call API Publications Department (202) 682-8375 i I ~ Order No 841-46190 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale