Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios API Publication Number 4734 January 2005 Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios Regulatory Analysis and Scientific Affairs Department API Publication Number 4734 January 2005 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: Jan M H Hendrickx, Department of Earth & Environmental Science New Mexico Tech, Socorro, New Mexico Graciela Rodriguez, R.T Hicks Consultants, Ltd., Albuquerque, New Mexico Randall T Hicks, R.T Hicks Consultants, Ltd., Albuquerque, New Mexico Jirka Simunek, Professor and Hydrologist, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed Neither API nor any of API’s employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect 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regarding when and where these publications should be utilized The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products in fact conform to the applicable API standard All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C 20005 Copyright © 2005 American Petroleum Institute FOREWORD Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Director of Regulatory Analysis and Scientific Affairs, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS API would like to acknowledge the following people for their contributions of time and expertise during this study and in the preparation of this report: API STAFF CONTACTS Harley Hopkins, Regulatory Analysis and Scientific Affairs Department (RASA) Terry Twyman, Upstream MEMBERS OF THE PRODUCTION WASTE ISSUES GROUP (PWIG) AND THE PWIG BRINE WORK GROUP: Evan Sedlock, ChevronTexaco Energy Technology Company; PWIG Chairman Jeffrey Adams, BP America, Inc Mickey Carter, ConocoPhillips Corporation George Deeley, Shell Global Solutions (US) Inc Neal Goates, ConocoPhillips Corporation Jill Kerr, Exxon Mobil Corporation Rosemary Martinez, BP America Greg Minnery, ChevronTexaco Sam Small, Amarada Hess Corporation Mike Starrett, Oxy Permian Appreciation is extended to Carolyn Haynes of Rice Operating Company for providing funding for the field verification of the modeling Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents i Executive Summary v Technical Highlights viii 1.0 Introduction 1.1Project Overview 1.1.1 Research Objective 1.1.2 Project Organization 1.1.3 Scope of Modeling 1.2 Background 1.2.1 Fulfilling an Industry Need 1.2.2 Potential Impacts of a Release 1.2.3 Common Soil Restoration Programs 1.2.4 Restoration of Chloride in Ground Water 2.0 Factors Influencing the Migration of Chloride 2.1 Vadose Zone Factors 2.1.1 Vadose Zone Texture 2.1.2 Water Content in the Vadose Zone 2.1.3 Dispersion Length of Chloride in the Vadose Zone 2.1.4 Depth to Ground Water or Vadose Zone Thickness 2.2 Climate 2.3 Brine Release Factors 2.3.1 Chloride Concentration of Release 2.3.2 Release Volume and Total Mass 2.3.3 Height of Spill 2.4 Groundwater Characteristics 2.4.1 Ground Water Flux 2.4.2 Aquifer Thickness 2.4.3 Aquifer Ambient Chloride Concentration 2.5 Heterogeneity 2.6 Repeated Releases 10 3.0 Modeling Approach 11 3.1 Vadose Zone Model: HYDRUS-1D 11 3.1.1 Model Overview 11 3.1.2 Applicability of HYDRUS-1D for Produced Water Releases 12 3.2 Saturated Zone Model: Mixing Model and MODFLOW 12 3.3 Data Sources 16 3.3.1 Soil Data 16 3.3.2 Climate Data 16 4.0 Sensitivity Analysis of Factors Determining Brine Fate 17 4.1 Purpose 17 4.2 Modeling Specifics 17 4.2.1 Vadose Zone Factors 17 4.2.2 Aquifer Factors 19 4.2.3 Brine Release Factors 20 4.3 Simulation Responses 22 4.4 Statistical Analysis of the Responses at a Monitoring Well 22 4.4.1 Maximum Chloride Concentration 23 4.4.2 Arrival Time of Maximum Chloride Concentration 27 5.0 Initial Vertical Distribution of Chloride (First Year) 29 5.1 Purpose 29 5.2 Modeling Methodology 29 5.3 Analysis and Data Presentation 30 i API Publication 4734 6.0 Heterogeneity 42 6.1 Purpose 42 6.2 Modeling Methodology and Input .42 6.3 Analysis and Data Representation .42 7.0 Vertical Chloride Distribution Over Thirty Years 46 7.1 Purpose 46 7.2 Modeling Methodology 46 7.3 Analysis and Data Presentation 46 8.0 Repeated Releases 54 8.1 Purpose 54 8.2 Modeling Methodology and Input 54 8.3 Analysis and Data Presentation 55 9.0 Soil Restoration 58 9.1 Purpose 58 9.2 Modeling Methodology and Input .58 9.3 Data Analysis and Presentation 58 10.0 Effects of Vegetation 63 10.1 Purpose .63 10.2 Modeling Methodology and Input 63 10.3 Data Analysis and Presentation 63 11.0 Understanding the Role of Each Factor 70 11.1 Produced Water Release Characteristics 70 11.2 Vadose Zone Characteristics .70 11.3 Climate 71 11.4 Vegetation 71 12.0 Verification of Model HYDRUS 1D for Prediction of Chloride Fate 72 12.1 Purpose 72 12.2 Approach 72 12.3 Description of Sites and Boundary Locations 73 12.4 HYDRUS 1D Simulations 73 12.4.1 Anode Beds (Sites L-21 and M-33) 73 12.4.2 Junction Boxes (Sites EME P36-2 19S 3E and EME M-3-1A 21S 36E) 76 12.5 Data Analysis and Presentation 76 References 79 Appendix A Results of homogenous and heterogeneous profiles 81 Figures 1.1 Schematic of chloride movement from brine spill through the vadose zone towards monitoring well 2.1 Soil texture triangle used by the U.S Department of Agriculture 3.1 Comparison between MODFLOW and the mixing model Perturbations in the MODFLOW curve reflect the use of actual rainfall data 15 4.1 Schematic of two possible brine release characteristics after a release of 100 barrels 21 4.2 The effect of nine brine release, vadose zone, and aquifer factors on the maximum chloride concentration in a down gradient monitoring well 24 4.3 Interaction effects between the factors soil, flux in aquifer, thickness of aquifer, and chloride load on the maximum chloride concentration in a down gradient monitoring well .26 4.4 The effect of nine brine release, vadose zone, and aquifer factors on the time when the maximum chloride concentration arrives in a down gradient monitoring well 28 4.5 Interaction effects between the factors climate, soil, and ground water depth on the time when the maximum chloride concentration arrives in a down gradient monitoring well 28 5.1 Sensitivity analysis of depth of maximum chloride concentration in the Weeks and 37 5.2 Sensitivity analysis of depth of maximum chloride concentration in Weeks and 378 5.3 Sensitivity analysis of depth of maximum chloride concentration in weeks and 50 39 5.4 Distribution of chloride concentration with depth in the arid climate 40 5.5 Distribution of chloride concentration with depth in the humid climate 41 7.1 Vertical chloride distribution in homogeneous clay profiles in arid and humid climates 48 ii API Publication 4734 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 112 Climate Soil Dispersion Length Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Arid Humid Sand Sand Clay Clay Sand Sand Clay Clay Sand Sand Clay Clay Sand Sand Clay Clay Sand Sand Clay Clay Sand Sand Clay Clay 2.0 m 2.0 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 0.1 m 2.0 m 2.0 m Brine Depth 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m 0.025 m Factors GW Depth 3m 3m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m Responses Release Volume (bbls) 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 Flux Aquifer (cm/d) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Cl Concent (ppm) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Depth Aquifer (m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tmax Cmax Day # 233730 8674 5138 2164 182320 7857 10506 1714 1489 681 512 28250 1489 682 518 1140 34 181 10040 1109 33 80 (ppm) 237 1725 1812 3231 137 800 832 1525 100 317 350 338 157 225 284 285 100 2954 3198 3889 133 1724 2844 1885 Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios Table A3—Design matrix for heterogeneous profiles in Hobbs, as well as two response variables in the monitoring well 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Total Clay (m) 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 14 10 Total Sand (m) 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 GW Depth (m) 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5 5 5 5 Cl Concent (ppm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Depth Aquifer (m) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Tmax Cmax Day # 10442 7490 10204 14162 5152 10235 10125 8214 2698 4680 5396 5832 11589 7531 10117 14205 5232 11933 10068 8312 2719 4707 5397 6857 10184 8212 10213 10155 4162 10103 10130 8106 844 (ppm) 373 638 448 323 996 379 462 561 1230 814 675 571 418 733 491 359 1115 435 511 636 1400 417 754 658 119 108 126 67 186 125 130 118 238 113 API Publication 4734 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 114 Total Clay (m) 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 14 10 Total Sand (m) 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 GW Depth (m) 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Cl Concent (ppm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Depth Aquifer (m) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Tmax Cmax Day # 4022 4014 4653 10203 6058 10219 14202 4976 10121 10137 8117 1587 4114 4848 5444 10513 7442 10185 14139 5147 12225 10107 8156 2672 4674 5381 5813 11595 7656 10071 14144 5206 12138 10074 8272 (ppm) 179 147 127 290 424 333 228 666 292 337 372 868 554 460 402 385 657 459 335 1023 394 474 579 1268 842 696 592 420 739 493 360 1129 438 514 641 Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Total Clay (m) 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 14 10 Total Sand (m) 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 GW Depth (m) 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 10000 10000 10000 10000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Cl Concent (ppm) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 Depth Aquifer (m) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tmax Cmax Day # 2695 4659 5373 6850 10185 8209 10218 13760 4166 10104 10126 8105 847 4023 4019 4652 10200 6066 10222 14189 4971 10120 10130 8109 1587 4118 4840 5464 14154 8527 12331 16296 5868 14112 10373 (ppm) 1429 934 764 665 193 190 201 148 276 199 204 201 327 265 233 211 323 472 368 267 722 328 373 420 929 610 511 451 116 155 124 103 188 113 121 115 API Publication 4734 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 116 Total Clay (m) 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 14 Total Sand (m) 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 GW Depth (m) 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100 100 100 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Cl Concent (ppm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Depth Aquifer (m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tmax Cmax Day # 10166 3083 5546 8022 8016 14981 9985 13753 20165 7361 16128 14046 11563 4110 7551 8714 10044 10189 8199 10199 10139 4156 10096 10127 8095 836 4019 4004 4644 10201 8203 10221 14141 5155 10137 (ppm) 144 200 166 145 138 170 213 181 156 242 171 182 197 258 221 206 199 15 12 15 20 15 16 13 26 20 16 14 53 70 65 43 98 51 Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 Total Clay (m) 10 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 14 10 15 10 20 Total Sand (m) 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 GW Depth (m) 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 100 100 100 100 100 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 5 5 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5 5 Cl Concent (ppm) 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Depth Aquifer (m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tmax Cmax Day # 10136 8307 1568 4123 5452 5437 14154 8600 10571 16218 5832 14149 10259 10156 3051 5541 7285 8006 14419 9304 12693 18687 7181 15485 13367 10208 3990 6995 8133 9054 10167 5624 10198 10138 4158 (ppm) 63 61 108 83 74 62 182 231 194 169 271 183 193 217 288 249 222 215 214 273 230 198 316 218 233 256 339 293 272 259 111 110 112 105 119 117 API Publication 4734 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 118 Total Clay (m) 14 10 15 10 20 14 10 Total Sand (m) 10 14 10 15 27 20 10 20 10 14 10 GW Depth (m) 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Cl Concent (ppm) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Depth Aquifer (m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tmax Cmax Day # 10097 10128 8092 808 4013 4013 4641 10226 8213 10219 14218 5132 10139 10132 8242 1594 4740 5402 5463 (ppm) 112 113 111 124 118 115 112 150 161 152 132 191 139 151 152 204 175 165 154 Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios Table A4—Design matrix for heterogeneous profiles in Shreveport, as well as two response variables in the monitoring well 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Total Clay (m) 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 Total Sand (m) 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 GW Depth (m) 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5 5 5 5 Cl Concent (ppm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Depth Aquifer (m) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Tmax Cmax Day # 2542 1885 3369 1036 1492 1702 1902 6225 543 924 1071 3336 2593 1904 3357 1033 1478 1717 1858 6085 556 937 1057 3311 1055 1592 3470 826 1546 1538 1538 7151 400 (ppm) 380 497 335 951 613 511 457 343 1246 835 709 492 395 509 348 978 627 523 468 365 1280 863 730 536 146 237 153 405 284 265 220 109 574 119 API Publication 4734 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 120 Total Clay (m) 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 Total Sand (m) 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 GW Depth (m) 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100 100 100 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Cl Concent (ppm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Depth Aquifer (m) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Tmax Cmax Day # 767 763 3431 2543 1877 3471 1033 1500 1671 1825 6313 466 800 1074 2004 2555 1888 3379 1035 1473 1700 1862 6093 542 913 1056 3335 2636 1899 3347 1036 1485 1703 1892 6082 (ppm) 365 300 167 327 451 295 841 554 464 412 276 1113 739 624 382 385 501 340 962 619 515 461 350 1270 854 720 504 396 510 348 986 632 524 470 366 Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Total Clay (m) 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 Total Sand (m) 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 GW Depth (m) 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100000 100000 100000 100000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Cl Concent (ppm) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 0 0 Depth Aquifer (m) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tmax Cmax Day # 547 931 1054 3310 2051 1593 3468 828 1544 1539 1535 6264 400 768 762 3426 2542 1876 3450 1028 1490 1670 1821 6258 466 802 973 2003 3519 2714 4241 1359 1984 2499 2687 (ppm) 1301 879 739 540 209 291 208 475 338 319 273 174 645 433 367 234 346 465 309 864 570 478 426 301 1148 770 649 410 150 168 140 221 187 173 159 121 API Publication 4734 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 122 Total Clay (m) 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 Total Sand (m) 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 GW Depth (m) 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100 100 100 100 100 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Cl Concent (ppm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Depth Aquifer (m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tmax Cmax Day # 7787 815 1370 1502 4823 3650 2916 4397 1422 2025 2672 3111 7779 943 1454 1549 4927 2044 1722 3467 824 1549 1540 1532 7152 399 768 759 3432 3523 2074 3681 1298 1735 2008 (ppm) 136 238 215 195 143 171 189 162 237 202 194 182 167 254 222 210 182 21 34 23 51 45 40 32 15 72 48 38 22 94 120 90 172 142 127 Modeling Study of Produced Water Release Scenarios 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 Total Clay (m) 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 Total Sand (m) 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 GW Depth (m) 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100 100 100 100 100 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 5 5 5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5 5 Cl Concent (ppm) 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Depth Aquifer (m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tmax Cmax Day # 2010 7153 777 1165 1453 3470 3477 2563 4240 1351 1848 2312 2650 7166 774 1306 1445 3819 3586 2716 4218 1361 1949 2500 2734 7542 904 1341 1474 4919 2033 1752 3461 824 1548 (ppm) 110 71 191 155 145 81 198 224 186 292 249 229 215 188 318 278 261 212 210 237 196 304 260 243 228 205 332 291 273 239 115 128 116 147 138 123 API Publication 4734 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 124 Total Clay (m) 10 14 20 10 15 10 20 10 14 20 10 Total Sand (m) 10 10 15 20 10 20 14 10 10 GW Depth (m) 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 Factors Release Volume (bbls) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 Responses Flux Aquifer (cm/day) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Cl Concent (ppm) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Depth Aquifer (m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Tmax Cmax Day # 1543 1532 6320 398 764 760 3420 3463 2077 3679 1192 1778 2015 2023 6623 748 1162 1306 3460 (ppm) 133 125 110 168 143 134 117 163 192 160 251 216 199 183 149 275 237 223 165 Additional copies are available through Global Engineering 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