Api publ 351 1999 scan (american petroleum institute)

I American Petroleum Institute c O V E R V I E W OF S O I L s REGULATORY AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONNUMBER 35 APRIL1999 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 W 0732290 Ob15401 437 W American Petroleum Institute American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles MISSION `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effective management practices: o To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materiais, products and operations o To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a mànner that protects the environment, and the safety and heGth of our employees and the public o To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes o To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures o To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transporiation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materiais o To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently o To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on thé safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation To work with others to resolve probiems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations .To participate with gavernment and o$ers in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materiais, petroleum products and wastes Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale * S T D - A P I i P E T R O PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 0732290 Ob15402 373 Overview of Coil Permeability Test Methods Regulatory Affairs Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 351 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - GIANNAAIEZZAAND JOSEPH BURKE SPEC CONSULTING SERVICES 427 CLIFTON CORPORATE PARK CLIFTONPARK,NEWYORK12065 APRIL 1999 American Petroleum Institute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD-API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 0732290 0615403 2OT FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULDBE REVIEWD API IS NOT UNDERTAKINGTo MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNINGHEALTH AND S-TY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKINGTHEIR OBLIGATIONSUNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUEDAS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced, stored ìn a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permissionfiom the publishe>:Contact the publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W Washington, D.C 20Oû5 Copyright Q 1999 American Petroleum institute iii ,' Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLEARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: API STAFF CONTACT E Dee Gavora, Regulatory Affairs Department `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - MEMBERS OF THE STORAGE TANK TASK FORCE SUBCOMMI'ITEE Don Gilson, Product Chairman, Chevron Products Company Jerry Engelhardt, Santa Fe Pacific Pipeline Company Jerry Garteiser, Exxon Company, USA George Lloyd, Shell Oil Company William Martin, ARCO Products Company Gene Milunec, Mobil Oil Corporation James Moore, Amoco Oil Company Philip Myers, Chevron Research and Technology Randall Steele, BP Oil Company James Stevenson, Phillips Pipeline Company John Thomas, Shell Oil Company Alan Wolf, Exxon Research and Engineering Company iv Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO PUBL 35L-ENGL 1999 2 ObL5Y05 082 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION e5-1 1-1 Scope of Rep0rt 1-1 Organization of Report 1-2 A Note of Caution 1-2 Recommendations for Method Selection 1-3 Hydraulic Conductivity vs.Permeability 1-4 Collection and Handling of Soil Samples 1-6 Horizontal and Vertical Permeability 1-6 Saturated vs Unsaturated Soil 1-7 Other Properties of Soils 1-7 LA BOR TORY METHODS 2-1 Introduction 2-1 Constant Head Test 2-1 Falling Head Test 2-3 Flexible Wall Permeameter (Triaxial Test) 2-5 Grain Size Analysis 2-5 FIELD METHODS 3-1 Introduction 3-1 Slug Test (Hvorslev?s Method) 3-1 Borehole Test 3-3 Gulf Oil Field Test 3-4 Well Pumping Test 3-5 Piezometer Method 3-7 Infiltrometers 3-9 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 3-9 Open Double-Ring Idiltrometers 3-10 Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometers 3-10 Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Single-Ring Infiltrometers STD.API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 m 0732290 Ob15406 TI9 m FIELD METHODS continued Double Tube Test Method 3-11 Air-Entry Penneameter 12 REFERENCES R-1 Appendix A DEFINITIONS A- Appendix B LIST OF VARIABLES B-1 Appendix C CONVERSION FACTORS .C-1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Range of Values of Permeability 1-4 1-2 Viscosities of Selected Fluids 1-5 2-1 Laboratory Methods for Testing Permeability 2-7 3-1 Field Methods for Testing Permeability 3-15 LIST OF FIGURES Fime Page 2- Constant Head Test 2-2 Falling Head Test .2-4 2-3 Trimal Test .2-6 3- Slug Test (Hvorslev’s Method) 3-2 3-2 Borehole Test 3-3 Gulf Oil Field Test 3-5 3-4 Well Pumping Test 3-7 3-5 Piezometer Method 3-8 3-6 Double-Ring Infiltrometer 3-7 Double-Tube Method 3-12 3-8 Air-Entry Permeameter 3-14 2-3 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 3-4 3-10 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 35la-ENGL 1997 - 0732290 Ob15407 755 H EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents some of the available test methods for determining the coefficient of permeability for earthen secondary containment systems at aboveground storage tank facilities It provides the guidance necessary for operators of an aboveground storage tank facility to select an appropriate test method to determine soil permeability The presented permeability test methods are categorized into laboratory or field methods A brief overview and applicable equations are provided for each method The report contains two main tables (Table 2-1 and Table 3- i), which the reader can use to compare and contrast the presented test methods The information in these tables includes the test method name, technical references, applicability of the test to specific soil types, advantages, disadvantages, overview of the test procedures and typical costs The document is intended to provide infomation for facility operators and engineers to understand the basic requirements of each method and to provide guidance for selection of an appropriate test method This report is not intended to be used as a “how to manual‘’ for each test Nor is the report to be construed as stipulating permeability requirements for earthen secondary containment systems `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - ES- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD-API/PETRO PUBL 35L-ENGL 1999 m 0732290 Ob15408 891 W `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Section INTRODUCTION The determination of soil permeability is one of the most important items in assessing aboveground storage tank facilities’ secondary containment areas This report outlines the available methods for determining soil permeability both in the laboratory and in the field This publication is intended for use by facility operators, engineers and other parties interested in the evaluation of soil permeability SCOPE OF REPORT This publication outlines various methods to test the permeability of soil It is intended to serve only as a general guideline in the selection of a suitable test method for determining soil permeability The final selection of the method and its implementation should be the responsibility of an experienced hydrologist or geotechnical engineer The methods listed here are not an exhaustive list of all available permeability methods The report distinguishes between laboratory and field methods They are identified according to their applicability to particular soil types The methods presented in this report are applicable to fine-grained soils (silts and clays) and coarse-grained soils (sands and gravels), but may not be appropriate to organic soils, such as peat, or to materials such as construction and demolition debris The laboratory test methods covered in this report include the following: Constant head test Falling head test Flexible wall permeameter test (triaxial test) Grain size analysis (sieve analysis) The field methods covered in this report include the following: Slug test (Hvorslev’s Method) Infiltrometer tests Double tube test method Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale STD*API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 W 0732290 Ob15409 728 Air-entry permeameter test Borehole test Gulf Oil Field Test method Well pumping test Piezometer method a ORGANIZATION OF REPORT Sections and provide detailed information on the cited laboratory and field permeability test methods These sections each contain a table that summarizes the test procedures, presents the advantages/disadvantagesfor the procedures and provides typical costs for conducting the procedures Preceding the tables are more detailed narratives of the tests including schematics of the test methods For detailed specifications on how to perform each test, the reader is directed to consult the cited references The tables provide an indication of the relative costs of sampling and analysis for each test method These costs are intended to be used only as a basis for comparing the various test methods Actual sampling and analytical costs will vary depending on site conditions, geographical location, access into the facility and other conditions that will vary from site to site A NOTE OF CAUTION Numerous test methods exist to determine soil permeability The API does not endorse or recommend any one method, nor can API represent or defend the accuracy of a particular method The reader is cautioned to fully investigate the appropriateness of a test method and to determine its suitability to a particular situation Application of the methods cited in this report should be based on sound engineering judgment and in accordance with relevant codes and standards Results of the tests depend on sampling analytical methods, experience and expertise of the technical staff, `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 1-2 Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 3-18 Not for Resale STD-API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL Lỵ99 0732290 Ob35443 996 I O `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 3-19 Not for Resale O 0732290 ObL5Y44 822 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - STD*API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 3-20 Not for Resale S T D - A P I / P E T R O P U B L 351-ENGL 1999 Li$s `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 3-21 Not for Resale 0732290 Ob15445 769 I ~~ STD-API/PETRO PUBL 353-ENGL 1999 111 0732270 0635446 hT5 111 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 3-22 Not for Resale O732270 Ob15447 534 E STD-API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 2977 REFERENCES American Petroleum Institute 1989 A Guide to the Assessment and Remediation of Underground Petroleum Releases API Publication No 1628 American Petroleum Institute Washington, D.C Amoozegar, A and A.W Warrick 1986 Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated SoilsField Methods Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I : Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Agronomy Monograph No American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI ASTM 1985 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometers Annual Book of ASTM Standards American Society for Testing and materials, Philadelphia, PA pp 544-549 ASTM 1985 Standard Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head) Annual Book of ASTM Standards American Society for Testing and materials, Philadelphia, PA pp 38 1-387 ASTM 1990 Standard Guide for Comparison of Field Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conductivity in the Vadose Zone Annual Book of ASTM Standards American Society for Testing and materials, Philadelphia, PA pp 99-108 ASTM 1990 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter Annual Book of ASTM Standards American Society for Testing and materials, Philadelphia, PA pp 63-70 Bedient, P.B and W.C Huber 1992 Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis AddisonWesley, Reading, MA Boersma, L 1965 Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity Above a Water Table C.A Black, D.D Evans, L.E Ensminger, J.L White, F.E Clark Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I :Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling, Agronomy Monographs No American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI pp 234-252 Boersma, L 1965 Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity Below a Water Table C.A Black, D.D Evans, L.E Ensminger, J.L White, F.E Clark Methods ofsoil Analysis, Part I : Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling, Agronomy Monographs No American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI pp 222-233 R- `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale $ Bouwer, H 1986 Intake Rate: Cylinder Infiltrometer Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I : Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Agronomy Monograph No American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI pp 825-844 Bowles, J.E 1984 Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils, 2nded McGrawHill, Inc., New York Cedergren, H.R 1989 Seepage, Drainage, and Flow Nets John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York Daniel, D.E and S.J Trautwein 1986 Field permeability Test for Earthen Liners S.P Clemence Use of In Situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publication No American Society of Civil Engineers, New York pp 146-160 Freeze, R.A and J.A Cherry 1979 Groundwater Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J Holtz, R.D and W.D Kovacs 1981 An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J Klute, A 1965 Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Soil C.A Black, D.D Evans, L.E Ensminger, J.L White, F.E Clark Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I :Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling, Agronomy Monographs No American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI pp 21 0-22 Lambe, T.W and R.V Whitman 1969 Soil Mechanics John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 1988 Permeability Testing Methodsfor Secondary Containment Systems Coriale, R., New York pp 1-15 PACE 1979 State of the Art Review: Petroleum Product Contuinment Qking Pace Report No 79-2 Petroleum Association for Conservation of the Canadian Environment Canada pp 4-13-4-14 Shepherd, R.G 1989 Correlations of Permeability and Grain Size Ground Water 27(5):633-638 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS R-2 Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - N.Y.S DEC 1991 Secondary Containment Systemsfor Aboveground Storage Tanks Spill prevention Operations Technology Series SPOTS No 10 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York pp 1- 12 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL 1999 0732290 Ob35449 304 I `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Spangler, M.G and R.L Handy 1973 Soil Engineering Intext Educational, New York Stephens, D.B., M.Unruh, J Havlena, R.G Knowlton Jr., E Mattson and W Cox 1988 Vadose Zone Characterization of Low-Permeability Sediments Using Field Permeameters Ground Water Monitoring Review 8(2):59-66 Toso, M.A 1994 Optionsfor Regulating Secondary Containment Permeability at Large Aboveground Storage Tank Sites Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Minnesota U.S Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 1953 The Unified Soil Classification System Technical Memorandum No 3-35 Appendix A, Characteristics of Soil Groups Pertaining to Embankments and Foundations U.S DOI 1981 Ground Water Manual A water Resources Technical Publication U.S Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS R-3 Not for Resale Appendix A DEFINITIONS Terms within this report are used with the following meaning: Atterberg Limits Test A simple laboratory testing method which is used to determine the type and properties of clay and silt soils Clay Clays are fine grained soils with 50% plastic fines passing the No 200 sieve Atterberg limits testing are used to determine the type of clay present Coarse Grained Soils Coarse grained soils are those having 50% or more material retained on the No 200 sieve Sands and gravels are considered to be coarse grained The permeability of these soils is typically greater than that of fine grained soils Cohesive Soils Fine grained soils which exhibit plastic properties, including molecular bonding of particles in the presence of water Clays are considered to be cohesive soils Not all fine grained soils are cohesive or plastic For example, silt particles passing the No 200 sieve are considered to be non-plastic fines Cohesive soils, such as clay, typically have very low-permeability, if the soils have not been acted on by outside forces, such as desiccation cracking Fine Grained Soils Fine grained soils are those having more than 50% passing the No 200 sieve Clays and silts are considered to be fine grained soils The permeability of these soils is typically less than that of coarse grained soils Gravel Gravels are coarse grained soils with particles ranging from 2.0 millimeters to 64.0 millimeters They have the greater percentage of the coarse fraction retained on the No sieve Homogeneous A soil sample that consists of relatively similar soil types and uniform particle sizes Non-Homogeneous A soil sample that consists of differing soil types and non-uniform particle sizes `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ~~ ~ S T D - A P I / P E T R O P U B L 351-ENGL b779 0732290 Ob15451 T b II Permeability (Hydraulic Conductivity) The rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit crosssectional area of a porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard temperature conditions (20°C) Permeaine ter An apparatus used in the laboratory to measure soil permeability, usually of the falling head or constant head type Poorly Graded / Well Sorted A sample of soil that contains particles of relatively uniform particle size Sand Sands are considered to be coarse grained soils with particles ranging from 0.062 mm to 2.0 mrn Sand has the greater percentage of the coarse fraction passing the No sieve Saturated A soil is saturated when the voids in the soil are completely filled with water and it has little, if any, entrained air or air bubbles present Saturated soils are typically below the groundwater table Silt Silts are fine grained soils with particles ranging from 0.004 mm to 0.062 mm Silts consist of soils which have more than 50% passing the No 200 sieve Atterberg limits testing is used to determine the type of silt present uscs A system of soil classification which relies upon a sieve analysis and Atterberg limit test to divide soils into coarse grai,ned or fine grained, and to further subdivide soils into various classifications including sand@), gravel(G), s i l t o , clay(C) Unsaturated A soil is unsaturated when the voids of the soil contain an amount of air U n s a h t e d soils typically are above the groundwater table Vadose The area of the soil that extends from the soil surface to the groundwater table The vadose zone refers to the area of the soil that is unsaturated Well Graded I’ Poorly Sorted A sample of soil that contains a wide distribution of different size particles A-2 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - STD-API/PETRO PUBL 35L-ENGL 331999 111 0732290 Ob3315452 9T9 II Appendix B LIST OF VARI[ABLES A = cross-sectional area of = geometry factor (cm.) (Equation 3-3) = approximates 0.5 a = area of the field saturated permeability @quation 3-4) standpipe (cm2) (Equation 2-2) = exponent usually C sample specimen (cm2) (Equations 2-1,2-2) ranging from 1.65 to 1.85 (Equation 2-3) = a dimensionless constant found through regression analysis (Equation 2-3) = a dimensionless constant which varies fiom 0.4 to 1.2 with an average value of 1.O (Equation 2-4) size of the hole casing (Equation 3-1) Ci = constant, varies with the Dl0 = the effective grain size for the d = mean pore throat or particle diameter (in millimeters) (Equation 2-3) E = distance from top e = void ratio (Equation F = dimensionless quantity describing the geometry O percent size in the grain-size curve when the particle diameter is between O to 3.O millimeters (otherwise the equation is not valid) (Equation 2-4) of liner to the water table (cm.) (Equation 3-3) 1-5) of the flow system (Equation 3-5) g = gravitational constant (Equation H = ponded AHt = vertical distance at time t JHdt = area under the dH/dt = rate of h = difference in head 1-1) height of water above the soil (cm) (Equation 3-6) (minutes) between the two curves o f t versus H plotted fiom the data (cm.) (Equation 3-5) curve of t (minutes) versus H (cm), plotted from the data with the water level in the outside tube kept constant up to the time at which AHt is measured (Equation 3-5) on manometers (cm) (Equation 2-1) = difference in feet between groundwater level and elevation of water level in hole if the test is below the water table, or the depth of water in the hole for tests above the water table (Equation 3-1) B- Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - fall just before water supply was shut off (cdsecond) (Equation 3-6) STD*API/PETRO PUBL 351-ENGL Lqqq hi = initial height in the standpipe (cm) (Equation 2-2) = elevation above bottom h2 = final height in the H 0732290 Ob35453 835 of test well at first observation well (ft) (Equation 3-2) standpipe (cm) (Equation 2-2) = elevation above bottom of test well at second observation well (ft) (Equation 3-2) I = cumulative infiltration (cm of H20) (Equation 3-4) K = hydraulic kf = permeability using a fluid other than water kw = permeability using water k = permeability conductivity (Equation 1-2) (Equation 1-2) = specific or intrinsic permeability (Equation 1-1) kfs = field-saturated coefficient of permeability (cdsecond) L = distance between manometers (cm) (Equation 2-1) (Equation 3-6) = sample length (cm) (Equation 2-2) = depth of wetting front (cm) (Equation 3-6) = distance (cm.) from top of liner to water leve1 in liner at time tl (Equation 3-3) L2 = distance (cm.) from top of liner to water level in liner at time tz (Equation 3-3) Ms Mw = mass of soil solids = mass of water n = porosity P/2pg = air-entry value (minimum pressure divided by (percentage) the unit weight of liquid (cm)) (Equation 3-6) Q = quantity of water discharged (cm3) (Equation 2-1) = constant rate of flow into the hole (gallons/minute) (Equation 3-1) = steady rate of discharge fiom the test well (fi3/s)(Equation 3-2) R = inside radius of the liner (cm.) (Equation 3-3) R" = radius of the inside-tube standpipe (cm.) (Equation 3-5) & = radius of the inside tube R/R, = radius of the reservoir divided by the cylinder radius (Equation 3-6) rl = distance to first observation well fiom center of test well (ft) (Equation 3-2) r2 = distance to second observation well fiom center of test well (ft) (Equation 3-2) Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS (cm.) (Equation 3-5) B-2 Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Li STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 353-ENGL 3999 111 0732290 Ob35454 775 W = sorbtivity of soil (determined from plot of cumulative infiltration against t"2> (Equation 3-4) = degree of saturation (percentage) (Equation 1-3) = total time of discharge (seconds) (Equation 2-1) = time increment in seconds (Equation 3-4) - = t2 t l , time increment for water to rise from LI to L2 = change in time for the water to fall from hl to h2 (seconds) (Equation 2-2) = volume of air = volume of the solids = total volume of soil sample = volume of voids = volume of water = viscosity ratio of a fluid compared to water = kinematic viscosity = dry psat density = saturated density `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS (seconds) (Equation 3-3) B-3 Not for Resale STD.API/PETRO PUBL 35L-ENGL Lqq9 = O732290 OLL5455 bo8 Appendix C CONVERSION FACTORS To Convert From: To: Multiply By: Centimeters/second Feetiminute Feetiyear 1.9685 1034643.6 Centimeters Feet Millimeters 0.032808399 10 Square centimeters Square feet 1.076387 x 10” Cubic centimeters Cubic feet Gallons 3.5314667 x 2.642 x lo4 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS c-1 Not for Resale STD API/PET-R-O- PUBL 35JzENGL- 077 American 1220 L Street, Northwest Petroleum Washington, D.C 20005 Institute 202-682-8000 hffp://www.api.org Y f c `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - n c e f Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Order No J35100 Not for Resale