11V8 Ed1 Recommended Practice for Gas Lift System Design and Performance Prediction API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 11V8 FIRST EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2003 REAFFIRMED, MARCH 2015 Recommended Practice for Gas Lift[.]
Recommended Practice for Gas Lift System Design and Performance Prediction API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 11V8 FIRST EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2003 REAFFIRMED, MARCH 2015 Recommended Practice for Gas Lift System Design and Performance Prediction Upstream Segment API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 111V8 FIRST EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2003 REAFFIRMED, MARCH 2015 SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or federal laws Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to particular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that 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Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, M/S C303B, Englewood, CO 80112-5776 This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of the Standards department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C 20005 Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should be addressed to the Director, Business Services API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices These standards are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should be utilized The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products in fact conform to the applicable API standard All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C 20005 Copyright ©2003 American Petroleum Institute FOREWORD This Recommended Practice (RP) is under the jurisdiction of the API Committee on Standardization of Production Equipment (Committee 11) This document presents RPs for the design of gas lift systems Other API Specifications, API RPs, and Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) documents are referenced and should be used for assistance in design and operation Introduction to Gas Lift System Design and Performance Prediction API RP 11V8 Recommended Practice for Gas Lift System Design and Performance Prediction, provides two functions: • A broad overview of gas lift systems and various major types of gas lift operations • Recommended practices for gas lift system design and for modeling methods used in performance prediction All key system components are reviewed to provide guidance for engineers, technicians, well analysts, and operating personnel who are involved in gas lift system analysis, troubleshooting, design, and optimization The primary purpose of this API Recommended Practice (RP) is to emphasize gas lift as a system and to discuss methods used to predict its performance Information must be gathered and models validated prior to a system design, which must precede wellbore gas lift mandrel and valve design The subsurface and surface components of the system must be designed together to enhance the strengths of each and to minimize the constraints This recommended practice bridges and enhances the general information from the API Gas Lift Manual (Book of the Vocational Training Series) and the technical details of other API Gas Lift RPs, each of which contain information on a specific subject or part of the overall gas lift system The gas lift system designer or operator should have and become familiar with the full set of documents from the API (American Petroleum Institute), GPSA (Gas Processors Suppliers Association), and ISO (International Standards Organization) that relate to gas lift system components: API Gas Lift Manual (Book of the Vocational Training Series) API Spec 11V1—Gas Lift Equipment API RP 11V2—Gas Lift Valve Performance Testing API RP 11V5—Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting Gas Lift Installations API RP 11V6—Design of Continuous Flow Gas Lift Installations API RP 11V7—Repair, Testing, and Setting Gas Lift Valves API Spec 12GDU—Glycol-Type Gas Dehydration Units API Spec 12J—Oil and Gas Separators API Std 617—Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Service API Std 618—Reciprocating Compressors for General Refinery Service API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS)—Chapter 5, Metering; Chapter 14, Natural Gas Fluids Measurement GPSA—Engineering Data Book ISO 17078—Gas Lift Equipment Specifications iii API publications may be used by anyone desiring to so Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to API, Standards department, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 iv CONTENTS Page OVERVIEW OF A GAS LIFT SYSTEM 1.1 Major Components of a Gas Lift System 1.2 Ways in Which System Components Interact TYPES OF GAS LIFT SYSTEMS 2.1 Continuous Gas Lift 2.2 Intermittent Gas Lift 2.3 Gas Lift with Plunger 2.4 Gas Lift Tubing/Packer Alternatives INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE GAS LIFT 3.1 Fluid PVT Data 10 3.2 Flowing Pressure and Temperature Surveys 12 3.3 Production Tests 14 3.4 Gas Lift Valve Performance Information 16 3.5 Field Constraints 18 WELL DELIVERABILITY 22 4.1 Basic Models 23 4.2 System Models 29 FACTORS WHICH AFFECT POTENTIAL PRODUCTION RATE AND GAS INJECTION REQUIREMENT 5.1 Casing Pressure and Gas Injection Rate 5.2 Depth of Injection 5.3 Casing, Tubing, and Flowline Sizes 5.4 Gas Lift Valves 5.5 Reservoir Depth, Pressure, and Temperature 5.6 Well Inflow Productivity 5.7 Percent Water in Produced Fluid 5.8 Solution and Free Gas In Produced Fluid 5.9 Operating Separator Pressure 5.10 Wellbore Deviation 34 34 34 36 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 OTHER GAS LIFT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 6.1 Gas Supply 6.2 Gas Lift Gas Distribution System 6.3 Injection Gas Measurement and Control 6.4 Gathering, Testing, and Handling of Produced Fluids 6.5 Special Design Cases 42 42 51 52 55 56 GAS LIFT OPTIMIZATION 7.1 Economic Basis for Optimization 7.2 Determination of Gas Lift System Economic Costs and Benefits 7.3 Implementation of Field Optimization 7.4 What is Practical and What is Impractical 57 58 58 59 63 v 8 Page COMPUTER DESIGN TOOLS 8.1 Vertical Pressure Profile Models 8.2 Vertical Temperature Profile Models 8.3 Well Inflow Performance Models 63 64 66 67 OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS 9.1 Gas Lift Operators’ Problems 9.2 Design Strategies for Effective Long-term Operation 9.3 Check List of Gas Lift Problems and Recommendations 69 69 71 73 Figures 1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 6-1 6-2a 6-2b 6-3 Gas Lift System Gas Lift Valves and Mandrels Injection Pressure Operated (IPO) Gas Lift Valve Flowing and Static Gas Lift Gradients Intermittent Lift Cycle Two-packer Chamber Insert Chamber Gas Lift with Plunger Open Installation Semi-closed Installation High, Low, and Correct Calculated Gradients Obtained by Adjusting Fluid Properties 12 IPO and PPO Valves 17 Wellhead Pressure Delivery Area 20 Production Delivery vs Injection Gas 21 Produced Fluid and Injection Gas Pressure Gradients 24 Gas Lift Deliverability Curve Showing Measured Tests 25 Temperature Gradients 27 Reservoir Inflow Performance (PI) 28 Inflow–Outflow Performance 29 Inflow–Outflow Performance with Natural Flow and Gas Lift 30 Equilibrium Curve for Low PI Well 31 Equilibrium Curve for High PI Well Showing Unloading Rates 31 Production and Gas Injection Tests Identify Under-performing Wells 33 Wellhead Delivery Curves and the Flowline Curves 33 Equilibrium Curve Rates and Pressures, High PI 35 Equilibrium Curve Rates and Pressures, Low PI 35 Production Delivery vs Injection Gas 35 Inflow–Outflow Performance 37 Wellhead Pressure Delivery 37 Valve Types 38 Flow Regime Change with Inclination Angle 42 Brake Horsepower per Million cu.ft/day vs Overall Compression Ratio 44 Production vs Injection Gas and Separator Pressure, High PI 45 Production vs Injection Gas and Separator Pressure, Low PI 45 Production vs Injection Gas and Injection Pressure 46 vi Page 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 7-1 8-1 Compressor BHP/STB vs Separator Pressure Water Content of Hydrocarbon Gas Pressure-Temperature Curves for Predicting Hydrate Formation Trunk Line Piping Distribution Combination Piping Distribution Orifice Plate and Meter Run Fitting Production Rate vs Injection Gas for Various Depths of Lift Reservoir Inflow Performance 47 49 50 52 52 53 62 68 Tables 3-1 4-1 6-1 7-1 7-2 7-3 PVT Data and Adjustment to Match Bubble Point Gas Gradient vs Pressure and Specific Gravity Brake Horsepower Per STB vs Separator Pressure Input Data Production Performance Economic Optimization 11 26 47 60 60 61 vii