Api publ 2558 1993 (2001) scan (american petroleum institute)

Wind Tunnel Testing of External Floating-Roof Storage Tanks API PUBLICATION 2558 FIRST EDITION, JUNE 1993 Reaffirmed 200 American Petroleum Institute Helping You Get The Job Done Right? `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBLX2558 93 O732290 0533878 OT5 SPECIAL NOTES API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED API IS NOT UNDERTAKINGTO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS,NOR UNDERTAKINGTHEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAF- FIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS SOMETIMES A ONETIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS REVIEW CYCLE THIS PUBLICATION WILL NO LONGER BE IN EFFECT FIVE YEARS AFTER ITS PUBLICATION DATE AS AN OPERATIVE API STANDARD OR, WHERE AN EXTENSION HAS BEEN GRANTED, UPON REPUBLICATION STATUS OF THE PUBLICATION CAN BE ASCERTAINED FROM THE API AUTHORING DEPARTMENT [TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000] A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY BY API, 1220 L STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C 20005 Copyright O 1993 American PetroleumInstitute Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDITIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET A P I P U B L r 5 93 0732290 0533879 T FOREWORD `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - This publication was prepared for the American Petroleum Institute by the Cermak Peterka Petersen, Incorporated API publications may be used by anyone desiring to so Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to Measurement Coordination, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C 20005 111 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I P U B L W 5 93 0732290 8 753 W TABLE OF CONTENTS LISTOFAPPENDICES LISTOFFIGURES LISTOFTABLES LISTOFSYMBOLS iii iv vi vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 BACKGROUND 2.I 2.2 2.3 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.7 5.0 Sim'larity Criteria Model Construction Wìnd Tunnel and Test Setup Wind Direction WindSpeed Roof Pressures Quality Control 9 10 10 11 12 13 15 General WindSpeed Wind Direction Roof Top Pressures 15 15 16 16 RESULTS 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Evaporative Loss Equation Air Flow Around Tanks Wind Speea!s in the Atmosphere EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.0 REVISED METHOD FOR CALCULATING EVAPORATION FROM ROOF FITTINGS 19 General Complex Method Simple Method Discussion 19 19 21 22 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.0 REFEmNCES 25 27 FIGURES TABLES 31 65 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS CPP! V Not for Resale A P I PUBLu2558 93 O732290 8 b9T = LIST OF APPENDICES A- B-1 c-1 PRESSURE COEFFICIENT PLOTS AT MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS D- A INSTRUMENTATION AND FACILITIES B EXPERIMENTALMETHODS C TABLE OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS D E PRESSURE COEFFICIENT CONTOURS BY WIND DIRECTION F WIND DIRECTION PHOTOGRAPHS G TABLE OF NON-DIMENSIONAL AND EQUIVALENT WIND VELOCITIES G- WIND ROSE OF NON-DIMENSIONAL AND EQUIVALENT WINDVELOCITIES H- H NON-DIMENSIONAL MEAN VELOCITY CONTOURS F-1 I- `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - I E-1 CPPH vi Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBL*2558 93 0732290 0513882 526 LIST OF FIGURES l a b Site Plan 200 ft Tank Elevation 200 ft Tank 31 32 2a b 100 ft Tank Site Plan Elevation 100 ft Tank 33 34 3a b 48 ft Tank Site Plan Elevation 48 ft Tank 35 36 Velocity and Turbulent Approach Profiles 37 5a Wind Speed Wind Direction and Roof Pressure Measurement Locations - 200 ft Tank Wind Speed Wind Direction and Roof Pressure Measurement Locations - 100 ft Tank Wind Speed Wind Direction and Roof Pressure Measurement Locations - 48 ft Tank 40 6a b c Non-dimensional Mean Velocity Centerline Profiles 200 ft Tank Nondimensional Mean Velocity Centerline Profiles 100 ft Tank Non-dimensional Mean Velocity Centerline Profiles 48 ft Tank 41 42 43 7a b c Average Non-dimensional Mean Velocity Contours 200 ft Tank Average Nondimensional Mean Velocity Contours 100 ft Tank Average Non-dimensional Mean Velocity Contours 48 ft Tank 44 45 46 8a b c Roof Top Wind Directions Relative to Approach Flow 200 ft Tank Roof Top Wind Directions Relative to Approach Flow 100 ft Tank Roof Top Wind Directions Relative to Approach Flow 48 ft Tank 47 48 49 9a b c Centerline Pressure Coefficient Profiles 200 ft Tank Centerline Pressure Coefficient Profiles 100 ft Tank Centerline Pressure Coefficient Profiles 48 ft Tank 50 51 52 b c 38 39 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - 10a b c Average Pressure Coefficient Contours 200 ft Tank Average Pressure Coefficient Contours 100 ft Tank Average Pressure Coefficient Contours 48 ft Tank 53 54 55 l l a b Average Nondimensionai Mean Velocity Zones 200 ft Tank Average Nondimensional Mean Velocity Zones 100 ft Tank Average Non-dimensional Mean Velocity Zones 48 ft Tank 56 57 c Vii Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale 58 A P I PUBLS2558 93 0732290 05l13883 4b2 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) 12a b c Average Non-dimensional Mean Velocity Centerline Profiles - 200 ft Tank Average Nondimensionai Mean Velocity Centerline Profiles 100 ft Tank Average Non-dimensional Mean Velocity Centerline Profiles - 48 ft Tank Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - Not for Resale 59 60 61 A P I PUBLt2558 93 m 0732290 0513884 T ï m LIST OF TABLES `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - List of External Roof Fittings 65 Flow Visualization Test Plan 66 Velocity Measurement Test Plan 69 Pressure Measurement Test Plan 70 Summary of Wind Directions on Tank Roof 71 6a Evaporative Loss Example calculation Complex Method RoofManway Evaporative Loss Example Calculation Complex Method Slotted Guide Pole 72 b Evaporative Loss Example Calculation Simple Method 74 CPPd ix Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS 73 Not for Resale m O732290 0533885 235 A P I PUBL*Z558 93 LIST OF SYMBOLS Svmbol DescriDtion Coefficient of Pressure D Tank Diameter Ag) Frequency of Wind Direction Sector F Evaporative Loss Factor H Tank Height K Product Loss Factor L Stock Loss m Evaporative Loss Factor M Molecular Weight n Wind Power Law Exponent N Number of Fittings P* Vapor Pressure Function Dynamic Pressure r Tank Radius R Roof Height Average Wind Speed at fitting Reference Wind Speed Root Mean Squared Wind Speed at fitting Distance from Center of Tank Roof Surface Roughness Height Density of Air Viscosity of Air `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - X Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBL*2558 93 = 0332290 L 8 b 171 LIST OF SYMBOLS (Continued) Subscriut a airport e effective f fitting, full scale m model scale r rim seal S standing; site t total Y vapor `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS xi Not for Resale A P I P U B L W 5 93 Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc O732290 0514192 T9b D CPP Project 92-0869 1-24 WIND DIRECTION 270 WIND DIRECTION 292.5 *- - -. _ `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - WIND DIRECTION 315 WIND DIRECTION 337.5 Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration B 48 f t Diameter x 48 ft Tail Tank Data Set 14 - 0.75 Roof Height Ratio Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBLr2558 93 Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc O732290 0514193 922 CPP Project 92-0869 1-25 WIND DIRECTION 22.5 WIND DIRECTION 45 WIND DIRECTION 67.5 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - WIND DIRECTION O Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tall Tank Data Set 19 - 1.00 Roof Height Ratio Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBLX2558 93 W 0732290 0514l194 8b9 CPP Project 92-0869 1-26 WIND DIRECTION 90 WIND DIRECTION 12.5 WIND DIRECTION WIND DIRECTION 157.5 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - C e Peterka Petersen, Inc = Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tail Tank Data Set 19 - 1.00 Roof Height Ratio Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS CPP! Not for Resale A P I PUBLx2558 73 Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc 0732290 05LqL95 T CPP Project 92-0869 1-27 WIND DIRECTION 180 WIND DIRECTION 202.5 WIND DIRECTION 225 WIND DIRECTION 247.5 Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tall Tank Data Set 19 - 1.00 Roof Height Ratio `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale m Cermak Peterka Petersen ïnc 0732290 b b ỵ b m CPP Project 92-0869 1-28 WIND DIRECTION 270 WIND DIRECTION 292.5 WIND DIRECTION 315 WIND DIRECTION 337.5 Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tall Tank Data Set 19 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - 1.00 Roof Height Ratio Not for Resale `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A P I P U B L t 5 93 A P I PUBL*2558 3 2 0534397 578 m CPP Projeet 92-0869 1-29 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Cermak Peterka Petersen, Inc m WIND DIRECTION 22.5 WIND DIRECTION O I WIND DIRECTION 67.5 WIND DIRECTION 45 Non-Dimensionai Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tall Tank Data Set 20 - 0.90 Roof Height Ratio Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBLX2558 93 Cermak Petetka Petersen, Inc 0732270 05LqL98 4Orl CPP Project 92-0869 1-30 WIND DIRECTION 12.5 WIND DIRECTION 135 WIND DIRECTION 157.5 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - WIND DIRECTION 90 Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tail Tank Data Set 20 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -0.90 Roof Height Ratio Not for Resale API PUBLt2558 73 m 0732270 0514199 340 m Cermak Peterka Petersen Inc CPP Project 92-0869 1-31 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - WIND DIRECTION 180 WIND DIRECTION 202.5 WIND DIRECTION 225 WIND DIRECTION 247.5 Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tall Tank Data Set 20 - 0.90 Roof Height Ratio Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale A P I PUBLX2558 93 Cermak Pelerka Petersen fnc O732290 0534200 992 CPP Project 92-086 1-32 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - WIND DIRECTION 270 WIND DIRECTION 292.5 WIND DIRECTION 315 WIND DIRECTION 337.5 Non-Dimensionai Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tail Tank Data Set 20 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - 0.90 Roof Height Ratio Not for Resale A P I PUBLW558 93 m O732290 Cermak Peterka Petersen inc A29 1-33 m CPP Project 92-0869 WIND DIRECTION 22.5 WIND DIRECTION 45 WIND DIRECTION 67.5 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - WIND DIRECTION O Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tall Tank Data Set 21 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - 0.50 Roof Height Ratio Not for Resale I A P I PUBL+2558 93 Cerrnak Peterka Petersen, ïnc 0732290 0534202 3b5 CPP Project 92-0869 1-34 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - WIND DIRECTION 90 WIND DIRECTION 12.5 WIND DIRECTION 135 WIND DIRECTION 157.5 Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tall Tank Data Set 21 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -0.50 Roof Height Ratio Not for Resale A P I PUBL*2558 93 Cetmak Peterka Petersen Znc 0732290 0534203 bTL CPP Project 92-0869 1-35 WIND DIRECTION 202.5 WIND DIRECTION 225 WIND DIRECTION 247.5 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - WIND DIRECTION 180 Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tall Tank Data Set 21 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - 0.50 Roof Height Ratio Not for Resale ~ A P I PUBL+2558 93 Cermak Peterka Petersen, ïnc 0732290 0534204 538 CPP Project 92-0869 1-36 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - WIND DIRECTION 270 WIND DIRECTION 292.5 WIND DIRECTION 315 WIND DIRECTION 337.5 Non-Dimensional Mean Velocity Contours Configuration C 100 ft Diameter x 48 ft Tail Tank Data Set 21 Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS - 0.50 Roof Height Ratio Not for Resale A P I PUBLW558 93 M 2 0534205 474 M Order No 852-25580 i i-01103-6/92-1C `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale (3E) 0732290 0534206 300 `,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - A P I PUBL+2558 93 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, D.C 20005 11) Copyright American Petroleum Institute Provided by IHS under license with API No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale