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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19700 First edition 2007-03-15 Controlled equivalence ratio method for the determination of hazardous components of fire effluents Méthode du rapport d'équivalence contrôlée pour la détermination des substances dangereuses des effluents du feu Reference number ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2007 Not for Resale ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below © ISO 2007 All rights reserved Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyright@iso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) Contents Page Foreword v Introduction vi Scope Normative references Terms and definitions Principle 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9.1 5.9.2 Apparatus General apparatus Tube furnace Calibrated thermocouples Quartz furnace tube Test-specimen boat Test-specimen-boat drive mechanism Mixing and measurement chamber Analysis of gases Determination of smoke 11 Aerosols and particulates 11 Optical density of smoke 11 Establishment of air supplies 11 7.1 7.2 7.3 Establishment of furnace temperature and setting of furnace temperature 12 General 12 Establishing furnace temperature profile to determine furnace suitability 12 Setting the temperature for an individual experimental-run condition 13 Test specimen preparation 13 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Selection of test decomposition conditions 14 Selection of decomposition conditions for fire hazard analysis or fire-safety engineering 14 Stage 1b: oxidative pyrolysis from externally applied radiation 14 Stage 2: well-ventilated flaming 14 Stage 3a: small vitiated fires in closed or poorly ventilated compartments 15 Stage 3b: post-flashover fires in open compartments 15 10 10.1 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.3 Procedure 15 Decomposition of the test sample 15 Sampling and analysis of fire effluent and measurement of smoke density 17 General 17 Sampling of fire effluent 17 Determination of the mass of the specimen residue 19 Validity of test run 19 11 11.1 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Calculations 19 General 19 Mass-charge concentration and mass-loss concentration 20 Mass-charge concentration 20 Mass-loss concentration 20 Smoke density 21 Yield 21 Organic fraction 22 12 Test report 23 `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - iii © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 Repeatability and reproducibility 24 Repeatability 24 Reproducibility 25 Accuracy 25 Annex A (informative) Guidance on choice of additional decomposition conditions 26 Annex B (informative) Calculation of lethal toxic potency for combustion products according to ISO 13344 using tube-furnace data 28 Annex C (informative) Application of data from the tube-furnace test to assessment of toxic hazard in fires according to ISO 13571 29 Annex D (informative) Guidance on application of data from the tube-furnace test to health and safety assessments of combustion-products 30 Annex E (informative) Guidance on application of data from the tube-furnace tests to assessment of environmental hazards of combustion products from fires 31 Annex F (informative) Use of the tube-furnace method for bioassay purposes 32 Bibliography 33 `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - iv Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote — an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members of the parent committee casting a vote; — an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting a vote An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights ISO/TS 19700 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire threat to people and environment v © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document: ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Introduction The framework for the long-term standardization of fire safety in support of performance-based design (ISO/TC 92 SC 4) requires general engineering methods for specific performance aspects of fire safety, but is applicable to all types of structural systems, products and processes These are referred to in the document as Level 2, Group B standards One such aspect of fire safety is the yields of toxic products evolved in fires This Technical Specification has been developed to measure toxic product yields from materials and products over a range of decomposition conditions in fires The decomposition conditions are defined in terms of fuel/air equivalence ratio, temperature and flaming behaviour The toxic potency of a fire effluent represents the combination of a number of factors, including the concentrations of toxic products, gases, and smoke particles The concentrations of toxic products in turn depend upon a number of factors, one of which is the yield of each toxic product from the burning fuel In order to make a performance-based assessment of the toxic hazard in a fire, one required input is the yield of toxic products under specified fire conditions For any specific material or product, the effluent yields in fires depend upon the thermal decomposition conditions The most important variables are whether the decomposition is non-flaming or flaming, and for flaming decomposition the fuel/oxygen ratio Based upon these variables, it is possible to classify fires into a number of types, as detailed in ISO/TS 19706:2004, Table The use of this Technical Specification provides data on the range of toxic product yields likely to occur in different types and stages of full-scale fires More comprehensive data on the relationships between decomposition conditions and product yields can be obtained by using a wider range of apparatus settings Guidance on the choice of additional decomposition conditions, the application of test data to ISO 13344 and ISO 13571, to health and safety and environmental situations and the use of the tube-furnace method for bioassay purposes is provided in the annexes This Technical Specification makes use of the same apparatus and a similar basic methodology as specified in IEC 60695-7-50 The test method has been developed to fulfil the requirements of ISO 16312-1 and ISO/TS 19706, for data on the yields of toxic products in fire effluents evolved under different fire conditions as part of the data required for input to the toxic-hazard-assessment calculation methods described in ISO 13571 The data may also be used as input for the toxic-potency calculation methods described in ISO 13344 and ISO 13571 vi Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Not for Resale TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) Controlled equivalence ratio method for the determination of hazardous components of fire effluents Scope It uses a moving test specimen and a tube furnace at different temperatures and air flow rates as the fire model The use of this apparatus is generally applicable to individual materials, to products that are layered such that the layering will not result in a significant change in product yields with time in real fires, i.e to products where the upper surface does not provide major protection to the sub-layers This method has been designed as a TC 92 Level Group B performance-based engineering method to provide data for input to hazard assessments and fire-safety engineering design calculations The method can be used to model a wide range of fire conditions by using different combinations of temperature, non-flaming and flaming decomposition conditions and different fuel/oxygen ratios in the tube furnace These include the following types of fires, as detailed in ISO/TS 19706:2004, Table 1: ⎯ Stage 1: Non-flaming: ⎯ Stage 1b) Oxidative pyrolysis from externally applied radiation; ⎯ Stage 2: Well-ventilated flaming (representing a flaming developing fire) (see Note 1); ⎯ Stage 3: Less well-ventilated flaming (see Note 2): ⎯ Stage 3a) Small vitiated fires in closed or poorly ventilated compartments; ⎯ Stage 3b) Post-flashover fires in large or open compartments NOTE Where the fire size is small in relation to the size of the compartment, the flames are below the base of the hot layer and the fire size is fuel-controlled NOTE Where the fire size may be large in relation to the size of the compartment, the flames are partly above the base of the hot layer and the fire size is ventilation-controlled For each flaming fire type, the minimum conditions of test are specified in terms of the equivalence ratio φ as follows: Stage 2: φ < 0,75; Stages 3a) and 3b) φ = ± 0,2 Guidance on the choice of additional decomposition conditions is given in Annex A The data on toxic product concentrations and yields obtained using this Technical Specification may be used as part of the assessment of toxic potencies, in conjunction with toxic potency calculation methods in ISO 13344, and as an input to the toxic hazard assessment from fires in conjunction with fire growth and effluent dispersal modelling, and fractional effective dose (FED) calculation methods in ISO 13571 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - This Technical Specification describes a tube-furnace method for the generation of fire effluent for the identification and measurement of its constituent combustion products, in particular, the yields of toxic products under a range of fire decomposition conditions ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) Application of data from the tube-furnace test to the calculation of lethal toxic potency according to ISO 13344, and to the assessment of toxic hazards in fires according to ISO 13571 is considered in Annex B and Annex C, respectively Guidance on application of data from the tube-furnace test to health and safety assessments of combustion products, and to the assessment of environmental hazards of combustion products from fires is given in Annex D and Annex E, respectively Guidance on the use of the tube-furnace method for bioassay purposes is given in Annex F The test method described in this Technical Specification can be used solely to measure and describe the properties of materials, products or systems in response to heat or flame under controlled laboratory conditions It is not suitable to be used by itself for describing or appraising the fire hazard of materials, products or systems under actual fire conditions, or as the sole source on which regulations pertaining to toxicity can be based Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document For dated references, only the edition cited applies For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies ISO 291:2005, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing ISO 554:1976, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications ISO 5660-2:2002, Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate — Part 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement) ISO 13344:2004, Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents ISO 13571, Life-threatening components of fire — Guidelines for the estimation of time available for escape using fire data ISO/IEC 13943, Fire safety — Vocabulary ISO 19701:2005, Methods for sampling and analysis of fire effluents ISO 19702:2006, Toxicity testing of fire effluents — Guidance for analysis of gases and vapours in fire effluents using FTIR gas analysis ISO/TS 19706:2004, Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13344, ISO 13571, ISO 13943, and the following apply 3.1 combustible load mass of the components of a test specimen capable of combustion in the furnace NOTE This usually includes all components of a specimen excluding inert fillers and other non-combustible components, such as metal frames Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Not for Resale ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) 3.2 equivalence ratio φ fuel mass to oxygen mass ratio in the test divided by the stoichiometric fuel mass to oxygen mass ratio NOTE For the tube-furnace method, this is the mass loss rate of combustible effluent from the test specimen, in milligrams per minute (mg⋅min−1), divided by the mass flow rate of oxygen in the primary air introduced into the furnace, in milligrams per minute (mg⋅min−1), divided by the stoichiometric fuel mass to oxygen mass ratio for the material under test 3.3 exposure dose Ct product of a gaseous toxicant or of a fire effluent which is available for inhalation, i.e the integrated area under the concentration(C)-time(t) curve 3.4 extinction coefficient natural logarithm of the ratio of incident light intensity to transmitted light intensity, per unit light path length 3.5 fractional effective concentration FEC ratio of the concentration of an irritant to that expected to produce a given effect on an exposed subject of average susceptibility NOTE As a concept, FEC may refer to any effect, including incapacitation, lethality or even other endpoints Within the context of this Technical Specification, FEC refers only to incapacitation NOTE When not used with reference to a specific irritant, the term FEC represents the summation of FECs for all irritants in a combustion atmosphere NOTE When FEC = 1, the defined effect (incapacitation or death) is predicted to occur 3.6 fractional effective dose FED ratio of the Ct product for an asphyxiant toxicant to that Ct product of the asphyxiant expected to produce a given effect on an exposed subject of average susceptibility NOTE As a concept, FED may refer to any effect, including incapacitation, lethality or even other endpoints Within the context of this Technical Specification, FED refers only to incapacitation When FED = 1, the defined effect (incapacitation or death) is predicted to occur 3.7 LC50 concentration of a toxic gas or fire effluent statistically calculated from concentration-response data to produce lethality in 50 % of test animals within a specified exposure and post-exposure time NOTE The typical units are µL/L for a gaseous toxicant and gm−3 for fire effluent 3.8 LCt50 product of LC50 and the exposure duration over which it was determined NOTE The typical units are µLL−1min for a gaseous toxicant and gm−3min for fire effluent This constitutes a measure of lethal toxic potency © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - NOTE ISO/TS 19700:2007(E) 3.9 mass-charge concentration concentration of fire effluents from a material defined in terms of the mass of material exposed to burning conditions (mass charge) and the volume into which the effluent is dispersed, expressed in g⋅m−3 3.10 mass loss concentration concentration of fire effluents from a material defined in terms of the mass of material decomposed (mass loss) and the volume into which the effluent is dispersed, expressed in g⋅m−3 3.11 mass loss exposure dose mass loss concentration multiplied by the exposure time, expressed in g⋅m−3min [BS 7899-2:1999, definition 2.22] 3.12 smoke extinction area SEA ratio of the smoke extinction coefficient, in reciprocal metres (m−1) to the mass loss concentration of the test specimen, expressed as grams per cubic metre (g⋅m−3) having units of metres squared per gram (m2⋅g−1) 3.13 smoke obscuration reduction, usually expressed as a percentage, in the intensity of light due to its passage through smoke 3.14 smoke production integral of the smoke production rate over the steady-state burn period being considered 3.15 volume yield volume of an effluent component at 20 °C and 101,325 kPa divided by the mass loss of the test specimen associated with the production of that volume of the effluent component 3.16 yield mass of an effluent component divided by the mass loss of the test specimen associated with the production of that mass of the effluent component Principle Since the yields of products in fires depend upon the decomposition conditions (references [1] to [5]), it is possible to examine the relationships between product yield and a range of variables affecting the decomposition conditions using this apparatus and the methodology described The specified test conditions represent a minimum set designed to obtain data for oxidative pyrolysis under non-flaming conditions, for wellventilated flaming conditions at an equivalence ratio of less than 0,75, and for vitiated flaming conditions at an equivalence ratio of more than The test is designed to replicate real fire conditions, and it is essential that proper observations are made to ensure that those conditions are being met Samples of a material or product are combusted under steady-state conditions in one or more of four environments whose temperature and equivalence ratio are representative of a particular stage of a fire The four types of fire to be represented are: oxidative pyrolysis, well-ventilated flaming developing fires, small flaming vitiated fires, and post-flashover vitiated fires, as defined in ISO/TS 19706 A test specimen in granular or rod form, or a product, is placed in a quartz boat, and introduced at a constant rate into a furnace tube through the hot zone of a fixed tubular furnace A stream of primary air is passed through the furnace tube and over the test specimen at constant flow rate, to support combustion The fire `,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Not for Resale