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-RXUQDORI$670,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6HOHFWHG7HFKQLFDO3DSHUV 673 Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics 37th Volume JAI Guest Editors: Sreeramesh Kalluri Michael A McGaw Andrzej Neimitz Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical Papers STP1526 Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 37th Volume JAI Guest Editors: Sreeramesh Kalluri Michael A McGaw Andrzej Neimitz ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A ASTM Stock #: STP1526 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 978-0-8031-7512-9 ISSN: 1040-3094 Copyright © 2011 ASTM INTERNATIONAL, West Conshohocken, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Journal of ASTM International „JAI… Scope The JAI is a multi-disciplinary forum to serve the international scientific and engineering community through the timely publication of the results of original research and critical review articles in the physical and life sciences and engineering technologies These peer-reviewed papers cover diverse topics relevant to the science and research that establish the foundation for standards development within ASTM International Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by ASTM International provided that the appropriate fee is paid to ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9634; online: http://www.astm.org/copyright The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions expressed in this publication ASTM International does not endorse any products represented in this publication Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one editor The authors addressed all of the reviewers’ comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM International Committee on Publications The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers In keeping with long-standing publication practices, ASTM International maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers The ASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM International Citation of Papers When citing papers from this publication, the appropriate citation includes the paper authors, “paper title”, J ASTM Intl., volume and number, Paper doi, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Paper, year listed in the footnote of the paper A citation is provided as a footnote on page one of each paper Printed in Baltimore, MD February, 2011 Foreword THIS COMPILATION OF THE JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL (JAI), STP1526, on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 37th Volume, contains only the papers published in JAI that were presented at the Ninth International ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics (37th National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics) held during May 20–22, 2009 in Vancouver, BC, Canada The Symposium was jointly sponsored by ASTM International Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture and the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS) Dr Sreeramesh Kalluri, Ohio Aerospace Institute, Brook Park, OH, USA, Dr Michael A McGaw, McGaw Technology, Fairview Park, OH, USA, and Prof Andrzej Neimitz, Kielce University of Technology, Kielce, Poland co-chaired the Symposium and served as JAI Guest Editors Contents Overview ix The Jerold L Swedlow Memorial Lecture On the Beauty of Analytical Models for Fatigue Crack Propagation and Fracture—A Personal Historical Review K.-H Schwalbe Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics and Fracture Mechanisms Investigation of Transition Fracture Toughness Variation within the Thickness of Reactor Pressure Vessel Forgings E Lucon, A Leenaers, W Vandermeulen, and M Scibetta 77 More Accurate Approximation of J-Integral Equation for Evaluating Fracture Resistance Curves X.-K Zhu and J A Joyce 90 Application of Advanced Master Curve Approaches to the EURO Fracture Toughness Data Set E Lucon and M Scibetta 116 Revisit of ASTM Round-Robin Test Data for Determining R Curves of Thin-Sheet Materials X.-K Zhu and B N Leis 130 The Analysis of Fracture Mechanisms of Ferritic Steel 13HMF at Low Temperatures A Neimitz and J Galkiewicz 159 A Weibull Stress Model to Predict Effects of Weld Strength Mismatch on Cleavage Fracture Toughness C Ruggieri 178 Fatigue Behavior and Life Estimation Fatigue Initiation Modeling of 316LN Steel Based on Nonlocal Plasticity Theory J Schwartz, O Fandeur, and C Rey 197 Mechanical Conditioning of Superelastic Nitinol Wire for Improved Fatigue Resistance J E Schaffer 217 Creep-Fatigue Relationships in Electroactive Polymer Systems and Predicted Effects in an Actuator Design A M Vinogradov, C M Ihlefeld, and I Henslee 227 Effects of Microstructure on the Incipient Fatigue and Fretting Crack Processes in Al-Cu-Li Alloys J Delacroix, J.-Y Buffiere, S Fouvry, and A Danielou 241 Development of a Sliding-Rolling Contact Fatigue Tester G Dvorak, M Zahui, and B Mitton 254 Fatigue Crack Growth Determination of ΔKth by Compression Pre-Cracking in a Structural Steel M Carboni, L Patriarca, and D Regazzi 279 Crack-Closure Behavior of 7050 Aluminum Alloy near Threshold Conditions for Wide Range in Load Ratios and Constant Kmax Tests J C Newman, Jr., Y Yamada, and J A Newman 297 Definition of the Influence of Pore Size on the Fatigue Limit Using Short Crack Propagation Experiments C Oberwinkler, H Leitner, and W Eichlseder 320 Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of an Inertia Friction Welded ␣/␤ Titanium Alloy Y Pardhi, C Dungey, G Baxter, P Bowen, and T P Halford 336 Fatigue Crack Propagation in SAW Seam Welds of API 5L X42 Steel Pipe in the Radial Short Direction D Angeles Herrera, J L González Velázquez, and A de J Morales Ramírez 355 Multiaxial Fatigue and Fracture Fatigue from an Induced Defect: Experiments and Application of Different Multiaxial Fatigue Approaches G Leopold and Y Nadot 371 Effect of Cladding on Biaxially Loaded Underclad Part-Through Cracks M Scibetta, E Lucon, and T Houben 394 An Assessment of Cumulative Axial and Torsional Fatigue in a Cobalt-Base Superalloy S Kalluri and P J Bonacuse 421 A Non Local Multiaxial Fatigue Approach to Account for Stress Gradient Effect Applied to Crack Initiation in Fretting R Amargier, S Fouvry, C Poupon, and L Chambon 441 Experimental and Numerical Analyses of Fatigue Behavior of Welded Cruciform Joints C Erny, D Thévenet, J Y Cognard, and M Korner 466 Residual Stress Effects on Fatigue and Fracture Importance of Residual Stresses and Surface Roughness regarding Fatigue of Titanium Forgings B Oberwinkler, M Riedler, and W Eichlseder 489 Fatigue Assessment of Brazed T-Joints Based on Damage Tolerance Including Residual Stress Effects H.-J Schindler and C Leinenbach 504 Residual Strain Effects on Bridging Stress of Cracked and Delaminated Fiber Metal Laminates J T Wang and S W Smith 520 Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis of Cold-Worked Pin-Loaded Holes S Ismonov, S R Daniewicz, and J C Newman, Jr 553 The Influence of Elastic Follow-Up on the Integrity of Structures S Hadidi-Moud and D J Smith 570 Fatigue and Fracture Under Thermomechanical Conditions Lifetime Calculation of Thermo-Mechanically Loaded Materials „Al, Cu, Ni, and Fe Alloys… Based on Empirical Methods H Koeberl, G Winter, and W Eichlseder 589 Mesh-Free Solution of Two-Dimensional Edge Crack Problems under ThermoMechanical Load M Pant, I V Singh, B K Mishra, V Bhasin, K Sharma, and I A Khan 604 Temperature Calibration Techniques for TMF Testing D C Dudzinski, W Beres, and R K Kersey 620 Application of Fracture Mechanics and Cohesive Zone Models Fatigue Crack Growth Simulation in Components with Random Defects M Shirani and G Härkegård 631 Cohesive Zone Modeling of Initiation and Propagation of Multiple Cracks in Hard Thin Surface Coatings A Laukkanen, K Homberg, H Ronkainen, and K Wallin 646 Modeling of Crack Propagation in Weld Beam-to-Column Connections Submitted to Cyclic Loading with a Cohesive Zone Model C Lequesne, A Plumier, L Duchêne, and A M Habraken 675 Author Index 697 Subject Index 699 Overview This special technical publication (STP1526) is a compilation of papers presented by several authors at the Ninth International ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics (37th National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics) and published in the Journal of ASTM International (JAI) after successful peer reviews The International Symposium was jointly sponsored by ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture and the European Structural Integrity Society The Symposium was held during May 20–22, 2009 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in conjunction with the May 18–19, 2009 standards development meetings of ASTM Committee E08 The opening Jerold L Swedlow memorial lecture was delivered at the Symposium by Professor Dr.-Ing Karl-Heinz Schwalbe on analytical models for fatigue crack propagation and fracture The symposium focused on three major tracks of fatigue and fracture of structures and materials under 1) thermomechanical conditions, 2) multiaxial loading conditions, and 3) application of cohesive zone models to fracture problems In addition, several papers were presented at the Symposium in the traditional areas of fatigue behavior, fracture mechanics and mechanisms, fatigue crack propagation, and effects of residual stresses on fatigue and fracture In the last decade, physics- and mechanics-based approaches gained prominence in assessing fatigue and fracture related design lives of structures used in aerospace, surface transportation, power generation, biomedical, and petroleum industries Advanced structures in these industries utilize specially engineered materials with heterogeneous properties (for example, materials with coatings as thermal barriers or to resist wear and corrosion) that serve multiple purposes and require application of mechanics at both micro- and macro-scales to estimate the damages associated with fatigue and fracture In particular, estimating the remaining lives of such structures under prototypical loading conditions poses significant challenges during the operation of those structures Complexities associated with the challenges increase significantly when the advanced structures are subjected to loads in multiple directions and nonisothermal loading conditions Papers presented at the Symposium and compiled in this STP (after publication in JAI) address some of these challenging areas A total of 33 papers, including the Jerold L Swedlow memorial lecture paper, are compiled in this STP The remaining 32 papers are grouped into the following categories: 1) elastic—plastic fracture mechanics and fracture mechanisms, 2) fatigue behavior and life estimation, 3) fatigue crack growth, 4) multiaxial fatigue and fracture, 5) residual stress effects on fatigue and fracture, 6) fatigue and fracture under thermomechanical conditions, and 7) application of fracture mechanics and cohesive zone models It is our sincere hope that papers compiled in this STP advance the state-ofix LEQUESNE ET AL., doi:10.1520/JAI102531 689 FIG 12—Position of the different sets of hardening coefficient FIG 13—Strain-stress curves for the different materials 690 JAI • STP 1526 ON FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS TABLE 4—Simulation characteristics Number Model Connection+ CDM Connection+ CZM+ CDM Connection+ CZM Goal Identify location of fatigue damage defining where to put CZM elements Model crack propagation with fatigue effect Model the crack propagation if fatigue damage is neglected forcement In this study, the meshes generated were composed of ⬃13 000 nodes and 8500 elements The elements are mechanical solid eight-node BWD3D 关15兴 of mixed type available in the LAGAMINE code Figures and 10 present the meshes of a test with transverse stiffeners and a test with an improved doubler A plate was added to the end of the beam in order to stiffen it and to avoid yielding due to the imposed displacement The beam support was equivalent to a rolling bearing, whereas the column support was equivalent to a hinge Displacements were imposed on node lines at the centre of the web at the end of the beam Therefore, the rotation was, free and no physical plasticity was allowed at this point The boundary conditions are described in Fig 11 The constitutive laws for each material are elastoplastic with isotropic hardening These were calibrated from tensile tests on specimens extracted at different locations of the connection As a result, the constitutive laws used were different for the flanges, the web, and the welding 共see Fig 12兲 The strainstress curves are described in Fig 13 The mesh did not model the bolts of the shear tab Instead, the connection between the shear tab and the beam web was complete because the nodes were merged at the interface between the two components The weld metal material of the shear tab-to-column flange and the beam flange-to-column flange connections were modeled This paper presents the results for the connection shown in Fig 1共a兲 Three simulations were performed and their characteristics are summarized in Table A first computation 共simulation 1兲 was performed without the CZM but with the fatigue damage model The latter being a decoupled approach did not affect the mechanical behavior of the structure It was just used to find the damage evolution and localization defined by the fatigue damage, Df The first aim of this simulation was to compare the beam end moment versus rotation curve with the experimental measurement The second was to identify the potential crack path to add cohesive zone elements in the simulation As the crack location was identified by the first simulation, the second simulation contained cohesive elements coupled with the fatigue damage The aim of the simulation was to model the propagation of the crack at the connection and to observe its impact on the moment rotation curve This modeling was compared with the experimental results Finally, a third simulation was performed with cohesive elements where the fatigue was neglected The aim was to quantify its effect on the crack initiation LEQUESNE ET AL., doi:10.1520/JAI102531 691 FIG 14—Beam end moment versus rotation curves for FE and experimental results Results and Discussion Identification of the Crack Path 共Simulation 1兲 Figure 14 shows the comparison of the beam end moment versus rotation curves between the finite element simulation results and the experimental measurement for the first three steps The elastic stiffness of the connection curve was equivalent for the two results curves 共see steps and 2兲 For positive rotation angles, which correspond to a tensile state in the studied specimen, the numerical and experimental values are similar A small difference is observed for negative rotation angles The experimental curves show a slight shift towards negative rotation angles due to the sliding of the connection around the bolts, which was not modeled Moreover the numerical curves present a cyclic hardening in contrast to the experimental ones for step Regarding the beam flange end 共see Fig 15兲, the damage variable was different from zero and was concentrated at the interface between the weld metal and the column flange In fact, damage grew when the moment was at its highest, as the longitudinal stress In addition, an experimental macrocrack observed at this location validated the model prediction In the weld flange, the damage increased in the beam flange near the interface between the base metal and the weld metal 共see Fig 15兲 Figure presents the location of the macrocrack at the end of the experiments in accordance with the numerical simulation The cracks appeared at the beam bottom flange weld Simulation with the Cohesive Zone Model 共Simulation and 3兲 The simulation 共see Table 4兲 took into account both the fatigue damage model and the CZM The cohesive zone elements were defined at the interface between the weld metal and the base metal in the beam flange end During the computation, a crack initiated at the root of the welding on the beam bottom flange end and propagated along the column flange Figure 16 692 JAI • STP 1526 ON FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS FIG 15—Evolution of the fatigue damage near the lower weld flange gives the crack propagation: It happened at cycle of step and quickly propagated during the first part of the loading cycle The crack is the zone where the longitudinal stresses are released Figure 17共a兲 is a contour plot of the fatigue damage, and Fig 17共b兲 gives the longitudinal stress on a cross section at the mid width close to the beam bottom flange During this second simulation, the fatigue damage is significant at the crack initiation location, but it did not develop during the short propagation time Figure 18 shows the evolution of the beam end moment versus the rotation for the finite element computation and the experimental test The curves of the first two steps are similar to the curves of the previous analysis However, the FIG 16—Cohesive elements 共black if cracked兲 during the second cycle of the step LEQUESNE ET AL., doi:10.1520/JAI102531 693 FIG 17—Fatigue damage 共a兲 and longitudinal stress 共b兲 at the mid width on the beam bottom flange in the middle of step cyclic hardening of the finite element simulation for step is less significant than for the simulation without the cohesive element so that the numerical results are closer to the experimental measurements The experimental crack event was observed at cycle of step 共see Table 2兲 Its exact propagation was not recorded The operator just reported an abrupt failure This abrupt event can follow a less visible crack not detected by the operator eye However it seems clear that the model is too conservative and predicts a crack event earlier than in the experiment Simulation where only cohesive zone elements were present without coupling with the fatigue damage modeling did not predict any crack It proves the significant effect of the decrease of the maximum cohesive stress due to fatigue damage 共see Fig 3兲 Conclusions The objective of this study was the modeling of welded steel beam-to-column connection cracking submitted to cyclic loading by the finite element method FIG 18—Beam end moment versus rotation curves for FE with CZM and experimental results 694 JAI • STP 1526 ON FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS The CZM is a practical model due to its ease of implementation and its small number of parameters It makes it possible to model crack initiation and propagation The fatigue damage was calculated by the classical Lemaitre and Chaboche’s model 关3兴 The addition of these two models improved the results by enabling the numerical analysis to get close to the experiments It was observed in simulation that the crack initiation was driven by the fatigue dam= c, age, Df, while the propagation was driven by the cohesive damage, tensor D generated by the high level of deformations Moreover the drawback of the CZM is that the crack path must be known during the meshing An initial idea was to perform a first analysis without cohesive elements because the fatigue damage field gave an idea of the crack location However as the fatigue damage drove only the crack initiation, this model gave only the root of the crack without validating the crack path Future studies are needed in order to perform a finite element analysis with a remeshing step where some cohesive elements are added as a function of a crack bifurcation criterion Finally it should be noted that due to welding, the connection contains some residual stresses, which can affect the crack propagation In the present study, these residual stresses were not taken into account Another study has evaluated such residual stresses, and the results are presented in Ref It would be interesting to implement the residual stresses in the present simulation in order to observe their impact on predicted results Acknowledgments This study was carried out thanks to the supply of the European Community 共VERAPS Project No RFS-CR-03035兲 and the assistance of the project partners 共Corus, ISQ, The University of Karlsruhe兲 The writers of this article would like to thank the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office 共Contract No IAP P6-24兲 for its financial support A.M.H and L.D acknowledge the Fund for Scientific Research 共FRS-FNRS, Belgium兲 References 关1兴 关2兴 关3兴 关4兴 关5兴 International Institute of Welding, “IIW Recommendations for Assessment of Risk of Fracture in Seismically Affected Moment Connections,” Report Nos IIW-X1504-02, IIW-XV-1102-02, IIW-XV-SCG-103-02, IIW Annual Assembly, Bucarest, Roumania, 2002 Bannister, A., “VERAPS: Validation and Enhancement of Risk Assessment Procedure for Seismic Connection,” Report No RFS-CT-2003-00035, Report EUR, Publication Office, Publications, Europa.eu, Luxembourg, 2007 Lemaitre, J and Chaboche, J L., Mécanique des Matériaux Solides, Dunod, Paris, France, 1996 FEMA 350, 2000, “Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel MomentFrame Buildings,” FEMA, Washington, DC Plumier, A., Lequesne, C., Degee, H., Bannister, A., and Hoebling, W., “Behaviour LEQUESNE ET AL., doi:10.1520/JAI102531 695 关6兴 关7兴 关8兴 关9兴 关10兴 关11兴 关12兴 关13兴 关14兴 关15兴 of Heavy Sections Welded Moment Connections,” STESSA09, Philadelphia, 2009, University of Lehigh, Bethlehem, USA Sines, G., “Behavior of Metals Under Complex Static and Alternating Stresses,” Metal Fatigue, G Sines and J L Waisman, Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959 Lequesne, C., 2009, “Modeling of Fracture in Heavy Steel Welded Beam-to-Column Connection Submitted to Cyclic Loading by Finite Elements,” Ph.D thesis, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium, available from http://bictel.ulg.ac.be/ETD-db/ collection/available/ULgetd-07062009-125347/ Dugdale, D S., “Yielding of Steel Sheets Containing Slits,” J Mech Phys Solids, Vol 8, 1960, pp 100–104 Barenblatt, G I., “Mathematical Theory of Equilibrium Cracks in Brittle Fracture,” Adv Appl Mech., Vol 7, 1962, pp 55–129 Mi, Y., Crisfield, M A., Davies, G A O., and Hellweg, H.-B., “Progressive Delamination Using Interface Elements,” J Compos Mater., Vol 32共14兲, 1998, pp 1246– 1272 Bouvard, J L., 2006, “Modélisation de la Propagation de Fissure dans les Aubes de Turbines Monocristalline 关Crack Growth Modelling in Single-Crystal Turbine Blades兴,” Ph.D thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieur des Mines, Paris, France Wallin, K., “Low-Cost J-R Curve Estimation Based on CVN Upper Shelf Energy,” Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct., Vol 24共8兲, 2001, pp 537–549 Lequesne, C., Plumier, A., Degee, H., and Habraken, A M., “Numerical Study of the Fatigue Crack in Welded Beam-to-Column Connection Using Cohesive Zone Model,” Fracture and Damage Mechanics V, M H Aliabadi, F G Buchholz, J Alfaiate, J Planas, B Abersek, and S.-i Nishida, Trans Tech Publications, Key Engineering Materials, Harbin, China, 2006 Roe, K L and Siegmund, T., “An Irreversible Cohesive Zone Model for Interface Fatigue Crack Growth Simulation,” Eng Fract Mech., Vol 70共2兲, 2003, pp 209– 232 Li, X K and Cescotto, S., “A Mixed Element Method in Gradient Plasticity for Pressure Dependent Materials and Modelling of Strain Localization,” Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng., Vol 144共3–4兲, 1997, pp 287–305 STP1525-EB/Feb 2011 697 Author Index A H Amargier, R., 441-465 Härkegård, G., 631-645 Habraken, A M., 675-695 Hadidi-Moud, S., 570-585 Halford, T P., 336-354 Henslee, I., 227-240 Herrera, D A., 355-368 Homberg, K., 646-674 Houben, T., 394-420 B Baxter, G., 336-354 Beres, W., 620-628 Bhasin, V., 604-619 Bonacuse, P J., 421-440 Bowen, P., 336-354 Buffiere, J.-Y., 241-253 I Ihlefeld, C M., 227-240 Ismonov, S., 553-569 C Carboni, M., 279-296 Chambon, L., 441-465 Cognard, J Y., 466-485 J Joyce, J A., 90-115 D K Danielou, A., 241-253 Daniewicz, S R., 553-569 Delacroix, J., 241-253 Duchêne, L., 675-695 Dudzinski, D C., 620-628 Dungey, C., 336-354 Dvorak, G., 254-275 Kalluri, S., 421-440 Kersey, R K., 620-628 Khan, I A., 604-619 Koeberl, H., 589-603 Korner, M., 466-485 L E Eichlseder, W., 489-503, 320-335, 589-603 Erny, C., 466-485 F Fandeur, O., 197-216 Fouvry, S., 441-465, 241-253 Laukkanen, A., 646-674 Leenaers, A., 77-89 Leinenbach, C., 504-519 Leis, B N., 130-158 Leitner, H., 320-335 Leopold, G., 371-393 Lequesne, C., 675-695 Lucon, E., 77-89, 116-129, 394-420 M G Galkiewicz, J., 159-177 Copyright © 2011 by ASTM International Mishra, B K., 604-619 Mitton, B., 254-275 www.astm.org 698 N Nadot, Y., 371-393 Neimitz, A., 159-177 Newman, J A., 297-319 Newman, J C., 553-569, 297-319 Schwartz, J., 197-216 Scibetta, M., 77-89, 116-129, 394-420 Sharma, K., 604-619 Shirani, M., 631-645 Singh, I V., 604-619 Smith, D J., 570-585 Smith, S W., 520-552 O Oberwinkler, B., 489-503 Oberwinkler, C., 320-335 P Pant, M., 604-619 Pardhi, Y., 336-354 Patriarca, L., 279-296 Plumier, A., 675-695 Poupon, C., 441-465 R Ramírez, A de J Morales, 355-368 Regazzi, D., 279-296 Rey, C., 197-216 Riedler, M., 489-503 Ronkainen, H., 646-674 Ruggieri, C., 178-193 T Thévenet, D., 466-485 V Vandermeulen, W., 77-89 Velázquez, J L González, 355-368 Vinogradov, A M., 227-240 W Wallin, K., 646-674 Wang, J T., 520-552 Winter, G., 589-603 Y Yamada, Y., 297-319 S Z Schaffer, J E., 217-226 Schindler, H.-J., 504-519 Schwalbe, K.-H., 3-73 Zahui, M., 254-275 Zhu, X.-K., 90-115, 130-158 STP1525-EB/Feb 2011 699 Subject Index A crack opening displacement, 520-552, 3-73 crack tip blunting, 3-73 cracks, 241-253 creep, 227-240 crystalline plasticity, 197-216 cumulative fatigue, 421-440 A1N steel grade, 279-296 actuators, 227-240 Al-Li, 241-253 as-forged, 489-503 ASTM E1820-08, 130-158 ASTM E561-05, 130-158 axial fatigue, 421-440 D B base metal 共BM兲, 355-368 beam-to-column connection, 675695 bi-modal master curve, 116-129 biaxial loading, 394-420 brazed joint, 504-519 bridging stress, 520-552 C casting defects, 631-645 cladding, 394-420 cleavage fracture, 178-193 coatings, 646-674 cobalt-base superalloy, 421-440 cohesive zone, 675-695 cohesive zone modeling, 646-674 compression pre-cracking, 279-296 compression precracking, 297319 contact stresses, 553-569 crack, 570-585 crack closure, 297-319 crack growth, 90-115 crack initiation, 197-216 crack interaction, 604-619 Copyright © 2011 by ASTM International damage, 227-240 defect, 371-393 delamination, 520-552 deposited metal 共DM兲, 355-368 disappearing filament pyrometer 共DFP兲, 620-628 ductile crack growth, 130-158 ductile tearing, 3-73 ductile to cleavage fracture mechanism transition, 159-177 ductile-to-brittle transition, 3-73 ductile-to-brittle transition region, 116-129 E edge cracks, 604-619 edges, 489-503 EFGM, 604-619 El-Haddad, 320-335 elastic follow-up, 570-585 electroactive polymers, 227-240 emissivity, 620-628 endurance limit, 504-519 EURO data set, 116-129 www.astm.org 700 F fatigue, 489-503, 227-240, 241-253, 320-335, 675-695, 631-645 fatigue assessment postprocessor, 631-645 fatigue behavior, 217-226 fatigue crack, 504-519 fatigue crack growth, 520-552 fatigue crack propagation, 336-354, 3-73 fatigue crack propagation 共FCP兲, 355368 fatigue tester, 254-275 fatigue, welded joint, two-scale model, damage, crack initiation, 466485 fatigue-crack growth, 297-319 fiber metal laminate, 520-552 finite element, 675-695 finite element analysis, 553-569 finite element method, 646-674 fracture mechanics, 320-335 fracture test, 90-115 fracture toughness, 77-89, 130-158, 646-674, 394-420 fretting, 441-465, 241-253 friction, 553-569 high-pressure die casting, 320-335 I Inconel 718, 441-465 incremental J-integral equation, 90115 inertia friction welding, 336-354 isotropic and kinematic hardening, 553-569 J J-integral, 90-115 J-R curve, 90-115 K Kmaxeffect, 297-319 L lattice curvature, 197-216 LEFM, 604-619 load ratio, 297-319 local approach, 178-193 low cycle fatigue, 197-216 M G geometrically necessary dislocations, 197-216 girth radial direction 共CR兲, 355-368 GLARE®, 520-552 H heat affected zone 共HAZ兲, 355-368 high cycle fatigue, 371-393 high temperature applications, 589603 macroscopic inhomogeneity, 116129 master curve, 394-420 Master Curve, 77-89 master curve extensions, 116-129 material modeling, 589-603 mean stress effect, 371-393 medical wire, 217-226 microstructure, 336-354 multi-modal master curve, 116-129 multiaxial fatigue, 441-465, 371-393 701 N nanocrystalline, 217-226 nitinol properties, 217-226 nitinol wire, 217-226 notch, 504-519 P persistent slip bands, 197-216 persistent slip markings, 197-216 pin-loaded holes, 553-569 pipe steel, 355-368 plastic deformation, 589-603 pores, 320-335 post-cure stretching, 520-552 pressurized thermal shock, 394-420 PWR pressure vessel, 77-89 R R curve, 130-158 reactor pressure vessel, 394-420 residual strain, 520-552 residual stress, 504-519 residual stresses, 489-503, 553-569 rolling contact fatigue, 254275 RPV forgings, 77-89 stress classification, 570-585 stress gradient, 441-465 stress intensity factor, 504-519, 336-354 structural assessment, 3-73 structural integrity, 570-585 T T-joint, 504-519 thermal and mechanical loading, 604-619 thermomechanical fatigue, 620-628 thin sheet, 130-158 threshold, 504-519, 297-319 threshold stress intensity factor range, 279-296 ␣/␤ titanium alloy, 336-354 titanium alloys, 489-503 TMF, 620-628 tomography, 241-253 torsional fatigue, 421-440 toughness scaling model, 178-193 transferability, 394-420 V viscoelasticity, 227-240 W S sampling position, 77-89 single point estimation, 116-129 SINTAP lower tail, 116-129 small notch, 371-393 spheroidal graphite cast iron, 631645 316LN stainless steel, 197-216 Weibull stress, 178-193 weld strength mismatch, 178-193 welding, 675-695 X X-ray computed tomography, 631645 www.astm.org Cover image courtesy of Andrzej Neimitz ISBN: 978-0-8031-7512-9 Stock #: STP1526