Astm stp 1256 1995

STP 1256 Fracture Mechanics: 26th Volume Walter G Reuter, John H Underwood, and James C Newman, Jr., Editors ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) 04-012560-30 ASTM 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a ISBN: 0-8031-1996-8 ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN): 04-012560-30 ISSN: 1040-3094 Copyright 1995 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $2.50 per copy, plus $0.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr., Danvers, MA 01923; Phone: (508) 750-8400; Fax: (508) 750-4744 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8031-1996-8/95 $2.50 + 50 Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were prepared "camera-ready" as submitted by the authors The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution to time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in Philadelphia December 1995 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword The Twenty-Sixth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics was held June 28-30, 1994 in Idaho Falls, ID ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture was the sponsor The individuals responsible for organizing the meeting consisted of W G Reuter, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies), who served as the symposium chairman, J C Newman, Jr., NASA Langley Research Center, J H Underwood, Army Armament Research/Development and Engineering Center, and Linda L Reuter, Idaho Falls, ID, who was responsible for developing the women's program and locating the banquet speaker The symposium chairman would like to express his appreciation to Dorothy A Cullen at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory for all her support during the planning of the symposium and the publishing of the STP The publication was edited by W G Reuter, J H Underwood, and J C Newman, Jr Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Table of Contents Overview xi PROFESSOR J L SWEDLOW MEMORIAL LECTURE Patterns and Perspectives in Applied Fracture Mechanics J G MERKLE CONSTRAINT CRACK INITIATION Two-Parameter (J-Q) Fracture Characterization of Ductile T e a r i n g ~ s - x w u , AND Y.-W MAI 43 The Relationship Between Constraint and Ductile Fracture Initiation as Defined by Micromechanicai Analyses T L PANONTIN AND S D SHEPPARD 54 J-Integral for a Semi-Elliptical Surface Crack at a Bimaterial Interface-M H SHAROBEAM AND J D LANDES 86 Experimental Application of Methodologies to Quantify the Effect of Constraint on Jc for a - D F l a w G e o m e t r y - - w c PORR, JR., R E LINK, J e WASKEY.AND R H DODDS, JR Wide Range CTOD 107 Estimation Formulae for SE(B) Specimens M T KIRK AND 126 Y.-Y WANG Effects of Constraint on Upper Shelf Fracture Toughness J A JOYCE AND R E LINK 142 Effects of 3-D Transverse Constraint on the Evolution of In-Plane Q-StressD D K M SHUM 178 CONSTRAINT CRACK GROWTH Tests and Analyses for Fully Plastic Fracture Mechanics of Plane Strain M o d e I Crack GrowthDF A, MCCLINTOCK, Y.-J KIM, AND D M PARKS 199 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproduc Three-Dimensional C T O A a n d C o n s t r a i n t Effects D u r i n g Stable T e a r i n g in a Thin-Sheet M a t e r i a l ~ D s DAWICKE,J C NEWMAN,JR., AND C A BIGELOW 223 O r i e n t a t i o n Effects on the M e a s u r e m e n t a n d Analysis of Critical C T O A in a n A l u m i n u m Alloy Sheet M A SUTTON,D S DAWICKE,AND 243 J C NEWMAN, JR An Experimental Study of CTOD for Mode I/Mode II Stable Crack Growth in Thin 2024-T3 A l u m i n u m Specimens B E AMSTUTZ,M A SUTTON, 256 D S DAWICKE, AND J C NEWMAN Evaluation of Disk-Shaped Compact Specimen for Determining J-R C u r v e s - K K YOON,L B GROSS,C S WADE,ANDW.A VANDERSLUYS 272 C o n s t r a i n t Effects Observed in Crack Initiation Stretch D M LAMBERT,AND 284 H A ERNST Three-Dimensional C r a c k Growth Assessment by Microtopographic E x a m i n a t i o n m w R LLOYD AND R S, PIASCIK 303 WELDMENTS O n the Effect of Mismatching on Structural Resistance of W e l d s m c ERIPRET, C ERANCO, AND P GILLES 321 CTOD (85) Estimate of Mis-Matched Joints Using the E T M - M M Procedure P HORNET,M KOI~AK,S HAO,A CORNEC,AND K.-H.SCHWALBE Significance of Locally Intensified Strain Ageing to the Fracture Toughness of Welded Steel Structures M G DAWES 336 350 Investigation of Fracture Mechanical Behaviour of Nodular Cast I r o n a n d Welded Joints with Parent-Material-Like Weld Metal w BAERAND G PUSCH Fracture Toughness Testing of Bi-Material Joints with High Strength MisMatch M KODAK,P HORNET,A CORNEC,AND K.-H.SCHWALBE 361 376 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions Experiments and Analyses on U n d e r m a t c h e d Interleaf Specimens in Bending D M PARKS, S GANTI, F A MCCLINTOCK, J S EPSTEIN, L R LLOYD, 391 AND W G REUTER F r a c t u r e Behaviour of Subclad C r a c k s ~ L HODULAKAND D SIEGELE 417 Stress-Intensity-Factor Influence Coefficients for Semielliptical I n n e r - S u r f a c e Flaws in Clad P r e s s u r e Vesseis J A KEENEYAND J W BRYSON 430 ENGINEERED M A T E R I A L S E v a l u a t i o n an d Significance of F r a c t u r e Toughness in C e r a m i c M a t e r i a l s - Y M U T O H 447 Analysis of D a m a g e a n d F a i lu r e in M e t a l M a t r i x Composites mF w BRUST, B S MAJUMDAR,AND G M NEWAZ 461 T r a n s l a m i n a r F r a c t u r e Toughness Test Methods a n d Results f r o m I n t e r l a b o r a t o r y Tests o f C a r b o n / E p o x y L a m i n a t e s m J H UNDERWOOD, M T KORTSCHOT,W R LLOYD, H L EIDINOFF,D A WILSON,AND N ASHBAUGH 486 Cyclic Fatigue Mechanisms in Partially Stabilised Z i r c o n i a - - M J HOFFMAN, S WAKAYAMA,Y.-W.MAI, T KISHI, AND M KAWAHARA 509 Predicting C r a c k G r o w t h in C o n t i n u o u s - F i b e r Composite M a t e r i a l s - J A CORDES AND R YAZICI 531 C o n s t r a i n t Effect on F r a c t u r e B e h a v i o u r of Adhesive Joints with Different Bond Thickness H R DAGHYANI,L YE, AND Y.-W MAI 556 Re duc ti o n of the Stresses in a J o i n t of Dissimilar M a t er i al s Using G r a d e d Materials as I n t e r l a y e r - - Y , YANG AND D MUNZ 572 I n - P l a n e F r a c t u r e T o u g h n e s s M e a s u r e m e n t o f Paper Y.-W MAI, H HE, R LEUNG, AND R S SETH 587 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions aut SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of AI-Li Alloy 4 - - R V PRAKASH AND 600 B K PARIDA Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Ti-ll00 at Elevated Temperature D C MAXWELL AND T NICHOLAS 617 Fatigue Fracture of Thin Plates Under Tensile and Transverse Shear S t r e s s e s D M J viz, A T ZEHNDER, AND J D BAMFORD 631 The Application of a Logic Framework for Fatigue Crack Growth Analyses to Microstructural E f f e c t s ~ J G XU AND n W LIU 652 Numerical Modeling and Experiments of Creep Crack Growth Under Cyclic Loading F w 8R~ST 673 Intermittent Environment-Assisted Crack Growth During Slow Constant Extension Rate T e s t i n g ~ T w WEB8 AND D a MEYN 698 DYNAMIC LOADING Strain Rate and Inertial Effects on Impact Loaded Single-Edge Notch Bend Specimens~P M VAR~AS AND R_ H DODDS, JR 715 Evaluation of Test Methods for Dynamic Toughness Characterization of Duplex Stainless Steel F o r g i n g s - - M E NATISHAN AND R L TREGONING 732 APPLICATIONS Introduction of ~s a s an Operational Definition of the CTOD and Practical Use -K.-H SCHWALBE Its 763 Fracture Mechanics Life Prediction Computer Code Verification and ValidationDc O WILSON 779 Fracture Toughness and Critical Crack Sizes for the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor D6AC Steel CaseDj c NEWMAN,JR., J D BLAND, AND R F BERRY, JR 799 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further repr Validation of R6 Defect Assessment Methodology Using Experiments on Plates and Pipes with Surface CracksmL HODULAK,D MEMHARD,AND C COUTEROT 822 Author Index 835 Subject Index 837 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions a Overview The ASTM National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics is sponsored by ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture Testing The original objective of these symposia was to promote technical interchange between researchers from the United States and worldwide in the field of Fracture This objective was recently expanded to promote technical interchange between researchers in the field of fatigue and fracture The meeting attracted about 100 researchers covering a broad range of issues in constraint, weldments, advanced materials, and practical applications The volume opens with the paper by Merkle who delivered the Fifth Annual Jerry L Swedlow Memorial Lecture at this symposium Merkle's presentation provided a brief philosophical and historical overview of applied fracture mechanics, particularly as it pertains to the safety of pressure vessels The importance of constraint, a fundamental aspect of fracture mechanics in which Jerry Swedlow had a keen interest and made valuable contributions, was presented along with the need for physically realistic analysis Additional insight into constraint effects on fracture toughness was developed by considering the roles played by the plastic strains, as well as the stresses that develop near a crack tip There are 42 papers following the Merkle paper that are broadly grouped in the same categories used to separate the presentation at the symposium The constraint issue was separated into Crack Initiation with seven papers examining J or CTOD, and Crack Growth with seven papers investigating plane strain or plane stress conditions Following these papers, there is a section on Weldment with eight papers These papers are primarily concerned with effects of weld metal mismatch on the fracture process The remaining papers discuss strain aging and nodular cast iron The next section on Engineered Materials contains nine papers that cover a variety of topics consisting of monotonic or cyclic loading of ceramics, composites, adhesive joints, graded materials, paper, and an A1-Li alloy The last three sections consist of Subcritical Crack Growth with five papers that present results of studies on fatigue, creep, or stress corrosion crack growth; Dynamic Loading with two papers; and Applications with four papers The technical quality of these papers is due to the authors and to the fine reviews provided by the reviewers The symposium organizers would like to express our appreciation to all reviewers for a job well done Because of the large number of papers, camera-ready manuscripts were used to develop the STP The organizers of the symposium hope that it meets your approval The National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics is often used to present ASTM awards to recognize the achievement of current researchers At the Twenty-Sixth Symposium, the award for the Jerry L Swedlow Memorial Lecture was presented to Dr John G Merkle, Oak Ridge National Laboratory The Award of Merit was presented to Professor Ashok Saxena, Georgia Institute of Technology Awards of Appreciation were presented to Dr xi Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 828 FRACTURE MECHANICS: 26TH VOLUME intensity factor and the limit load of the component and relevant material, load and geometry input data are required Assessment line Instability The analysis can be performed at different levels of sophistication (e.g Kr 'Options' 1, and being characterized by different assessment lines) It requires the calculation of the parameters Kr = K/KIe (stress intensity factor K of the cracked component over the material kr fracture toughness Klc) and L r = Fig Failure assessment diagram Fappl/Flimit (applied load Fappl over plastic yield load Flimit of the cracked component) The critical condition (for load or crack size) occurs when the assessment point [Kr, Lr] lies on the assessment line For material behavior characterized by J-R curves the failure assessment parameters are Kr = (Jelastic,appl(a+Aa)/Jmaterial(Aa))|/2 and L r = Fappl/Flimit(a+Aa ) During stable crack growth under increasing load the assessment point [Kr, Lr] moves along the assessment line Critical conditions are reached at crack instability defined by the condition dJappl/da > dJmaterial/da at Jappl= Jmaterial" In the analysis various amounts of ductile crack growth are postulated and assessment points [Kr, Ld are evaluated for each of them The critical condition (crack instability) occurs when the locus of assessment points touches the failure assessment line at one point only, with all other points on the locus lying outside the area bounded by the axes and the line (see Fig 6) Calculation t~rocedure To demonstrate the applicability of the R6 method especially for situations, in which an appreciable amount of stable or unstable crack growth occurs, post test calculations have the material was available, both Option and Option of R6, and in one case also Option 3, have been used For the sake of comparison to experiments, restrictions on stable crack growth required in [3] have have not been applied Nominal stresses (tension and bending been done to experiments described in the first part of this paper As the stress-strain curve of for plates and pipes, respectively)necessary for crack extension in depth direction equal to that observed on fracture surfaces were calculated and compared to maximum nominal stresses in experiments For crack extension in length direction two different assumptions Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize HODULAK ET AL ON R6 DEFECT 829 have been adopted: no crack extension in length direction (c = cons.), constant crack shape (a/c = cons.) For some cases stable crack extension was evaluated also in both directions Calculation results depend on formulae for stress intensity factor and limit load Formulae used in this study can be found in references [4-7] Calculation have been performed using the PC program "IWM-VERB" [8] First calculations Using the J-R curve measured on 20%-SG CT specimen RAN 2.1 and the assumption, that crack shape a/c does not change during stable crack growth, calculations have been done, in which the crack size was stepwise increased and the crack stability was checked in each step Fig a, b Plates with surface cracks, Calculation with R6, Option and a/c = cons., J-R curve measured on RAN 2.1 The aim of the calculation was to find the nominal stress, for which the crack depth is equal to final crack depth in experiment In some cases the program terminated calculations earlier because of crack instability or numerical problems Resulting stresses for plates (calculated with R6, Option 2) are compared with measured stresses in Fig a For all specimens calculated stresses are lower than the experimental values All calculations, however, were terminated before the experimental crack extensions have been reached (Fig b) because of crack instability by plastic collapse (Fig.7 c) R6, Option 2, SAN 2.5 o.5 0.5 1.5 Lr Fig c FAD for SAN 2.5, regular cut-off Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 830 FRACTUREMECHANICS: 26TH VOLUME Calculations beyond conventional plastic collapse cut-off In further calculations for plates with cracks, the cut-off of the R6 assessment line was shifted from Lr = (Oy + t~u)/(2tyy) to Lr= Cu/Oy The resulting stresses are shown in Fig Fig a, b Plates with surface cracks, calculation with R6, plastic collapse cut-off shifted, a/c = const., J-R curve measured on RAN 2.1 In this case calculations have been terminated at crack extensions smaller than that in the experiments, for specimens - SAN 2.5 and SAN 2.6 - due to crack instability Experimental load-displacement curves for these plates exhibit actually slight load decrease shortly before the fmal displacements of loading points (the load in the experiments was displacement controlled) The occurring of the instability for two plates has been determined in R6 calculations correctly, but apparently at smaller crack extensions than observed With the exception of SAN 2.7 evaluated by Option 2, the calculated stresses for all plates are somewhat lower than measttred ones R6 Option 1, SAN 2.5 0.5 00 i I 0.5 i I 1.5 Lr Fig c FAD for SAN 2.5, shifted cut-off Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized HODULAK ET AL ON R6 DEFECT 831 F o r cracked pipes under constant internal pressure and increasing displacement of loading points o f the bending equipment, similar results have been obtained as for cracked plates under tension (Fig 9) Fig a, b Pipes with surface cracks, calculations with R6, Option 2, plastic collapse cut-off shifted, a/c = const., J-R curve measured on RAN 2.1 In two cases the calculation was terminated too early due numerical problems at the assessment of crack stability For pipe RAN 1.43 calculation was terminated at Aa = mm because of crack instability - earlier than it would actually happen according to force-CMOD curve (Fig 9c) Only pipe RAN 1.44 was actually loaded beyond the maximum force RAN 1.43 1,200 900 Z 600 o u For two cases where numerical problems happened, further calculations have been carried out without checks of the crack stability It was found that calculated stresses were close to experimental ones and in one case only (SAN 2.7, Option 2, cut-off shifted) the calculated stress was nonconservative (exceeded experimental maximum stress by per cent) 300 ~ o15' 'lls'2 '21 C M O D [mm] Fig c Measured force vs CMOD curve for RAN 1.43 The influence of the crack growth in length direction (c = cons., a/c = cons.) on calculated stresses for cracked plates was found smaller than per cent Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 23 19:26:25 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 832 FRACTUREMECHANICS: 26TH VOLUME 11 In additional calculations the crack growth in length direction (Ac) has been not assumed, but calculated For the length direction in the R6 routine the same Lr was used as for depth direction but K r was calculated using the stress intensity factor for the surface point and the J-R curve obtained from the component SAN 1.2(2) A comparison with measured Ac (surface point value and estimated "mean" value for length direction) for cracked pipes is shown in Fig 10 The mean value of the crackextension in the length direction has been estimated for the part of the crack front 0< t~