STP 964 Testing Technology of Metal Matrix Composites Peter R DiGiovanni and Norman Ray Adsit, editors b ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Testing technology of metal matrix composites / Peter R DiGiovanni and Norman Ray Adsit, editors (STP ; 964) "The symposium on Testing Technology of Metal Matrix Composites was held 18-20 November 1985 in Nashville, Tennessee ASTM Committee D-30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites sponsored the symposium"—Foreword "ASTM publication code number (PCN) 04-964000-33." Includes bibliographies and index ISBN 0-8031-0967-9 Metallic composites—Testing—Congresses I DiGiovanni, Peter R II Adsit, N R III ASTM Committee D-30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites IV Series: ASTM special technical publication; 964 TA481.T48 1988 620.1'18'0287—dcl9 88-15451 CIP Copyright © by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1988 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in West Hanover, MA September 1988 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword The symposium on Testing Technology of Metal Matrix Composites was held 18-20 November 1985 in Nashville, Tennessee ASTM Committee D-30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites sponsored the symposium Peter R DiGiovanni, Raytheon Company, and Norman Ray Adsit, Rohr Industries, served as symposium cochairmen and coeditors of this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Overview SPECIAL TOPICS Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue Test Apparatus for Metal Matrix Composites a n d J o i n t A t t a c h m e n t s — L E O N A R D J WESTFALL AND DONALD W PETRASEK Compressive Properties and Laser Absorptivity of Unidirectional Metal Matrix Composites D I C K J C H A N G , G A R Y L S T E C K E L , WILLIAM D HANNA, AND 18 FRANCISCO IZAQUIRRE Mechanical Behavior of Three-Dimensional Braided Metal Matrix Composites— AZAR P MAJIDI, J E N N - M I N G YANG, AND TSU-WEI CHOU 31 An Evaluation of the Failure Behavior of 3-D Braided FP/Aluminum-Lithium Composites Under Static and Dynamic Blanking—FRANK KO, ALI RAZAVI, 48 AND H C ROGERS Factors Affecting the Determination of Thermophysical Properties of Metal M a t r i x C o m p o s i t e s — R O N A L D P TYE AND STEPHEN E SMITH 65 Pressure Dependence of the Elastic Constants of Silicon Carbide/2014 Aluminum Composite D A T T A T R A Y A P D A N D E K A R , J F R A N K E L , A N D WILLIAM J KORMAN 79 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS Micromechanical Modeling of Yielding and Crack Propagation in Unidirectional Metal Matrix Composites—DONALD F ADAMS 93 Statistical Strength Comparison of Metal-Matrix and Polymeric-Matrix Composites E D W A R D M W U A N D S C CHOU 104 Minimechanics Analysis and Testing of Short Fiber Composites: Experimental M e t h o d s a n d R e s u l t s — J O N A T H A N AWERBUCH, JONATHAN GOERING, AND KENT BUESKING 121 Minimechanics Analysis and Testing of Short Fiber Composites: Analytical Model and Data Correlation—JONATHAN GOERING, KENT BUESKING, AND JONATHAN A W E R B U C H 143 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized A Unique Set of Micromechanics Equations for High-Temperature Metal Matrix C o m p o s i t e s — D A L E A HOPKINS AND CHRISTOS C CHAMIS 159 Discussion 176 Thermoviscoplastic Nonlinear Constitutive Relationships for Structural Analysis of High-Temperature Metal Matrix Composites—CHRISTOS C CHAMIS AND 177 196 D A L E A HOPKINS Discussion Development of Design Allowables for Metal Matrix Materials— 197 CLAYTON L HARMSWORTH NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND PHYSICAL TESTS Anelastic and Elastic Measurements in Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites A L A N W O L P E N D E N , M A H M O N D R H A R M O U C H E , A N D STEVEN V HAYES 207 Noncontact Ultrasonic Evaluation of Metal Matrix Composite Plates and Tubes— ROBERT W REED 216 Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiber FP Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites— JOYCE E WIDRIG, DUNCAN D MCCABE, AND RALPH L CONNER 227 Thermal Expansion Measurement of Metal Matrix Composites—STEPHEN S TOMPKINS AND GREGORY A DRIES 248 Alternative Methods for the Determination of Shear Modulus in a Composite Material—CRAIG M BROWNE 259 FRACTURE BEHAVIOR AND NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Fracture Toughness of Thin-Walled Cylinders Fabricated from Discontinuous Silicon Carbide Whiskers/Aluminum Metal Matrix C o m p o s i t e s — L O U I S RAYMOND AND JAMES A JENNINGS 277 Deformation and Failure Characteristics of Center-Notched Unidirectional Boron/Aluminum at Room and Elevated Temperatures— M A D H U S M A D H U K A R , JONATHAN AWERBUCH, AND MICHAEL J KOCZAK 285 Mechanical Behavior of Silicon Carbide/2014 Aluminum Composite— SHUN-CHIN CHOU, JOHN L GREEN, AND RONALD A SWANSON 305 MECHANICAL TEST METHODS AND M A T E R I A L CHARACTERIZATION Compressive Testing of Metal Matrix Composites—WAYNE M BETHONEY, JOHN NUNES, AND JAMES A KIDD 319 Elevated Temperature Testing of Metal Matrix Composites Under Rapid Heating Conditions—ROBERT S FRANKLE AND JAY O BAETZ Copyright Downloaded/printed University by 329 ASTM by of Washington Int'l Short-Term High-Temperature Properties of Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites P E T E R L B O L A N D , P E T E R R D I G I O V A N N I , A N D LARRY FRANCESCHI 346 Ultrasonic Inspection of Silicon Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite Billets and Secondary Fabricated Products—PHILI? L BLUE 376 Influence of Heat Treatments and Working on Mechanical Properties of Silicon Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Alloys—j HERITIER, P BALLADON, J RAMBAUD, p CHEVET, AND M D E COQUEREAUMONT 383 Characterization of Thin-Wall Graphite/Metal Pultruded Tubing— 396 ROBERT B F R A N C I N I On the Longitudinal and Transverse Tensile Strength and Work of Fracture of a Continuous Fiber Metal Matrix Composite Subjected to Thermal E x p o s u r e — T KYONO, i w HALL, AND M TAYA 409 Summary 433 Author Index 435 Subject Index 437 Copyright Downloaded/printed University by by of Overview While the use of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) has increased significantly in recent years and there are many future apphcations, standard test procedures and an understanding of the failure mechanisms have not kept pace This symposium and the resulting book is a first attempt to address this specific issue The keynote address given at the symposium by Jerome Persh, of the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, gave a clear prospective of the need and the importance of MMCs Mr Persh dealt with the need to have standard methods of evaluating competing systems so that one can arrive at the system with the most appropriate material A total of forty-one papers were initially scheduled for presentation Eleven had to be cancelled and two more were not included in this book The resulting twenty-eight papers are divided topically into: Special Topics (Including High Temperature) Theoretical Considerations Nondestructive Evaluation and Physical Tests Fracture Behavior and Nondestructive Evaluation Mechanical Test Methods and Material Characterization Work included in this volume covers material systems from the continuous silicon carbon/ titanium system to the particulate reinforced aluminum system The form of the material varied from precast block to braided pieces While the end applications of these systems vary, the need to obtain accurate and reliable test data does not vary Tests and test methods are given for elevated temperature tests, dynamic modulus tests, coefficient of expansion tests, compression and buckling tests, among others In all cases there is a need for an evaluation of the material before the destructive tests are conducted, that is, a need for nondestructive evaluation A^ R Adsit Rohr Industries, Chula Vista, Ca 92012; symposium co-chairman and co-editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Special Topics Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize Leonard J Westfall^ and Donald W Petrasek^ Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue Test Apparatus for Metal Matrix Composites and Joint Attachments REFERENCE: Westfall, L J and Petrasek, D W., "Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue Test Apparatus for Metal Matrix Composites and Joint Attachments," Testing Technology of Metal Matrix Composites, ASTM STP 964, P R DiGiovanni and N R Adsit, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Pliiladelphiia, 1988, pp 1-17 ABSTRACT: Two tliermal-mecJianical fatigue (TMF) test facilities were designed and developed, one to test tungsten fiber reinforced metal matrix composite specimens at temperatures up to 1700 K (2600°F) and another to test composite/metal attachment bond joints at temperatures up to 1030 K (1400°F) The TMF facihty designed for testing tungsten fiber reinforced metal matrix composites permits test specimen temperature excursions from room temperature to 1700 K (2600°F) with controlled heating and loading rates A strain-measuring device measures the strain in the test section of the specimen during each heating and cooling cycle with superimposed loads Data are collected and recorded by a computer The second facihty was designed to test composite/metal attachment bond joints and to permit heating to a maximum temperature of 1030 K (1400°F) within 600 s and cooling to 420 K (300°F) within 180 s A computer controls specimen temperature and load cycling KEY WORDS: metal matrix composites, composite tubes, root attachments, thermal fatigue, thermal-mechanical fatigue Tungsten fiber reinforced-superalloy matrix composites have demonstrated a potential for use as high-temperature structural materials [7] The use of these materials for turbine applications often depends on their ability to withstand cyclic loading Studies have been performed on the mechanical and thermal fatigue of fiber reinforced metal matrix composites [1-9] However, combined effects of thermal and mechanical fatigue have not been fully investigated Thermal-mechanical fatigue, however, is one of the primary failure modes considered in the design analysis of high-temperature components, and thermal-mechanical failure data for these materials have not been obtained In the testing of these materials it is desirable to simulate, as closely as possible, the pertinent environmental conditions the structure will experience in service The efficient joining of metal matrix composite components to supporting structures is of major concern facing users of these materials It is essential that the fatigue behavior of bonded joints between composite material components be understood in order to have available design principles and rationale to take advantage of the desirable characteristics of composite materials It is necessary to develop high efficiency joints so that load will be transferred efficiently from the composite to the supporting structure To date few experi- ' Materials engineers, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44135 Copyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright 1988 b y A S I M University of ASTM by International Int'l (all rights reserved); www.astm.org Washington (University of Washington) KYONO ET AL ON THERMAL EXPOSURE 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 STRAIN € 0.5 0.6 0.7 429 0.8 (%) (b) V, = 0.5 FIG 13—Continued 7F for shorter t but agree well with the experimental ones for larger t, whereas the analytical results based on the experimentally measuredCT/„and oj agree well with the experimental ones for the entire range of t It is noted from the present study that work of fracture is strongly dependent on the distribution of the fiber strength, that is, the mean value of CT^„ and WeibuU modulus, co, and also that the fiber pull out tends to increase with Vf Conclusion Three important mechanical properties of continuous fiber MMCs, that is, longitudinal strength, (TUL, transverse strength, (JUT, and work of fracture, yp, are studied in this paper 100 MPa uj 40 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 STRAIN e (%) FIG 14—Predicted Stress-Strain curve of B/Al with V, = 0.3 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 430 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES Analytical models are also developed to predict crt/r and yp As regards work of fracture, "Vf, a good agreement between the experimental and analytical results was obtained Though we are successful in explaining the nonlinearity in the transverse tensile stress-strain curve, the model needs to be improved Regarding the correlation between three properties, CTUL, CUT, and y^, it can be concluded that as the thermal exposure time at temperature 500°C increases, OUL and 7^ decreases, but (TUT increases However, a study on the effect of thermal exposure at lower temperature for example 400°C on the mechanical properties of B/Al composite is recommended for the future Acknowledgments We are grateful to Toray Industries, Inc., Japan for its financial support and to the Center for Composite Materials, University of Delaware, for its partial support; valuable comments from and discussions with Dr H Hatta, Mitsubishi Electric Corp., Japan are also appreciated References [1] Metcalfe, A G and Klein, M J., Interfaces in Metal Matrix Composites, Vol 1, Composite Materials, A G Metcalfe, Ed., pp 125-168, Academic Press, New York, 1974 [2] Klein, M J and Metcalfe, A G., AFML TR-71-189, Air Force Materials Laboratory, 1971 [3] Klein, M J and Metcalfe, A G., AFML TR-72-226, Air Force Materials Laboratory, 1972 [4] Wright, M A and Intwala, B D., Journal of Material Science, Vol 8, 1973, pp 957-963 [5] Olsen, G C and Topkins, S S., Failure Modes in Composites IV, A Cornie and F W Grossman, Eds., 1977, pp 1-21 [6] Grimes, H H., Lad, R A., and Maisel, J E., Metallurgical Transactions A., Vol 8A, 1977, pp 1999-2005 [7] DiCarlo, J A., "Mechanical Behavior of Metal-Matrix Composites," J E Hack and M F Amateau, Eds., The Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, New York, 1982, pp 1-14 [8] Prewo, K M and Kreidei, K G., Metallurgical Transactions, Vol 3, 1972, pp 2201-2211 [9] Kreider, K G and Prewo, K M., Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Second Conference) ASTM STP 497, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1972, pp 539-550 [10] Lin, J M., Chen, P E., and DiBenedetto, A T., Polymer Engineering Science, Vol 11, No 4, 1971, pp 344-352 [11] Adams, D F and Doner, D R., Journal of Computer Materials, Vol 7, 1967, pp 152-164 [12] Adams, D F., Journal of Composite Materials, Vol 4, 1970, pp 310-328 [13] Cooper, G A and Kelly, A., Interfaces in Composites, ASTM STP 452, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1969, pp 90-108 [14] Riggs, D., New Developments and Applications in Composites, D Kuhlman-Wilsdorf and W C Harrigan, Eds., TMS-AIME, New York, 1979, pp 252-260 [15] Amateau, M.F a!idD\ill,D.h., Failure Modes in Composites IV, J A CornieandF.W Grossman, Eds., Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, New York, 1977, pp 336-358 [16] Wright, M A., Welch, D., and Jollay, J., Journal of Material Science, Vol 14, 1979, pp 12181228 [17] Kanninen, M F., Rybicki, E F., and Brinson, H F , Composites, Jan 1977, pp 17-22 [18] Cooper, G A., Journal of Material Science, Vol 5, 1970, pp 645-654 [19] Kelly, A., Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Vol A319, 1970, pp 95-116 [20] Phillips, D C and Tetelman, A S., Composites, Sept 1972, pp 216-223 [21] Piggott, M R., Journal of Material Science, Vol 5, 1970, pp 669-675 [22] Wells, J C and Beaumont, P W R., Journal of Material Sciences, Vol 17, 1982, pp 397-405 [23] Wells, J C and Beaumont, P W K., Journal of Material Sciences, Vol, 20, 1985, pp 1275-1284 [24] Taya, M and Daimaru, A., Journal of Material Science, Vol 18, 1983, pp 3105-3116 [25] Daimaru, A., Stiffness, Strength, and Toughness of Metal Matrix Composites: Analytical and Experimental Research, M.S thesis University of Delaware, Newark, June 1984 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized KYONO ET AL ON THERMAL EXPOSURE 431 [26] Daimaru, A., Hatta, T., and Taya, M., Recent Advances in Composites in the United States and Japan, ASTM STP 864, J R Vinson and M Taya, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1985, pp 505-521 [27] Kyono, T., Hall, I W., and Taya, M., Journal of Material Science, Vol 21, 1986, pp 1879-1888 [28] Mikata, Y and Taya, M., Journal of Composite Materials, Vol 19, 1985, pp 489-598 [29] Kim, W H., Koczak, M J., and Lawley, A., Proceedings of ICCMI2, B Norton et al., Eds., Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, New York, 1978, pp 487-505 [30] DiCarlo, J A and Smith, R J., NASA TM-82806, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, 1982 [31] Daimaru, A and Taya, M., Progress in Science and Engineering of Composites, T Hayashi, K Kawata, and S Umekawa, Eds., ICCM-IV, Tokyo, 1982, pp 1099-1106 [32] Tanaka, K and Mori, T., Acta Metallurgica, Vol 18, 1970, pp 931-941 [33] Eshelby, J D., Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Vol A241, 1957, pp 376-396 [34] Taya, M and Chou, T W., International Journal of Solids Structures, Vol 17, 1981, pp 553-563 [35] Taya, M and Patterson, W G., Journal of Material Science, Vol 17, 1982, pp 115-120 [36] Tanaka, K., Mori, T., and Nakamura, T., Philadelphia Magazine, Vol 21, 1970, pp 931-941 [37] Mura, T., Micromechanics of Defects in Solids, Martinus Nijhoff Pubhshers, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1982 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP964-EB/Sep 1988 Summary The first objective of this symposium was to define the testing procedures needed for metal matrix composites The second objective was to gain an understanding of the physical and theoretical behavior The mechanics of how to tests was addressed by several authors It is also obvious that the test methods for short fiber reinforced metal matrix composites is quite different from those for long fiber reinforced metal matrix composites The test specimens made for composites with short fibers (whisker or particulate) and their procedures are based upon test methods derived from isotropic homogenious metals The best discussion of the methods is the work by co-editor DiGiovanni etal They discuss tensile, flexure, and bearing Besides ambient temperature tests they did elevated temperature tests Compression tests are discussed by authors Awerbuch et al., Chou et al., and Bethoney et al The procedures seem to be such that standard test methods could be drafted The ASTM Committee D-30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites has instituted a task group to draft these standards Several papers discussed toughness testing, but there does not seem to be a shear test method While the methods of evaluating metal matrix composites made with short fibers seem to exist, the methods for evaluating metal matrix composites made with long fibers are not as developed The most developed test method seems to be the tension test method and, in fact, a standard (D 3552) does exist The various tension tests are discussed in at least four papers Majidi et al discussed compression, shear, and toughness tests Francini discussed test methods for tubural configurations Clearly more effort will be needed in order to define a standard One important use of metal matrix composites may well be in thermally stable structures For this class of applications the important properties are the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the modulus of elasticity The CTE measurement methods are discussed very aptly by Tompkins and Dries Several papers discuss the measurement of the modulus by ultrasonic methods rather than by mechanical methods For these type of applications this appears to be a good technique Nondestructive evaluation of materials is important in any application The work reported here shows that the effort related to metal matrix composites is still in its infancy and more effort is needed Beside simply measuring properties, there is a clear need to understand the impUcation of the findings The two papers presented by Chamis and Hopkins and one by Adams clearly helps the investigator to this Finally, if metal matrix composites are to be used, the data must be statistically based The work by Wu and Chou is exemplary in the understanding of scatter in composites His work shows the effects of the matrix in reducing the scatter Harmsworth discusses the direction that we must proceed in order to obtain true statistically based allowables 433 Copyright by Downloaded/printed Copyright® 1988 b y A S TM University of ASTM by International Int'l (all rights reserved); www.astm.org Washington (University of Washington) 434 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES As this summary is being prepared a second conference on testing of metal matrix composites is being planned The new effort will discuss the efforts in the last two years since this conference was held The new finds should be also prepared as a special technical publication in the future N R Adsit Rohr Industries, Chula Vista, CA 92012; symposium co-chairman and co-editor Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized STP964-EB/Sep 1988 Author Index H Adams, D R, 93 Adsit, N R., ix, 433 Awerbuch, J., 121, 143, 285 B Baetz, J G., 329 Balladon, P., 383 Bethoney, W M., 319 Blue, P., 376 Boland, P L., 346 Browne, C M., 259 Buesking, K., 121, 143 Hall, I W., 409 Hanna, W D., 19 Harmouche, M R., 207 Harmsworth, C L., 197 Hayes, S V., 207 Heritier, J., 383 Hopkins, D A., 159, 177 I Izaguirre, P., 19 Jennings, J A., 277 Chamis, C C , 159, 177 Chang, D J., 19 Chevet, R, 383 Chou, S-C, 305 Chou, S C , 104 Chou, T-W., 31 Conner, R L., 227 K Kidd, J A., 319 Ko, P., 48 Koczak, M J., 285 Korman, W J., 79 Kyono, T., 409 M D Dandekar, D R, 79 DeCoquereaumont, M., 383 DiGiovanni, R R., 346 Dries, G A., 248 Madhukar, M S., 285 Majidi, A R, 31 McCabe, D D., 227 N Nunes, J., 319 Franceschi, L,, 346 Francini, R, B., 396 Frankel, J., 79 Frankle R S., 329 Petrasek, D W., Goering, J., 121,143 Green, J L., 305 Rambaud, J., 383 Raymond, L., 277 435 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed byS l M International Copyright 1988 b y A "www.astiTi.org University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 436 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES Razavi, A., 48 Reed, R W., 216 Rogers, H C , 48 Tompkins, S S., 248 Tye, R R, 65 W Smith, S E., 65 Steckel, G L., 19 Swanson, R A., 305 Westfall, L J., Widrig, J E., 227 Wolfenden, A., 207 Wu, E M., 104 Taya, M., 409 Yang, J-M., 31 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au STP964-EB/Sep 1988 Subject Index Blanking, static/dynamic 3-D braided reinforced versus unreinforced aluminum-lithium composite, 48-59 Bond joints (see Joints) Boron fibers, 285-303, 336-345, 409-430 Braided materials, 31-46, 48-59 Brooming, 325 Bursting test graphite, aluminum tubing, 400 Acoustic emissions silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 133-139 Adiabatic shear (see Shear testing, adiabatic) Aircraft specifications metal matrix composites, 197-204 Alpha-alumina fiber, 31-46, 38-48 Aluminum alloy matrix {see also Metal matrix composites), 121-142 billets, 305-316, 376-380 cylinders, 277-284, 305-316 plates, 218-221, 382 tubes, 222, 396-407 Analytical models conductivity, 67-72 high-temperature, multilayered fiber composites, 159-176, 177-196 short-fiber reinforced composites, 143-158 transverse tensile behavior, 416-424 work of fracture, 425-428 Anisotropy, 63, 73, 80, 93 ASTM Standards D 790, 355 D3039, 201, 322, 347 D 3410, 201, 319 D 3518, 201 E 8, 347 E 9, 198 E 127, 377 E 238, 198 E 399, 277, 278, 280-281 E 466, 198 Axial testing FP fiber/magnesium composite, 321, 323328 shear modulus determination, 261-265 Charpy-type specimen silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 278-284 COD (see Crack-opening displacement) Color indicators computed tomography, 233 Compliance-calibration curves boron/aluminum composite, 288-293 Composite materials (see Fibers; Metal matrix composites; Particulates, silicon carbide; Polymeric matrix composites; Whiskers, silicon carbide) Compression testing alpha-allumina fiber/aluminum-lithium composite, 32, 34-37 FP fiber/magnesium composite, 319-328 graphite/aluminum composite, 20-22, 27 graphite/aluminum composite tubing, 403, 405-406 graphite/magnesium composite, 20-22, 27 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 147-148 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite cylinders, 310-311 Computed tomography, 227, 230-232, 234 Computer programs for flexural testing, 273-274 Copper matrix, 336-345, 347-375 Crack-opening displacement (COD) boron/aluminum composite, 293, 296301 B Bauschinger effect, 307, 308, 310-315 Billets mechanical behavior, 305-316 ultrasonic inspection of, 376-380 437 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 438 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES Crack propagation boron/aluminum composite, 278-284,285303 graphite/aluminum composite, 99-100 Cylinders compression testing FP fiber/magnesium composite, 319-328 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 310-311 fracture toughness testing silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 277-284, 305-316 unreinforced versus reinforced aluminum composite, 277-284 D Damping (see Internal friction) Deformation (see also Dislocations) boron/aluminum composite, 285-303 FP fiber/magnesium composite, 323-328 Department of Defense (DOD) metal matrix composite specifications, 197204 Dilatometer, laser interferometric, 248-258, 287, 290-293 Dimensional stability graphite/aluminum composite, 248, 254257 graphite/magnesium composite, 248, 257258 Dislocations (see also Deformation) silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 210-214 Dynamic modulus (see also Young's modulus) silicon carbide particulate/aluminum composite, 208-210 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 208-210 Elasticity testing (see also Strength/stiffness) boron/aluminum composite, 287-293 graphite/aluminum composite, 222-225 silicon carbide particulate/aluminuBj composite, 207-215, 384, 390 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 81-88, 207-215, 384, 390 Electrical resistivity measurement of, 71-72 Electromagnetic acoustic transducers(EMATs), 216-225 Electron microscopy, scanning boron fiber/aluminum composite, 293-296, 414-421, 425-426 boron fibers, 420-421 3D-braided/aluminum-lithium composite, 57-64 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 139-142, 384, 385, 391-393 Extensometers, 366, 374-375 Extrusions ultrasonic inspection of, 380 Failure mechanisms and processes electron microscopy of, 293-296 finite analysis of, 95-102 metallographic observation of, 323-328 television observation of, 293 Failure modes silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 123, 139-142, 370-372 unidirectional ply composites, 165 Fatigue, thermal-mechanical testing composite specimens, test apparatus, 4-6 Fatigue precracking, 279-284 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) metal matrix composite specifications, 197204 Fibers (see also Particulates, silicon carbide; Whiskers, silicon carbide) alumina, 31-46, 48-58, 227-247, 319328 boron, 278-284, 285-303, 409-430 electron microscopy of, 420-421 transverse tension testing of, 413-415 failure mechanisms and processes, 293-296 FP, 31-46, 48-58, 319-328 graphite, 19-30, 93-102, 107-120, 216225, 248, 254-258, 336-345, 347355, 396-405 single filament dimensional scaling, 104-120 size effect, 104-120 statistical strength, 104-120 tungsten, 3-17 Filaments, testing of, 104-120 Finite element analysis high-temperature, multilayered fiber composites, 159-176, 177-196 micromechanical properties, 95, 97 Fixturing, 321 Flexural testing ASTM Standard D 790, 355 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX computer programs, 273-274 shear modulus, 266-272 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 359-362, 384, 390 FP fiber, 31-46, 48-58, 319-328 Fracture, work of boron fiber/aluminum composite, 415-416, 425-429 Fracture behavior {see also Failure mechanisms and processes; Failure modes) resistance silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 277-284, 305-316 unreinforced versus reinforced aluminum alloy cylinders, 277-284, 280-281 toughness testing, 277-316 ASTM Standard E 399, 277, 278, 280281 braided composite, 33, 38-40 Charpy-type specimen, 278-284 fatigue precracked specimens, 278-284 Mode I and Mode II, 315-316 Graphite fibers, testing of in matrix biaxial loading, 100-102 bursting test, 400, 406 compressive properties, 20-22, 26-27, 403, 405-406 crack propagation, 99-100 dimensional scaling, 104-120 elasticity testing, 222-225, 403-405 failure strain rate, 339 laser absorptivity, 22-26, 27-30 micromechanical analysis, 95-102 rapid heating testing, 329-345, 346-375 shear testing, 99-100, 403, 405 size effect, 104-120 statistical strength, 104-120 tensile testing, 198, 116-117, 118, 339345, 353 thermal expansion measurements, 248, 254258 torsion test, 401, 406 ultrasonic evaluation, 216-225 WeibuU distribution, 105-107 Guidelines, military for metal matrix composites, 197-204 H Heat capacity measurement methods 75 439 Heating, rapid effect on tensile testing, 336-345, 346-375 equipment for, 330-335, 350 quartz lamps, 350, 365 Hot working silicon carbide/aluminum composite mechanical properties, 385, 386-390 microscopic examination, 385, 391-393 Hydrostatic strain silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 278-279 I Impact loads {See Loading, impact) Impact testing drop-weight 3D-braided/aIuminum-Iithium composite, 33, 40-42 Interface reaction fiber/matrix, 409, 412 Internal friction silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 210-215 Joints thermal-mechanical testing, 9-17 K Kink band formation, 323-324 Laminates {see Metal matrix composites) Laser absorptivity graphite/aluminum composite, 22-26, 2730 graphite/magnesium composite, 22-26, 2730 Laser interferometric dilatometer, 248-258, 287, 290-293 Lithium matrix, 31-46, 48-64 Load-displacement curves boron fiber/aluminum composite notched specimens, 296-302 room versus elevated temperature, 296302 Loading axial FP fiber/magnesium composite, 323-328 shear modulus determination, 261-265 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 440 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES Loading (Continued) biaxial graphite fiber/epoxy composite, 100-102 cyclic computer controlled, 9-17 impact 3D-braided aluminum/lithium composite, 33, 40-41 3-point bending unreinforced versus reinforced aluminum composite cylinders, 278-284 shear FP fiber/magnesium composite, 323-328, 366 graphite/aluminum composite, 99-1O0 tensile aluminum alloy cylinder, 278-279 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 278-279, 307-310 transverse tension graphite/aluminum composite, 98 M Magnesium matrix, 19-30, 227-248, 257-258, 319-328 Mechanical testing (see Blanking; Bursting test; Compression testing; Crack-opening displacement; Crack propagation; Damping; Deformation; Dislocation; Elasticity testing; fatigue, thermomechanical; Flexural'testing; Fracture behavior; Impact testing; Internal friction; Micromechanical testing; Microstresses, thermomechanical; Minimechanical testing; Pin-bearing tests; Plasticity; Shear testing; Strain hardening; Strain rate; Strength, transverse; Strength/stiffness; Stress-strain; Tensile testing; Torsion testing) Metal Matrix Composite Information Analysis Center (MMCIAC), 346 Metal matrix composites alpha-alumina fiber/alumina-lithium, 31-46, 48-59 alpha-alumina fiber/magnesium, 319-328 aluminum-lithium matrix, 31-46, 48-59 boron fiber/aluminum, 285-303, 409-430 borsic/aluminum, 336-345 3D-braided, 31-46, 48-59 FP fiber/aluminum, 227-247 FP fiber/aluminum-lithium, 31-46, 48-59 FP fiber/magnesium, 227-247, 319-328 graphite/aluminum, 19-30, 93-102, 107120, 216-225, 248, 254-257, 336345, 347-375 graphite/copper, 336-345, 347-375 graphite/magnesium, 19-30 high-temperature, 159-176, 177-196 honeycomb, 66 particulates (see Particulates, silicon carbide) silicon carbide particulate/aluminum, 346348, 350-375, 376-382, 383-395 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum, 79-88, 121-141, 143-158, 207-225, 277284, 305-316, 336-345, 346-348, 350-375, 376-382, 383-395 whiskers (see Whiskers, silicon carbide) Micromechanical analysis graphite/aluminum composite, 95-102 high-temperature, multilayered fiber composites, 159-176 Microstresses, thermomechanical equations for, 166-168, 180 applications, 170-172, 180-196 Microstructural analysis (see Electron microscopy, scanning) Military handbooks MIL-HBK-5, 197-200, 202-204 ASTM Standards E 8, 198 ASTM Standards E 9, 198 ASTM Standards E 238, 198 ASTM Standards E 466, 198 MIL-HBK-17, 201-204 ASTM Standard D 3039, 201 ASTM Standard D 3410, 201 ASTM Standard D 3518, 201 Minimechanical analysis silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 121-142, 143-158 Missile aerodynamic heating, 346 N Nondestructive evaluation (see also Electron microscopy, scanning) acoustic emissions, 121-142 computed tomography, 227, 230-232, 234 electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATS), 216-225 laser absorptivity, 19-30 laser interferometer, 248-258, 287, 290293 television, closed-circuit, 93 ultrasound, 208-209, 216-225, 232-234, 238-247, 376-382 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorize INDEX Notch acuity effects unreinforced versus reinforced aluminum composite cylinders, 278-284 Notched specimens (see also Crack propagation) boron fiber/aluminum composite, 278-284, 285-303 graphite fiber/aluminum composite, 99-100 O Off-axis testing for shear modulus, 261- 265 Particulates, silicon carbide dynamic modulus, 209-210 elasticity testing, 384, 390 flexural strength, 359-362, 384 fracture strength, 339 pin-bearing tests, 362-364 tensile strength, 339, 351 ultrasonic inspection, 376-382 Piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT), 208-209 Pin-bearing tests silicon carbide particulates/aluminum composite, 362-364 silicon carbide whiskers/aluminum composite, 362-364 Plasticity testing silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 153-156 Plates graphite/aluminum composite, 218-221 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite ultrasonic inspection of, 382 3-Point bending tests boron fiber/aluminum composite, 411-412, 415-416 Polymeric matrix composites graphite/epoxy, 107-120 Pressure derivative elastic constants, 84-85 Pultruded tubing, 396-407 R Root attachments bond strength testing, 10-17 441 SEM (see Electron microscopy, scanning) Shape factor compression testing FP fiber/magnesium composite, 319328 Shear testing adiabatic shear stability 3D-braided unreinforced versus reinforced aluminum-lithium composite, 48-59 3D-braided/aluminum-lithium composite, 32, 34-37, 48-59 metal matrix composites, 259-272 modules, composites review, 259-261 turbine airfoils, 189 yield stress boron fiber/aluminum composite, 301302 Short-fiber composites (see Particulates, silicon carbide; Whiskers, silicon carbide) Silicon carbide whiskers (see Whiskers, silicon carbide) Specifications Department of Defense, 197-204 Federal Aviation Administration, 197-204 Specimens, types of Bauschinger effect, 307-308 Charpy, 278-284 fatigue precracked, 279-284 notched, 278-284 Statistical data for metal matrix composites, 197-204 Strain hardening silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 123-125, 153 Strain rate (see also Stress-strain curves) silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite cylinders, 306-316 Strength, transverse boron fiber/aluminum composites, 410-411, 416-424 metal matrix composites, 409 Strength/stiffness (see also Elasticity) silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 123-125 Stress-strain curves (see also Strain rate) silicon carbide particulate/aluminum composite, 356-358 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 125-133, 148-156, 356-358 transverse tension tests, 422-424 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 442 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES Structural analysis nonlinear composites, 178, 180, 182-183 turbine airfoils, 178, 180, 182-183 Television, closed-circuit deformation, observation of, 293 Temperature, elevated {see also Temperature, room; Thermal properties) compressive testing, 26, 27 deformation effect, 288-302 elasticity testing, 207, 208, 209-210, 225, 288-293, 345, 387-390 expansion effect, 96, 253-258 laser absorptivity testing, 27-29 load-displacement curves, 296-302 tensile testing, 96, 336-345, 346-375, 351, 369, 372, 387-390 Temperature, room (see also Temperature, elevated; Thermal properties) elasticity testing, 287, 345 flexural testing, 359-362, 390 load-displacement curves, 296-302 pin-bearing tests, 362-364 tensile testing, 364-375, 390 Tensile testing, 336-375 boron fiber/aluminum composite, 409-430 longitudinal strength, 411, 412 transverse strength, 411, 412, 416-424 3D-braided/aluminum-lithium composite, 32, 34-37 graphite/aluminum composite tubing, 397400, 403, 403-405 graphite fiber/aluminum composite, 98-99, 119, 347-375 graphite fiber/epoxy composite, 119-120 graphite filament, 118, 120 silicon carbide particulate/aluminum composite, 347-375, 384, 385, 387-388, 390 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 98, 122-133, 147-153, 278-279, 347-375,351,352, 367,384, 385, 387388, 390 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite cylinders, 306-310 Test coupons continuously reinforced, 348-350 discontinuously reinforced, 347-348 ASTM Standard E 8, 347 Thermal properties {see also Temperature, elevated; Temperature, room) conductivity analytical models, 67-72 diffusivity honeycomb matrix, 73-75 expansion graphite/aluminum composite, 248, 254257 graphite/magnesium composite, 248, 257-258 metal matrix fiber-reinforced composites, 76 fatigue testing bond joints, 9-17 composite specimens, - high-temperature metal matrix composites, 162, 165, 177-196 stress testing measurement methods, 67-76 tensile testing boron fiber/aluminum composite, 409, 411-430 boron fibers, 409, 413-430 thermoviscoplastic behavior high-temperature metal matrix composites, 177-196 turbine airfoil, 180-196 Through-transmission, 231-234 Torsion testing graphite fiber/aluminum tubing, 401 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum cylinders, 310-311 Tubes, composite graphite fiber/aluminum, 222, 396-407 pultruded, 396-407 tungsen fiber reinforced, 3, 9-17 Tungsten fiber reinforcement, 3, 9-17 Turbine airfoils microstress analysis, 170-173 thermoviscoplastic nonlinear constitutive relationships, 180-196 U Ultrasonic inspection, 208-209,216-225,232234, 238-247, 376-382 ASTM Standard E 127, 377 Uniaxial stresses high-temperature metal matrix composites, 166 W WeibuU distribution, 105-107, 199, 411 Whiskers, silicon carbide {see also Particulates, silicon carbide) Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized INDEX acoustic emissions, 133-139 adiabatic elastic constants, 79-88 Bauschinger effect, 307-308, 310-316 compression testing, 147-148, 310-311 dislocations, 210-214 dynamic modulus, 208-210 elasticity, 81-88, 207-215, 384, 390 electron microscopy of, 139-142, 384, 385, 391-393 failure modes, 123, 139-142, 370-372 failure strength, 339, 345 flexural strength, 359-362, 384, 390 fracture toughness testing, 277-284, 305316 hydrostatic strain, 278-279 minimechanical analysis, 121-142, 143158 pin-bearing tests, 362-364 plasticity, 153-156 443 strain rate, 121-142, 305-316 strength/stiffness, 123-128 stress-strain behavior, 125-133, 148-156, 356-358 tensile testing, 98,122-133, 147-153, 278279, 306-310, 347-375, 385, 387388, 390 ultrasonic inspection, 376-382 Young's modulus {see also Dynamic modulus) shear modulus determination, 261, 266272 silicon carbide particulate/aluminum composite, 386-390 silicon carbide whisker/aluminum composite, 208-210, 386-389, 390 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Dec 31 16:03:28 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized