Astm stp 1453 2004

S T P 1453 Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives Andreas T Wolf, Editor ASTM Stock Number: STP1453 @ ~lrlgmlUl/ ASTM 100 Ban" Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives / Andreas "1-.Wolf, ed p c m - (STP ; 1453) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8031-3480-0 Building materials Testing Congresses Sealing compounds Testing -Congresses Sealing compounds Deterioration Congresses Adhesives Testing Congresses Adhesives Deterioration Congresses I Wolf, A.T (Andreas"1".) I1 Series: ASTM special technical publication ; 1453 TA418.36.D87 2004 691'.99 dc22 2004027225 Copyright 2004 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL, West Conshohocken, PA All rights reserved This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for intemal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by the American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: 978-750-8400; online: http://www.copyright.com/ Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one editor The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM International Committee on Publications To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were prepared "camera-reedy" as submitted by the authors The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers In keeping with long-standing publication practices, ASTM International ~ a i n s the anonymity of the peer reviewers The ASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM International Printed in Bridgeport, NJ 2004 Contents Overview viii F I E L D E X P E R I E N C E WITH S E A L E D JOINTS AND A D H E S I V E F I X A T I O N S Secondary Drainage System for Architectural Panel Systems -L O CARBARY AND M W RYAN Lock-Strip Gasket System Retrofit: A Case History M K SCHMIDT 14 Durability by Design: Load Carrying Silicone Bonding, Herz Jesu Church, Mnnich A HAGL 24 Structural Glazing Failure Five Case Studies M E BAKER 37 Quality Control Guidelines for Factory Applied Structural Silicone Glazing-45 L, D C A R B A R Y AND J G U S T A F S O N Historical Development and Future Prospects of Structural Silicone Sealants in China Y.-L W A N G , H - M W A N G , AND L - M WU 56 F A C T O R S I N F L U E N C I N G THE D U R A B I L I T Y O F S E A L E D JOINTS AND A D H E S I V E F I X A T I O N S Influence of Polyester Powder Coating Chemistry on Adhesion Dire'ability of Silicone Sealants F DE BUYL 65 Water Absorption in Cold Liquid-Applied Waterproofing J c STRONGAND J R K O V A C H 88 Effects on Silicone Sealant Adhesion Buildup on Float Glass Substrates-J T MA, S S C H E N , W Z H O U , AND S W A N G 97 Moisture Conditions of Substrates and Effect on Adhesive Bond of Sealants-M E KENNEY AND R J KENNEY 113 Silyl-Terminated Polyurethanes for Construction Sealants -A E O'CONNOR AND T KINGSTON Estimation of the Fatigue Resistance of Sealants to Movement at Intersections of Sealed Joints and Improvements in the Joint Design M e t h o d - H MIYAUCHIAND K TANAKA 143 156 vi CONTENTS D U R A B I L I T Y STUD1ES OF S E A L A N T S AND A D H E S I V E S Effect of Foam Backer Rod on the Deep Section Cure of One-Part Sealants-S IGLAUER, A R H U T C H I N S O N , AND T C P LEE 171 Effect of Foam Backer Rod on the Mechanical Performance of Sealed Joints-S IGLAUER, A R H U T C H I N S O N , AND T C P LEE 184 Artilicial Weathering and Cyclic Movement Test Results Based on the RILEM TC139-DBS Durability Test Method for Construction Sealants-H MIYAUCHI, N E N O M O T O , S SUGIYAMA, AND K T A N A K A 206 Sealant Longevity for Residential Ducts l s WALKERAND M H SHERMAN 213 Insights into the Use of Biocides in Silicones Sealants: Test Methods And Durability Aspects F DE 8UYL AND H GASTALDI 228 Effect of Float Glass Surface Composition on Silicone Sealant Adhesion Tested After Simultaneous Exposure to Hot Water and Ultraviolet Light-A T W O L F , C S M c M I L L A N , W STIELL, AND K LIEB 252 Comparison of Butyl versus Modified Asphalt Window Flashing Adbesives-A D Z1MA, JR., T A WESTON, J D KATSAROS, AND R H A G O O D Durability of Horizontal Sealant Joints D H N / C A S T R O AND V D G O R M A N 262 280 Durability and Adhesion Rate of One-Part Silicone Sealants to Silicone Rubber Extrusions for New and Remedial Glazing and Weatherproofing Applications L D CARBARYAND E A ZIMMER 303 Sealant Failure Morphology The Important Criterion of Equipment Selection for Weathering Studies G WYPVCH,s KUBERSKI,AND F LEE 310 D E V E L O P M E N T O F N E W T E S T M E T H O D S AND P E R F O R M A N C E - B A S E D SPECIFICATIONS Issues Related to the Mechanical Property Characterization of Sealants-C C W H I T E AND D L HUNSTON 325 Nondestructive Field Testing of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints D~ HUFF 335 Developing a Performance-Based Joint Sealant Specification for Airport PCC Pavements M A LACASSEAND J.-F MASSON 346 Harmonization and Optimization of Weathering Test Methods for Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives N D SEARLE 355 CONTENTS vii Material Properties for Use in FEA Modeling: Sealant Behavior with Ambient Laboratory Climate Aging A T WOLFAND H L CLELAND-HOST 372 Concepts for Development of a Service Life Prediction Methodology for Sealed Building and Construction Joints Review and Roadmap for Future Research A T WOLF 385 Index 401 FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH SEALED JOINTS AND ADHESIVE FIXATIONS Lawrence D Carbary I and Michael IV Ryan Secondary Drainage System for Architectural Panel Systems REFERENCE: Carbary, L D., and Ryan, M W., "Secondary Drainage System for Architectural Panel Systems," Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives, ASTM STP 1453, A T Wolf, Ed., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004 ABSTRACT: In conjunction with the exterior cladding system, field applied architectural sealant joints are the primary source of resistance against air and water intrusion on most high-rise residential and nonresidential commercial structures Jobsite practices and quahty in workmanship will dictate deficiencies in application of the high performance sealants specified for this purpose When these deficiencies allow water and air to enter the structure, or when water condenses and collects behind the walls, damage caused by water is detrimental to the structure The condition known as percolation, where outside positive pressures associated with Heating Ventilation and Air Conditiofiing (HVAC) systems in combination with wind driven rains literally vacuum water into the building, further amplifies this problen~ The damages attributed to water and air infiltration can be corrosion of structural anchors, reduction in insulation efficiency, damage to interior walls, damage to floor coverings and mold growth This paper reports on the design, development and testing o f a state of the art secondary drainage system that is used behind prefabricated panelized Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC), Architectural Precast Concrete (APC), Composite Architectural Precast (CAP), and natural stone on truss systems This system consists of silicone extrusions, tubes and joint protection collection reservoirs with one way valves (JPCROV) that are attached to the back of the concrete or stone panels using adhesive attachments, which are compatible and marry intimately into the exterior architectural sealant joints Unique designs of gutters that are resistant to jobsite debris that can clog drains and render them inadequate are presented along with the JPCROV that prevents percolation and allows water to weep out of the system- These additional materials within the wall cavity also must have benign fire properties due to the concern for toxic gasses and smoke in the event of a fire The technology of the silicone extruded gutters, tubes and percolation boxes is most suitable for the alkaline variable temperature and humidity environment found in these wall cavities Silicone adhesive technology of one-part neutral cure RTV silicone sealant is used to mount the secondary drainage system within the wall to provide a long-term performing solution Durability data is presented on the bonds between the silicone extrusions and concrete substrates for this application Modified ASTM Standard Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal) (D1002-99) data aider room temperature cure, water immersion, and both elevated temperature and high humidity is presented as data simulating the actual application System design capacities and proper installation for maximum coverage are also presented KEYWORDS: exterior cladding, infiltration, drainage system, silicone extrusion, durability, ASTM D1002 Introduction M o d e m mid- to high-rise buildings are predominately comprised o f a structural steel or cast in place concrete framing system u p o n w h i c h all other building elements are supported Walls, 1Associate Industry Scientist, Dow Coming Corporation, P.O Box 994, Midland, MI 48686-0994, U.S.A Chief Estimator, Clark Pacific, 1900 South River Rd., West Sacramento, CA 95691-2888, U.S.A Copyright9 by ASTM International www.astm.org BUILDING/CONSTRUCTION SEALANTS AND ADHESIVES floors, electrical, plumbing and HVAC systems all attach to this structure The exterior of the support structure is typically clad with and supports the above-mentioned panelized systems as well as glass/curtainwall systems, metal panels, stucco, Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS) or plaster These cladding systems must be made to pass specifications regarding air and water infiltration Specifications have been created to minimize air and water infiltration so that buildings can operate the heating and cooling systems efficiently and remain structurally sound over the life of the building These panelized barrier systems typically have joints between each individual panel that require a high performance sealant, a sealant that has greater than +25% joint movement ability per ASTM Standard Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elastomeric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman Cycle) (C719-93 (1998)) The purpose of the high performance sealants is to provide air and water tight panel joints on the exterior face of the panel systems These sealants are required to have elastomeric properties to accommodate joint movements created by thermal expansion and contraction, interstory building drift due to wind or seismic movements, elastic frame shortening and creep An elastomeric material is also referred to as a material that has elastic recovery or memory Elastomeric silicone sealants are commonly used in commercial buildings to protect wall systems from water intrusion The sealant is installed over a back up or bond tape The backer rod supports the sealant until it has cured and is typically made of polyurethane or polyethylene foam The intended use of the backer material is to provide a proper joint shape that allows the sealant to expand and contract as required Once the sealant has cured, in conjunction with the exterior cladding, it forms the primary waterproofing barrier system for the building The main suppliers of silicone sealants typically have excellent quality control and testing procedures and utilize applicators or caulking subcontractors, trained in the use of the products Silicone sealants have proven to be very effective when the bond line is properly detailed and the edges of the panels are cleaned and prepared allowing the sealant to develop durable adhesion to the panel substrate Silicone sealants have proven to be excellent long lasting sealing materials well suited for providing the weatherproofing protection in barrier wall systems The primary exterior sealant system can fail or be compromised in many ways allowing a building to leak Sealant installation is highly dependent on skilled workmanship Improperly detailed joints that not allow for proper sealant installation and poor workmanship can combine, creating adhesive or cohesive failures of the sealant Joint failures can also occur when exterior panelized systems are damaged, allowing water to bypass the sealant at the joints Failures can also occur at the interface with glass and curtain wall systems This interface can lead to compatibility and workmanship problems associated with the coordination of tradesmen working on the project The proper sealant best used for architectural precast concrete joints may not be the proper sealant for an architectural precast concrete panel abutting an aluminum window mullion These interfaces and improperly installed caulk joints may lead to potential water penetration inside the building Joint failures from building movements due to windinduced interstory drift or seismic events can occur Sealants can degrade over time from exposure to the elements and repeated cyclic thermal expansion and contraction Therefore, they will require replacement during the life of the building When leaks occur, the damage caused to the building can be further amplified due to percolation Percolation occurs when sustained high winds or a positive external pressure due to the HVAC system can vacuum water through the damaged sealant joints or cladding The water CARBARY AND RYAN ON A SECONDARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM will percolate or blow into the building, wetting insulation, accelerate the corrosion of structural anchors, and create unsightly stains and odors within the structure Another source of water infiltration that is a concern is condensation on the backside of the panels Sealants protect the interior from leaks but nothing to protect against condensation Under certain atmospheric conditions water can condense on the backside of the panels Condensation issues occur when the airspace within the walls reaches 100% relative humidity and cooling begins The amount of condensation is dependent on the location, type and/or lack of a vapor barrier Additional factors relating to condensation include the amount and temperature of air infiltration into the building Buildings will leak eventually, some more than others, due to the service life of sealants Most of the time the leaks are insignificant enough that the water is absorbed by the substrate and dries prior to any damage occurring Significant uncontrolled leaks and condensation lead to interior damage to the building as noted by unsightly stains and odors One solution to this problem has been developed in the form of a secondary drainage system that is attached to the interior surface of the exterior panels that backs up the primary waterproofing system This solution has come about due to numerous sealant failures, the use of inexpensive less durable cladding systems, and/or poor quality panelized systems that have resulted in the damaged parties seeking redress in high profile lawsuits These situations have resulted in architects and exterior wall consultants mandating that a secondary drainage system be used in addition to the primary system (e.g the sealant caulk joint) to prevent water damage to buildings This paper is written to discuss a secondary drainage system that is installed as a back up to barrier wall construction utilizing precast concrete, GFRC, and natural stone on truss panel systems used in commercial construction The system consists of extruded silicone rubber gutters, and molded parts that are part of an engineered system that allows water to be effectively routed out of a wall system if the primary barrier wall is breached The extruded silicone gutters are attached with Room Temperature Vulcanizing (RTV) neutral cure silicone sealants to the backside of precast concrete, GFRC, or natural stone and must withstand the spandrel environment for years The RTV silicone sealant is also used to attach the silicone gutters, tubes, splices and valves together The drainage system can be placed onto concrete panels that may reach m (30 feet) in width The question of durability is brought about as the RTV neutral silicone adhesive sealant is required to form a permanent bond to the backside of preeast concrete, GFRC and natural stone The backsides of these panels are not visible from the exterior of the building Hence, there is little attention paid to these surfaces Will the panel supplier be able to provide a surface suitable to apply sealants, free of loose dust, laitance, dirt, and grease? How can this be done? Will the adhesive be able to hold up in a spandrel environment with the thermal and humidity cycling that is present? This paper intends to address these questions using a testing methodology on real surfaces that has been put together in a logical fashion Performance Requirements of the Gutter System The secondary drainage system is a system of horizontal gutters applied on the backside of spandrel panels to collect any condensation and water that collects and falls down the back of the panels The system has a slope built into it that allows collected condensation and rainwater to BUILDING/CONSTRUCTION SEALANTS AND ADHESIVES drain out through engineered valve boxes placed in the exterior vertical sealant joints, see Figure FIG l Cut away section of the gutter system installed on a precast concrete panel (System consists of gutters attached to the backside that drain water to valve boxes mounted in the vertical joints) The gutter as designed has a mass of 0.5 grams per millimeter (0.34 lbs per foot) o f length If the gutter were to be full o f water, the gutter would weigh 1.0 gram per millimeter (0.68 lbs per foot) of length Hence the adhesive should be designed to support the weight of the gutter full of water without having any negative impact on the bond The gutter system must be capable of removing the water resulting from leaks and condensation that can breach the primary system The largest concrete panels that this could be used with measure m x m (30 ft x 10 fl) Silicone RTV sealants have not been used to attach items to concrete-based materials in the past However, it is common in a sealant-testing laboratory to attach concrete blocks to aluminum supports that rest inside an accelerated weathering machine Personal experience by one of the authors is documented in ASTM STP 1200 [1] This author had 63 tensile adhesion joints made of concrete to concrete, each weighing about 250 grams (0.55 lbs), attached to aluminum with about 1250 turn (2 in 2) RTV neutral cure silicone sealant Of the 63 samples, 21 were exposed to 1000 hours, 21 were exposed to 2500 hours, and 21 were exposed to 4000 hours of QU-V3 accelerated aging The adhesive sealant never saw the UV light, however it did see QUV Weathering Tester Q-Panel Lab Products, 800 Canterbury Rd, Cleveland, OH 44145, USA OVERVIEW xi interior face of the joint, in some cases substantially, whilst open cell polyurethane foam does not influence their cure speed Backing foams, therefore, can negatively affect the fatigue performance of sealed joints In particular, tensile adhesion joints made with onepart sealants in combination with closed cell polyethylene foam, and subjected to movement during cure, have a dramatically reduced fatigue life Joints made with multi-part sealants are also affected in a detrimental way, but less substantially than with one-part products H Miyauchi, N Enomoto, S Sugiyama and K Tanaka report on their results obtained on commercially available sealants in Japan using an artificial weathering and cyclic movement test based on the RILEM TC 139-DBS Durability Test Method for Curtain wall Sealants An important difference in the behavior of sealants is observed for exposures with and without mechanical fatigue cycling, confirming the importance of fatigue cycling in the degradation of sealants Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) duct leakage has been identified as a major source of energy loss in residential buildings in the United States The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) has been testing HVAC sealant longevity for several years I Walker and M Sherman discuss experimental findings based on the accelerated test method developed by LBNL Current research efforts are focusing on making less accelerated measurements of state-of-the-art tape products to corroborate the results found in the previous tests F De Buyl and H Gastaldi provide insights into the use of biocides in silicone sealants Comparative testing carried out with various silicone sealant systems enables the identification of active ingredients adequate to provide durable protection of the cured silicone sealant, in particular after underwater leach-out conditioning A T Wolf, C McMiilan, W Stiell and K Lieb report on the effect of float glass surface composition on silicone sealant adhesion under hot water immersion conditions The authors observe no correlation between the hydrolytic stability of float glass samples and sealant adhesion However, the chemical surface composition of the float glass appears to affect sealant adhesion A D Zima, Jr studies key attributes of different adhesive systems, which can be related to performance differences between typical butyl and modified asphalt adhesives used in window flashing products There is an epidemic of premature horizontal sealant joint failures throughout the United States D H Nicastro and P D Gorman present case histories of horizontal sealant joint failure investigations, a summary of research on the resistance of horizontal joints to concentrated loads, a test method for penetration resistance, data collected from numerous projects throughout the United States as well as recommendations for sealant joint design and installation In their paper, L D Carbary and E A Zimmer study the durability and rate of adhesion build-up of one-part silicone sealants to silicone rubber extrusions for new and remedial glazing and weatherproofing applications They conclude that suitable silicone adhesives can provide adequate cure and strength in less than twenty-four hours to withstand typical stresses incurred during the first day's movement The paper by G Wypych, S Kuberski and F Lee discusses changes in the morphology of sealant surfaces as a result of their exposure to natural and various laboratory-based accelerated weathering conditions Based on their findings, the authors suggest criteria for the selection of laboratory equipment for weathering studies of sealants that allow improvements in the correlation of accelerated weathering results with outdoor weathering results Xii BUILDING/CONSTRUCTION SEALANTS AND ADHESIVES Development of New Test Methods and Performance Based Specifications The final section of the symposium proceedings reviews attempts at developing new test methods for assessing the durability of sealants and adhesives, and, at reaching the ultimate goal, the development of performance-based specifications Quantification of the mechanical properties of cured sealants is complicated by the presence of the Mullins effect C C White and D L Hunston examine issues related to the mechanical property characterization of sealants, and formulate simple rules to describe the Mullins effect D Huff describes a novel device that allows the nondestructive field-testing of installed weatherproofing sealant joints in a uniform and controlled manner The paper also provides a detailed description of the process by which the device is being calibrated to the properties of a variety of sealants Recent studies on crack sealants used in airport pavements that experience cold climates suggest that sealant failure is common In their paper, M A Lacasse and J.-F Masson discuss a systematic approach towards developing a performance-based guide for the selection of crack sealants used in airport pavements N D Searle reviews the efforts within ASTM Committee C24 directed at the harmonization and optimization of exposure conditions within weathering test methods for building and construction sealants and adhesives Her paper reviews differences among weathering tests and provides data and justification in support of recommended exposure conditions that optimize the validity of the test results The discussion focuses on spectral properties of light sources used for simulation of weathering versus solar radiation, irradiance levels, wet/dry cycles, and test durations A T Wolf and H L Cleland-Host report the effect of ambient laboratory climate ageing on material properties used in the FEA modeling of silicone sealants The paper examines changes in the stress relaxed uniaxial tension and compression behavior of silicone sealants that occur upon prolonged cure at ambient laboratory conditions The study is intended as a first step towards developing simple working models that account for the effects of sealant ageing in FEA modeling Despite extensive research on the durability of building materials and components performed over the past two decades, no reliable, quantitative method of service life prediction (SLP) has gained wide acceptance Generic guidance is provided in documents published by ASTM, RILEM, EOTA and ISO Although the methodology is logical and easy to understand, its application is not simple, since much judgment is required in the interpretation of the results Recently, a more specific method of estimating the service life of sealed joints has been proposed The paper by A T Wolf discusses the key requirements relevant to any service-life-prediction methodology, critiques the preliminary method proposed in the literature, and proposes a possible extension of this method Closing As we publish this volume, I look forward to the next Symposium on Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives and the associated flurry of papers in this dynamic industry I encourage all readers to participate in the work of ASTM International C24 committee, to attend the future symposia and to contribute new papers Your participation and feedback help to advance the industry and, as a result, we will all benefit from improvements to our built environment OVERVIEW xiii In closing, I would like to gratefully acknowledge the outstanding quality of the contributions made by the authors as well as the dedicated efforts of the 2002 symposium chairman, the session chairpersons, the peer reviewers, and the staff of ASTM, who all helped to make the 2002 and 2003 symposia and the publication of these proceedings possible Andreas Wolf Dow Coming GmbH Wiesbaden Germany Symposium Chairman and Editor AUTHOR INDEX Index Terms Links B Baker, Mark E 37 C Carbary, Lawrence D Chen, Steve S Cleland-Host, Heather L 45 97 372 D de Buyl, Franỗois 65 228 E Enomoto, Noriyoshi 206 G Gastaidi, Henri 228 Gorman, Partick D 280 Gustafson, John 45 H Hagl, Anneliese 24 Hagood, Robert 262 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 303 Index Terms Links Huff, Daniel 335 Hunston, Don L 325 Hutchinson, A R 171 184 171 184 I Iglauer, S K Katsaros, James D 262 Kenney, Michael E 113 Kenney, Russell J 113 Kingston, Tasha 143 Kovach, Jennifer R 88 Kuberski, Slawomir 310 L Lacasse, Michael A 346 Lee, Fred 310 Lee, T C P 171 Lieb, Karin 252 184 M Ma, Jerry T 97 Masson, J.-E 346 McMillan, Christopher S 252 Miyauchi, Hiroyuki 156 206 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links N Nicastro, David H 280 O O’Connor, Adrienne E 143 R Ryan, Michael W S Schmidt, Mark K 14 Searle, Norma D 355 Sherman, Max H 213 Stiell, Werner 252 Strong, James C Sugiyama, Shigeki 88 206 T Tanaka, Kyoji 156 206 W Walker, Iain S 213 Wang, Hong-min 56 Wang, Sandy 97 Wang, Yue-lin 56 Weston, Theresa A 262 White, Chris C 325 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Wolf, Andreas T 252 Wu, Li-min Wypych, George 372 56 310 Z Zhou, William 97 Zima, Andrew D., Jr 262 Zimmer, Erin A 303 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 385 SUBJECT INDEX Index Terms Links A Adhesion silicone sealants Adhesion failure 113 252 65 97 37 280 Adhesion rate 303 Ageing 372 Airport 346 Alkoxy-cure system 97 Antifungal 228 Antimicrobial 228 Asphalt, modified 262 ASTM C24 standards 355 ASTM C 836 88 ASTM C 920 143 ASTM C 1135 303 ASTM C 1184 45 ASTM C 1401 45 ASTM C 1521 335 ASTM D 1002 ASTM G 21 56 228 B Backing foam 171 Backing material 280 184 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 335 Index Terms Links Biocide 228 Biodeterioration 228 Bond durability 143 Bond strength 113 Braining 88 Building 385 Butyl 262 C CAN2-19.0-M77 CAN/CGSB-37-58 Carbon arcs China, curtain walls 228 88 355 56 Cladding systems 171 Closed-cell 171 Cohesive failure 280 Cold application 346 Cold liquid-applied waterproofing 184 88 Compression 372 Concrete pavement 346 Construction joints 385 Control joint 280 Curtain wail 37 45 171 303 D Degradation Drainage system, secondary DSC 206 310 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 56 Index Terms Links Duct leakage 213 Duct tape 213 Durability 65 97 113 303 325 325 372 156 372 355 Durability design Durability test method 24 206 E Elastomeric sealants 171 Expansion joint 280 Exterior cladding F Factory applied glazing Fatigue 45 184 cycling 206 resistance 156 Field testing Finite element analysis 335 24 Flashing 262 Flex duct 213 Float glass 97 Fluorescent UV lamps 252 355 G GB 16776 56 Glass curtain wall 56 Glass-transition temperature 143 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links H Harmonization 355 Horizontal sealant joint 280 I Image analysis Infiltration 310 Insulating glazing 372 Intersection 156 ISO 846 228 ISO standards 355 J Joint design Joint geometry Joint sealing 156 24 346 K Kraton 310 L Leaching Lock-strip gaskets 228 14 M Maintenance 346 Mechanical performance 171 184 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Mechanical property 325 Microscopy 310 Modulus 280 Moisture 113 Morphology 310 Movement during cure 171 Mullins effect 325 184 N NFX 41-514 228 Nondestructive testing 335 O Open-cell 171 P Peel adhesion 143 Penetration resistance 280 Percolation Personal injury 280 Physical-chemical characteristics 310 Point supports 24 Polyester powder coating 65 Polyether 206 Polysulfide 206 310 Polyurethane 171 206 Portland cement concrete 346 Preformed silicone Primer 14 113 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 310 Index Terms Links Q Quality assurance 45 R Remedial glazing 45 Remedial weathersealing 303 Rheology 143 RILEM TC139-DBS 206 Rocking movement 156 303 325 S Sealant failure Sealant joints 310 156 184 280 335 385 228 310 Sealant longevity 213 Self-leveling sealant 280 Service life prediction 385 Shear movement 156 Silicone 206 Silicone adhesive 14 Silicone extrusion Silicone rubber extrusions 303 Silicone rubber molded parts 303 Silicone sealants 65 97 252 Silicone structural glazing 37 45 372 Silyl-terminated polyether 143 Silyl-terminated polyurethane 143 Sizing articles 14 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Spalling 280 Specification 346 Stress-extension 325 Stress relaxation 372 Stress-strain curve 372 Structural glazing 24 Structural sealant glazing 97 Structural silicone sealant 45 Surface composition 37 56 252 T Tension 372 Testing 45 TGA 310 Toxic mold 335 Triglycidyl isocyanurate 65 U UL 181B 213 Uniaxial load 372 UV exposure 252 V Viscoelasticity 325 W Water absorption 88 Water immersion 113 252 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 45 Index Terms Links Water management 262 Waterproofing 88 Wax 65 Weathering 228 artificial 206 Weatherproofing 97 310 355 303 335 372 Window flashing 262 X Xenon arc 355 Xenon-light 206 Z Zipper gaskets 14 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation