Astm stp 1072 1990

STP 1072 Charpy Impact Test: Factors and Variables John M Holt, editor ASTM 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN): 04-010720-23 ISBN: 0-8031-1295-5 Library of Congress No: 90-085687 Copyright 1990 by the American Society for Testing and Materials All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Committee on Publications The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of these peer reviewers The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM Printed in Chelsea, Mich December 1990 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Foreword The Symposium on Charpy Impact Test: Factors and Variables, sponsored by ASTM Committee E-28 on Mechanical Testing, was held in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, on 8-9 November 1989 John M Holt, Alpha Consultants & Engineering, served as chairman and has also edited this publication Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized Contents Introduction T H E PENDULUM-IMPACT MACHINE Impact Tester Compliance: Significance, Sensitivity, and Evaluation F PORRO, R TRIPPODO, R BERTOZZI, AND G GARAGNANI Comparison of Metrological Techniques for Charpy Impact Machine Verification-A K SCHMIEDER 20 Influence of Dimensional Parameter of an Impact Test Machine on the Results of a Test G REVISE 35 Factors Influencing the Accuracy of Charpy Impact Test Data A L LOWE, JR 54 Effects of the Striking Edge Radius on the Charpy Impact Test T NANIWA, M SH1BAIKE, M TANAKA, H TANI, K SHIOTA, N HANAWA, AND T SHIRAISHI 67 THE SPECIMEN: NOTCHES Evaluation of Fabrication Method for Making Notches for Charpy V-Notch Impact Specimens -R D KOESTER AND S E BARCUS 83 Quantitative Comparison and Evaluation of Various Notch Machining Methods and How They Affect ASTM E 23 a n d I S O R 4 Testing Equipment Results-D A FINK 94 The Effect of Fatigue Pre-Cracking versus V-Notching on Impact Testing of Charpy Specimens -B A F1ELDS, S R LOW I11, AND J (3 EARLY 120 Pre-Cracking and Strain Rate Effects on HSLA-100 Steel Charpy Specimens-S MIKALAC, M G VASSILAROS, AND H C ROGERS Significance of Precracking Variables for Slow-Bend Charpy Tests C G 1NTERRANTE AND J J FILLIBEN 134 142 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au THE SPECIMEN: SIZE Specimen Size Effects in Charpy I m p a c t Testing -D J ALEXANDER AND R L KLUEH 179 THE TEST TECHNIOUE Influence of Thermal Conditioning Media on Charpy Specimen Test Temperature R K NANSTAD, R L SWAIN, AND R G BERGGREN 195 Author Index 211 Subject I n d e x 213 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions au STP1072-EB/Dec 1990 Introduction INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The Symposium on Charpy Impact Test Factors and Variables had its genesis at the second meeting of S u b c o m m i t t e e - - F r a c t u r e of ISO T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e 164-M e c h a n i c a l Testing S u b c o m m i t t e e had the a s s i g n m e n t of reviewing ISO R e c o m m e n d e d Practice for V e r i f i c a t i o n of P e n d u l u m Impact Testing M a c h i n e s for T e s t i n g Steel, ISO D e s i g n a t i o n R442, and of revising where necessary Although ISO, as does ASTM, r e q u i r e s that d o c u m e n t s be reviewed at i n t e r v a l s not e x c e e d i n g five years, this document had not been reviewed since it was first p u b l i s h e d in 1965 under the j u r i s d i c t i o n of ISO T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e 17 Steel There were 15 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from seven member c o u n t r i e s and a representative from the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) at that meeting The m e m b e r s of ISO technical committees are the national standard writing b o d i e s - - n o t individuals; n a t i o n a l - s t a n d a r d s writing bodies are o r g a n i z a t i o n s such as BSI, AFNOR, SIS, etc Because there is no n a t i o n a l - s t a n d a r d s writing body in the United States, Congress has designated the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), as the de-facto body and therefore, the member from the United States At the s u b c o m m i t t e e meeting, a g r e e m e n t was reached that numerous changes n e e d e d to be m a d e - - s o m e t o l e r a n c e s w e r e too r e s t r i c t i v e , some were not r e s t r i c t i v e enough, but there were problems in agreeing to the "correct" values Agreement was reached for some values because various d e l e g a t e s i n f o r m a l l y p r e s e n t e d work that they had p e r s o n a l l y performed, or reported on work that had been done in their country However, other values could not be agreed upon because of d i v e r g e n t requirements in various national s t a n d a r d s and the s u p p o r t i n g data for the various p r o p o s a l s was not c u r r e n t l y available It was s u g g e s t e d that an i n t e r n a t i o n a l s y m p o s i u m be held to discuss the factors and variables that effect the C h a r p y impact test so that r e s e a r c h e r s around the world would have a forum at which to present data that would answer some of the q u e s t i o n s that had been raised The USA r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , on behalf of ASTM C o m m i t t e e E - M e c h a n i c a l Testing, agreed to sponsor such a s y m p o s i u m as part of the E28 m e e t i n g s in N o v e m b e r 1989 This STP is the result of that symposium The original goal of having world-wide research p r e s e n t e d on the factors and v a r i a b l e s of the Charpy test was achieved There were three sessions c o n t a i n i n g 16 papers presented by authors from five d i f f e r e n t countries Because a t t e n d a n c e exceeded e x p e c t a t i o n s , it appears as if more than just those writing s p e c i f i c a t i o n s are i n t e r e s t e d in the topic I Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by Copyright of1990 by ASTM International www.astm.org University Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized CHARPY IMPACT TEST: FACTORS AND VARIABLES SPECIFIC REMARKS Twelve of the papers presented are being published in this STP, and one will be published in the ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation (Reference I) The twelve papers fall into three categories, (1) those discussing the p e n d u l u m - i m p a c t machine, (2) those discussing the specimen, and (3) those d i s c u s s i n g the testing techniques; several papers discuss more than one category In summary, the papers present i n f o r m a t i o n on: the effect of many of the dimensional parameters of an impact machine, including metrological techniques to evaluate these parameters and a compliance technique for verifying machine acceptability; the effect of the geometry of the striker, that is, the 2-mm radius striker specified by ISO and much of the rest of the world, and the 8-mm striker specified by the ASTM; the effect of the method of fabricating the notch of a CVN test piece including fatigue precracking; the effect of s p e c i m e n sizes in Charpy impact testing; the effect of strain rate including slow-bend tests Because the dimensional parameters of the m a c h i n e s are so very important to obtain "proper" impact values, the papers by Porto, et.al., by Schmieder, by Revise, by Lowe, and by Naniwa all discuss how the test machine can influence the results obtained These papers discuss the effects ranging from the attachment of the machine to its foundation to the m e t r o l o g i c a l methods used to determine angles and linear dimensions Several of the papers discuss several potential sources for variation in test results due to machine variations Attention is drawn to the paper by Porro, et.al, presenting the results of a study on the compliance of a machine as a means of assessing its physical condition Naniwa presents the results of an in-depth study of the differences in the behavior and the deformation of the specimen when struck by an 8-mm striker (the "ASTM striker") and when struck by a 2-mm striker (the "ISO striker") The specimen was investigated from two points of view: (I) the method of preparing the notch, and (2) the size of the specimen The papers by Koester and by Fink studied the effects of grinding versus s i n g l e - p o i n t machining; the papers by Fields, et.al., by Mikalac, et.al., and by Interrante, et.al, studied the effect of notch acuity and the method(s) of obtaining a sharp notch Alexander, et.al investigated specimen size Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authori INTRODUCTION The influence of the temperature c o n d i t i o n i n g media on test results was reported by Nanstad, et.al Their paper, and R e f e r e n c e I, indicate that the t e m p e r a t u r e of the specimen in the vicinity of the notch at the instant of impact is not n e c e s s a r i l y the same as the temperature of the c o n d i t i o n i n g media As a result of the various studies presented, ASTM Committee E28 has initiated ballots changing some of the r e q u i r e m e n t s of ASTM Method E23 ISO S u b c o m m i t t e e has begun to study the results to see how they apply to the revision of their Method R442 Prior to the Symposium, one attendee was overheard saying, "I see that there is a symposium on the Charpy test; what can be new there?" I believe that the s y m p o s i u m and this STP are definite statements that much is happening in the field of Charpy testing to further the u n d e r s t a n d i n g of what is required to obtain a c c e p t a b l e Charpy test results and the proper i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of those results ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the many people that helped to arrange the s y m p o s i u m in particular, Dorothy Savini, and the many other members of the ASTM staff, the session cochairmen, R.D Koester, and R.J Goode, and the many people who reviewed manuscripts Thanks are also in order to the people who have been instrumental in seeing that this STP was published These include Monica Armata, Rita Harhut, and the editors of the ASTM Staff and Jim Perrin of the ASTM P u b l i c a t i o n Committee In addition, the original reviewers again reviewed the revised papers to insure their quality John M Holt Alpha C o n s u l t a n t s & Engineering 1504 W i l l i a m s b u r g Place Pittsburgh, PA 15235-4924 Reference I: Tobler, R.L., R.P.Reed, I.S Hwang, M Morra, R.G Ballinger, H Nakajima, and S Shimamoto; Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol 19, January 1991, pp.34-40 Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized The Pendulum-Impact Machine Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions auth 200 CHARPY IMPACT TEST: FACTORS AND VARIABLES I 400 I I I I I 80 6o HEATING IN AIR 40 20 -u~O O TC4 TC2 TC4 ] i i i L i L i- t TIME (rain) Fig Plot of temperature vs elapsed time for all five thermocouples during heating of the specimen with air in the conditioning chamber The measurements indicate that exterior and interior temperatures of the Charpy specimen are essentially the same during heating to 100~ in I I I L -20 ~-40 I- ,,=, a uJ - I- COOLING IN NITROGEN GAS TCI TC2 TC4 - -t00 L I I ~ L 50 t00 t 50 200 250 TIME (s) Fig Plot of temperature vs elapsed time for all five thermocouples during cooling of the specimen with nitrogen gas in the conditioning chamber The measurements indicate that exterior and interior temperatures of the Charpy specimen are essentially the same during cooling to -100~ in Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 201 NANSTAD ET AL ON THERMAL CONDITIONING MEDIA 400 75 ' I ' I V V V V o o o o o O O [] [] D [] _V I ' I ' V V V V V O 0 O O O O [] D [] O 0 0 O I i 'I i I [] I I I A A ~ A l ~ n t~ I1- 50 0 INITIAL AIR Z~ t~ 25 I I I TEMPERATURE 52 ~ I I I 66~ ~ - ASTM E - TIME LIMIT 80% 88 ~ I I I I 94~ V t02"C o (a) I ,l_,, I i I I I I t0 TIME (s) I V -0.5 Z~ V A V hi (.9 Z t.0 , g~ @ d D o - § I A A 52"C Z~ 66~ -2.0 -2.5 (b) o n O 1~ o I I / i t D -D e ~rASTM E-23 I TIME LIMIT I I o D V 0 I I I [] 80~ 88~ 94% V~02~ A A INITIAL AIR TEMPERATURE I F" I_ I1 /", Ld ~: - t rr bJ a hi I I 0-V I I I ~0 TIME (s) Fig Plots of (a) temperature, and (b) temperature buried thermocouple 2, vs elapsed time following removal of from the heated air environment to the anvil of the Charpy conditioning temperatures from 52 to I02~ As shown temperature decrease is about I~ or less after s change, from the specimen machine for in (b), the Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Dec 15 12:59:52 EST 2015 Downloaded/printed by University of Washington (University of Washington) pursuant to License Agreement No further reproductions authorized 202 CHARPY IMPACT TEST: FACTORS AND VARIABLES ' I 0 ' 0 i ~ I | O O O O O A A A L~ L~ [] [] D n O A -50 I LI.I or" I I [] n" hi el G [] [] I~ ! W ~ t00 I I 0 I INITIAL NITROGEN GAS TEMPERATURE I ~ O~ A - t =C [] - 7 ~