Designation E2996 − 15 Standard Guide for Workforce Education in Nanotechnology Health and Safety1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2996; the number immediately following the desig[.]
Designation: E2996 − 15 Standard Guide for Workforce Education in Nanotechnology Health and Safety1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval Referenced Documents Scope 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 E2456 Terminology Relating to Nanotechnology 2.2 ISO Standards:3 ISO/TS 27687 Nanotechnologies—Terminology and Definitions for Nano-Objects—Nanoparticle, Nanofibre, and Nanoplate 1.1 This guide provides guidelines for basic workforce education in health and safety topics related to nanotechnology, to be taught at an undergraduate college level This education should be broad to prepare an individual to work safely within one of the many areas in nanotechnology research, development, or manufacturing The individual so educated may be involved in material handling, manufacture, distribution, storage, use, or disposal of nanoscale materials Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 For definitions of terms related to nanotechnology in general, refer to Terminology E2456 and ISO/TS 27687 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 nanomaterial, n—material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale 3.2.2 nanoscale, adj—having one or more dimensions from approximately to 100 nanometres (nm) 3.2.3 nanomanufacturing, n—fabrication of nanomaterial or the incorporation of nanomaterials into other products 1.2 This guide may be used to develop or evaluate an education program for health and safety issues in the nanotechnology field This guide provides listings of key topics that should be covered in a nanotechnology education program on this subject, but it does not provide specific course material to be used in such a program This approach is taken in order to allow workforce education entities to ensure their programs cover the required material while also enabling these institutions to tailor their programs to meet the needs of their local employers 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard No other units of measurement are included in this standard 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use The immediate and long term hazards, if any, of many nanomaterials are unknown This guide does not address concerns with consumer usage and eventual disposal of products that contain nanomaterials 1.5 This guide may not cover knowledge and skill objectives applicable to local conditions or required by local regulations Significance and Use 4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide a basic educational structure in the health and safety aspects of nanotechnology to organizations developing or carrying out education programs for the nanotechnology workforce This guide helps to describe the minimum knowledge base for anyone involved in nanomanfacturing or nanomaterials research 4.2 The basic education should prepare an individual for varied roles in the nanotechnology workplace The material in this guide may require a post-secondary two-year science or technology background to be understood sufficiently Depth on the topics should be sufficient to transfer between various For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E56 on Nanotechnology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E56.07 on Education and Workforce Development Current edition approved Jan 1, 2015 Published March 2015 DOI: 10.1520/ E2996-15 Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States E2996 − 15 5.5 Identify exposure paths for nanoparticle interaction: 5.5.1 Inhalation 5.5.2 Ingestion 5.5.3 Dermal applications of nanotechnology such as nanomaterial fabrication, nanomaterial characterization, nanolithography and patterning 4.3 Nanoscale materials might present unique health and environmental hazards due to their unique properties The hazards, if any, presented by nanomaterials can be very different from those presented by bulk/macroscopic materials HEALTH CONCERNS RELATED TO PROCESSING TOOLS COMMONLY USED IN NANOMANUFACTURING 4.4 Because nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field, the individual educated in nanotechnology needs to be cognizant of changing and evolving safety procedures and practices Individuals should be aware of how to keep current on the technology, and have a base education that enables synthesis of emerging safety procedures and practices 5.6 High-voltage/high-current fields 5.7 Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation 5.8 Thermal (infrared) 5.9 Ultraviolet 5.10 X-ray Course Content 5.11 High vacuum 5.1 The minimum recommended course content for workforce education in nanotechnology health and safety should include education on known and potential health risks, safe work practice in the nanotechnology workplace, nanotechnology and general laboratory safety, and understanding of Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) 5.12 Inert gasses under pressure 5.13 Chemical exposure SAFE WORK PRACTICE IN LABORATORIES UTILIZING NANOTECHNOLOGY OR IN THE NANOMANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT, OR BOTH HEALTH ISSUES 5.14 Current best practices or case studies on work practices, or both 5.2 The unique properties of nanomaterials generally are not reflected on current SDS documentation The list of health issues noted in this guide is not meant to be an exhaustive list of all possible health issues, but rather a list of the minimum issues that must be considered 5.15 Current knowledge of nanomaterial exposure levels established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), etc 5.3 Define health issues: 5.3.1 Acute exposure 5.3.2 Chronic exposure 5.3.3 Irritant 5.3.4 Mutagen 5.3.5 Teratogen 5.3.6 Carcinogen 5.3.7 Sensitizers 5.3.8 Asphyxiation 5.16 Prevention through design 5.17 Process Safety Management (PSM) 5.18 Hazard evaluation 5.19 Risk assessment 5.20 Hazard mitigation 5.21 Hierarchy of hazard control: 5.21.1 Elimination 5.21.2 Substitution 5.21.3 Engineering controls 5.21.4 Administrative controls 5.21.5 Personal protective equipment (PPE) 5.4 Define novel properties and behaviors of nanomaterials: 5.4.1 Awareness of size and shape of materials 5.4.2 Reactivity based on size: 5.4.2.1 Impact of shape on reactivity 5.4.2.2 Agglomeration state 5.4.2.3 Solubility 5.4.2.4 Bioactivity 5.4.2.5 Fire and explosion risks 5.4.3 Frequently used nanomaterials: 5.4.3.1 Carbon based materials such as carbon black, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes 5.4.3.2 Metal oxides: (1) Forms of titanium dioxide (2) Forms of zinc oxide (3) Forms of silicon dioxide 5.4.3.3 Metallic nanoparticles: (1) Gold nanoparticles (2) Silver nanoparticles 5.4.3.4 Quantum dots 5.4.3.5 Other nanostructured particles 5.22 PPE specific to nanomanufacturing: 5.22.1 Respirators: 5.22.1.1 Various types 5.22.1.2 Ability to screen material 5.22.1.3 Proper use 5.22.2 Dust collection efficiency of filters 5.22.3 Cleanup and disposal of unbound nanoparticles 5.22.4 Spill management 5.22.5 Industrial hygiene 5.23 Fire extinguishers 5.24 Safety showers 5.25 Eye wash stations 5.26 PPE specific to handling and research E2996 − 15 5.27 Wet bench safety guidelines 5.37 First aid measures 5.28 Glove box safety guidelines 5.38 Fire-fighting measures 5.29 Bottled gas safety procedures 5.39 Accidental release measures 5.30 Vacuum systems safety procedures 5.40 Handling and storage 5.31 Toxic gas alarm technology 5.41 Exposure controls/personal protection 5.32 Gas abatement systems and regulations 5.42 Physical and chemical properties ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP 5.43 Stability and reactivity 5.33 Current Best Practices or Case Studies on Environmental Stewardship, or Both: 5.33.1 Pollution abatement devices: 5.33.1.1 In air 5.33.1.2 In water 5.33.2 Nanomaterial abatement techniques: 5.33.2.1 Converting nanomaterials to safer forms 5.33.3 Proper disposal of nanomaterials 5.44 Toxicological information 5.45 Ecological information 5.46 Disposal considerations 5.47 Transport information 5.48 Regulatory information 5.49 Other information, including date of preparation or last revision UNDERSTANDING SAFETY DATA SHEETS 5.34 Identification Keywords 5.35 Hazard(s) identification 6.1 education; health; nanomaterial; nanoparticle; nanotechnology; safety 5.36 Composition/information on ingredients RELATED MATERIAL American Chemical Society, “Identifying and Evaluating Hazards in Research Laboratories,” September 2013, Online, Available: http:// www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/about/governance/committees/ chemicalsafety/identifying-and-evaluating-hazards-in-researchlaboratories-draft.pdf ASTM International, ASTM E2535-07(2013), “Standard Guide for Handling Unbound Engineered Nanoscale Particles in Occupational Settings,” Online, Available: http://www.astm.org/Standards/ E2535.htm European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, “Workplace Exposure to Nanoparticles,” June 2009, Online, Available: https://osha.europa.eu/ en/publications/literature_reviews/workplace_exposure_to_ nanoparticles/view DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2009-125, “Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology: Managing the Health and Safety Concerns Associated with Engineered Nanomaterials,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 2009, Online, Available: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ docs/2009-125 DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2012-147, “General Safe Practices for Working with Engineered Nanomaterials in Research Laboratories,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 2012, Online, Available: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-147/pdfs/2012147.pdf DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2014-102, “Current Strategies For Engineering Controls In Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes,” Centers for Disease Controland Prevention, November 2013, Online, Available: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/ 2014-102/pdfs/2014-102.pdf DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No 2014-106, “Protecting the Nanotechnology Workforce,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 2013, Online, Available: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-106 International Organization for Standardization, ISO/TR 12885: Nanotechnologies—Health and Safety Practices in Occupational Settings Relevant to Nanotechnologies International Organization for Standardization, ISO/TR 27628: Workplace Atmospheres—Ultrafine, Nanoparticle, and Nanostructured Aerosols— Inhalation Exposure Characterization and Assessment ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org) Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/