Designation E1416 − 16a Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1416; the number immediately following the designation indicate[.]
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee Designation: E1416 − 16a Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1416; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval Scope Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology E1000 Guide for Radioscopy E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology E1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments E1255 Practice for Radioscopy E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations E1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems E1453 Guide for Storage of Magnetic Tape Media that Contains Analog or Digital Radioscopic Data E1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination Data E1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy E2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method) E2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays 1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds 1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation The examination may be recorded for later review It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer 1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings 1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard The SI units given in parentheses are for information only 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 2.2 ASNT Standards:3 ASNT Recommended Practice No SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing ANSI/ASNT CP-189-ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and Gamma) Method Current edition approved Dec 15, 2016 Published January 2017 Originally approved in 1991 Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E1416 - 16 DOI: 10.1520/E1416-16A For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518 Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States E1416 − 16a 2.3 National Aerospace Standard:4 NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel 2.4 Other Standards: ISO 9712 Non-Destructive Testing—Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel5 SMPTE RP 133 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Imaging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and Hard-Copy Recording Cameras ments stipulated herein Guidance on the selection of an imaging system may be found in Guide E1000 and Practice E1255 4.5 Image Processing System—Where agreed between purchaser and supplier, image processing systems may be used for noise reduction through image integration or averaging, contrast enhancement and other image processing operations 4.6 Collimation—Selection of appropriate collimation is dependent upon the geometry of the object being examined It is generally useful to select collimation to limit the primary radiation beam to the weld and the immediately adjacent base material in order to improve radioscopic image quality Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this practice may be found in Terminology E1316 4.7 Filters and Masking—Filters and masking may be used to improve image quality from contrast reductions caused by low-energy scattered radiation Guidance on the use of filters and masking can be found in Guide E94 Apparatus 4.1 Success of the radioscopic process depends on the overall system configuration and the selection of appropriate subsystem components Guidance on the selection of subsystem components and the overall system configuration is provided in Guide E1000 and Practice E1255 Guidance on the initial qualification and periodic re-qualification of the radioscopic system is provided in Practice E1411 The suitability of the radioscopic system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality and compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein; unless otherwise specified by the cognizant engineering organization, the default image quality level shall be 2-2T 4.8 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)—Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, image quality indicators shall comply with the design and identification requirements specified in Practices E747, E1025, E1647, E1742, or E2002 4.9 Shims, Separate Blocks, or Like Sections—Shims, separate blocks, or like sections made of the same or radioscopically similar materials (as defined in Practice E1025) may be used to facilitate image quality indicator positioning as described in 9.10.3 The like section should be geometrically similar to the object being examined 4.2 Radiation Source (X-ray or Gamma-ray)—Selection of the appropriate source is dependent upon variables regarding the weld being examined, such as material composition and thickness The suitability of the source shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality and compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein Guidance on the selection of the radiation source may be found in Guide E1000 and Practice E1255 4.10 Location and Identification Markers—Lead numbers and letters should be used to designate the part number and location number The size and thickness of the markers shall depend on the ability of the radioscopic technique to discern the markers on the images As a general rule, markers from 0.06 to 0.12 in (1.5 to mm) thick will suffice for most low energy (less than MeV) X-ray and iridium192 radioscopy For higher energy (greater than MeV and cobalt60) radioscopy, it may be necessary to use markers that are thicker (0.12 in (3 mm) thick or more) In cases where the system being used provides a display of object position within the image, this shall be acceptable as identification of object location In case of digital storage of the images, digital markers and annotations in the image may be used if they are stored permanently with the image 4.3 Manipulation System—Selection of the appropriate manipulation system (where applicable) is dependent upon variables such as the size and orientation of the object being examined and the range of motions, speed of manipulation, and smoothness of motion The suitability of the manipulation system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality and compliance with all other requirements stipulated herein Guidance on the selection of the manipulation system may be found in Practice E1255 Materials 5.1 Recording Media—Recording media for storage of images shall be in a format agreed by the purchaser and supplier This may include either analog or digital media 4.4 Imaging System—Selection of the appropriate imaging system is dependent upon variables such as the size of the object being examined and the energy and intensity of the radiation used for the examination The suitability of the imaging system shall be demonstrated by attainment of the required image quality and compliance with all other require- Basis of Application 6.1 Personnel Qualification —NDT personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, ISO 9712, or a similar document The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be specified in the contractual agreement between the using parties Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org E1416 − 16a in the actual test object in locations where they are expected to occur It is permissible to produce the calibration block in sections where features are internal to the test object Calibration block details are a matter of agreement between the purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services 6.3.3.1 Use of a Calibration Block—The calibration block shall be placed in the radioscopic examination system in the same position as the actual test object The calibration block may be manipulated through the same range of motions as are available for the actual test object so as to maximize the radioscopic examination system’s response to the simulated imperfections 6.3.3.2 Radioscopic Examination Techniques—Techniques used for the calibration block shall be identical to those used for actual examination of the test part Technique parameters shall be listed and include, as a minimum, radiation beam energy, intensity, focal spot size, enlargement, digital image processing parameters, manipulation scan plan, and scanning speed 6.3.4 Use of Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern and Step Wedge—A calibrated line pair test pattern and step wedge may be used, if desired, to determine and track the radioscopic system performance in terms of unsharpness and contrast sensitivity The line pair test pattern is used without an additional absorber to evaluate system unsharpness (see Practices E1411 and E2002) The step wedge is used to evaluate system contrast sensitivity (see Practice E1647) 6.3.4.1 The step wedge must be made of the same material as the test part, with steps representing 100, 99, 98, 97, and 96 % of both the thickest and thinnest material sections to be examined The thinner steps shall be adjacent to the 100 % thickness in order to facilitate discerning the minimum visible thickness step Other thickness steps are permissible upon agreement between the purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services 6.3.4.2 The line pair test pattern and step wedge tests shall be conducted in a manner similar to the performance measurements for the IQI or calibration block It is permissible to adjust the X-ray energy and intensity to obtain a usable line pair test pattern image brightness In the case of a radioisotope or X-ray generating system in which the energy or intensity cannot be adjusted, additional filtration may be added to reduce the brightness to a useful level Contrast sensitivity shall be evaluated at the same energy and intensity levels as are used for the radioscopic technique 6.3.4.3 A system that exhibits a thin section contrast sensitivity of %, a thick section contrast sensitivity of %, and an unsharpness of line pairs/mm may be said to have a quality level of % – % – lp ⁄mm A conversion table from duplex wire read out to lp/mm can be found in Practices E1411 or E1255 6.3.4.4 The line pair test pattern and step wedge may be used to make more frequent periodic system performance checks than are required in 6.3.1 Resolution and contrast sensitivity checks must be correlated with IQI or calibration block performance measurements This may be accomplished by first evaluating the system performance in accordance with 6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencies—If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Practice E543 The applicable edition of Practice E543 shall be specified in the contractual agreement 6.3 Performance Measurement—Radioscopic examination system performance parameters must be determined initially and monitored regularly to ensure consistent results The best measure of total radioscopic examination system performance can be made with the system in operation, using a test object similar to the test part under actual operating conditions This indicates the use of an actual or simulated test object or calibration block containing actual or simulated features that must be detected reliably Such a calibration block will provide a reliable indication of the radioscopic examination system’s capabilities Conventional wire or plaque-type image quality indicators (IQIs) may be used in place of, or in addition to, the simulated test object or calibration block Performance measurement methods are subject to agreement between the purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services; if no special agreements are done the performance shall be measured in accordance with 6.3.2, 6.3.3, 6.3.4 or combinations thereof, or Practice E1411 or Appendix X1 of E1255 6.3.1 Performance Measurement Intervals—System performance measurement techniques should be standardized so that performance measurement tests may be duplicated readily at specified intervals Radioscopic examination performance should be evaluated at sufficiently frequent intervals, as may be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services, in order to minimize the possibility of time-dependent performance variations 6.3.2 Measurement with IQIs—System performance measurements using IQIs shall be in accordance with accepted industry standards describing the use of IQIs The IQIs should be placed on the radiation source side of the test object, as close as possible to the region of interest The use of wire IQIs should also take into account the fact that the radioscopic examination may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, in which case the wire diameter axis shall be oriented along the system’s axis of least sensitivity Selection of IQI thickness should be consistent with the test part radiation path length 6.3.3 Measurement With a Calibration Block—The calibration block may be an actual test part with known features that are representative of the range of features to be detected, or it may be fabricated to simulate the test object with a suitable range of representative features Alternatively, the calibration block may be a one-of-a-kind or few-of-a-kind reference test object containing known imperfections that have been verified independently Calibration blocks containing known, natural defects are useful on a single-task basis, but they are not universally applicable A duplicate manufactured calibration block should be used where standardization among two or more radioscopic examination systems is required The calibration blocks should approximate the test object as closely as is practical, being made of the same material with similar dimensions and features in the radioscopic examination region of interest Manufactured calibration blocks shall include features at least as small as those that must be detected reliably E1416 − 16a 8.3 Examination Speed—For dynamic examination, the speed of object motion relative to the radiation source and detector shall be controlled to ensure that the required radioscopic quality level is achieved 6.3.2 or 6.3.3 and immediately thereafter determining the equivalent unsharpness and contrast sensitivity values 6.4 Time of Examination—The time of examination shall be in accordance with 9.1 unless otherwise specified 8.4 Radioscopic Image Quality—All images shall be free of artifacts that could mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest It may be possible to prevent blemishes from masking discontinuities or being confused with discontinuities by moving the object being examined relative to the imaging device If any doubt exists as to the true nature of an indication exhibited in the image, the image shall be rejected and a new image of the area shall be made 6.5 Procedures and Techniques—The procedures and techniques to be utilized shall be as described in this practice unless otherwise specified Specific techniques may be specified in the contractual agreement 6.6 Extent of Examination—The extent of examination shall be in accordance with 8.3 unless otherwise specified 6.7 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria—Reporting criteria for the examination results shall be in accordance with Section 10 unless otherwise specified Acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contractual agreement 8.5 Radioscopic Quality Level—Radioscopic quality level shall be determined upon agreement between the purchaser and supplier and shall be specified in the applicable job order or contract If no quality level is defined, 2-2T shall be the standard Radioscopic quality shall be specified in terms of equivalent penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and shall be measured using image quality indicators conforming to Practices E747, E1025, or E1742 Additionally, for system unsharpness measurement, the Practice E2002 duplex wire gauge should be used 6.8 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items— Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in this practice and if required shall be specified in the contractual agreement Safety 7.1 Radioscopic procedures shall comply with applicable city, state, and federal safety regulations 8.6 Acceptance Level—Accept and reject levels shall be stipulated by the applicable contract, job order, drawing, or other purchaser and supplier agreement Requirements 8.1 Procedure Requirement—Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure Specific requirements regarding the preparation and approval of the written procedures shall be as agreed by purchaser and supplier The production procedure shall address all applicable portions of this practice and shall be available for review during interpretation of the images The written procedure shall include the following: 8.1.1 Material and thickness range to be examined, 8.1.2 Equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters (such as tube voltage, current, focal spot size) and imaging equipment parameters (such as detector size, field of view, electronic magnification, camera black level, gain, look-up table (LUT), type of display monitor), 8.1.3 Examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector distance and orientation, 8.1.4 Image quality indicator designation and placement, 8.1.5 Test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results (see description in 6.2.1.2 of Practice E1255), 8.1.6 Image-processing parameters, 8.1.7 Image-display parameters, 8.1.8 Image storage, and 8.1.9 Plan for system qualification and periodic requalification as described in Practices E1255 and E1411 8.7 Image-Viewing Facilities—Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not cause troublesome reflection, shadows, or glare on the image The image display performance, size, and placement are important radioscopic system considerations A test pattern similar to SMPTE RP133 shall be used to qualify the display 8.8 Storage of Images—When storage is required by the applicable job order or contract, the images should be stored in a format stipulated by the applicable contract, job order, drawing, or other purchaser and supplier agreement The image-storage duration and location shall be as agreed between purchaser and supplier (see Guides E1453 and E1475) Procedure 9.1 Time of Examination—Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, perform radioscopy prior to heat treatment 9.2 Surface Preparation—Unless otherwise agreed upon, remove the weld bead ripple or weld-surface irregularities on both the inside and outside (where accessible) by any suitable process so that the image of the irregularities cannot mask, or be confused with, the image of any discontinuity Interpretation can be optimized if surface irregularities are removed such that the image of the irregularities is not discernible 9.3 System Unsharpness—System unsharpness should be measured using Practice E2002 duplex wire IQI (see also Guide E1000) System Unsharpness (Uim) is defined as total unsharpness (Utotal) divided by magnification (v) (see Guide E1000): 8.2 Radioscopic Coverage—Unless otherwise specified by purchaser and supplier agreement, the extent of radioscopic coverage shall include 100 % of the volume of the weld and the adjacent base metal E1416 − 16a U im U total ⁄ v 9.8.3 Always retain qualifying images, on which one or more image quality indicators were imaged during exposure, as part of the record to validate the required image quality indicator sensitivity and placement (1) Unless otherwise specified in the applicable job order or contract, Uim shall not exceed the following: TABLE Unsharpness (Uim) (Maximum) Material Thickness under in (50 mm) through in (50 through 75 mm) over through in (75 through 100 mm) greater than in (100 mm) Uim, max, in (mm) 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.070 9.9 Image Quality Indicator Placement: 9.9.1 Place the image quality indicator on the source side adjacent to the weld being examined Where the weld metal is not radioscopically similar to the base material or where geometry precludes placement adjacent to the weld, place the image quality indicator over the weld or on a separate block, as described in 9.10 9.9.2 Detector-Side Image Quality Indicators—In those cases where the physical placement of the image quality indicators on the source side is not possible, place the image quality indicators on the detector side The applicable job order or contract shall specify the applicable detector-side quality level The accompanying documents shall clearly indicate that the image quality indicators were located on the detector side (0.50) (0.75) (1.00) (1.75) Discussion: In standards with DDA (E2698), CR (E2033), or film (E1032) the following unsharpness requirement for materials under in (25.4 mm) thickness is used: Maximum 0.010 in (0.254 mm) 9.4 Examination Speed—For dynamic examination, determine the speed of object motion relative to the radiation source and detector upon agreement between the purchaser and supplier Base this determination upon the achievement of the required radioscopic quality level at that examination speed 9.5 Direction of the Radiation—Direct the central beam of radiation perpendicularly toward the center of the effective area of the detector or to a plane tangent to the center of the image, to the maximum extent possible, except for double-wall exposure-double-wall viewing elliptical projection techniques, as described in 9.14.2 9.6 Scattered Radiation—Scattered radiation (radiation scattered from the test object and from surrounding structures) reduces radioscopic contrast and may produce undesirable effects on radioscopic quality Use precautions such as collimation of the source, collimation of the detector, and additional shielding as appropriate to minimize the detrimental effects of this scattered radiation 9.7 Image Quality Indicator Selection—For selection of the image quality indicator, the thickness on which the image quality indicator is based is the single-wall thickness plus the lesser of the actual or allowable reinforcement Backing strips or rings are not considered as part of the weld or reinforcement thickness for image quality indicator selection For any thickness, an image quality indicator acceptable for thinner materials may be used, provided all other requirements for radioscopy are met 9.8 Number of Image Quality Indicators: 9.8.1 Place at least one image quality indicator of Practices E747, E1025, or E1742, and one image quality indicator of Practice E2002 in the area of interest representing an area in which the brightness is relatively uniform The degree of brightness uniformity shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier If the image brightness in an area of interest differs by more than the agreed amount, use two image quality indicators Use one image quality indicator to demonstrate acceptable image quality in the darkest portion of the image and use one image quality indicator to demonstrate acceptable image quality in the lightest portion of the image 9.8.2 When a series of images are made under identical conditions, it is permissible for the image quality indicators to be used only on the first and last images in the series, provided this is agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier In this case, it is not necessary for the image quality indicators to appear in each image 9.10 Separate Block—When configuration or size prevents placing the image quality indicators on the object being examined, use a shim, separate block or like section conforming to the requirements of 4.9 provided the following conditions are met: 9.10.1 The image quality indicator is no closer to the detector than the source side of the object being examined (unless otherwise specified) 9.10.2 The brightness in the area of the image quality indicator including the shim, separate block, or like section and IQI where applicable are similar to the brightness in the area of interest 9.10.3 The shim, separate block, or like section is placed as close as possible to the object being examined 9.10.4 When hole-type image quality indicators are used, the shim, separate block, or like section dimensions shall exceed the image quality indicator dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of the image quality indicator image is visible on the image 9.11 Shim Utilization—When a weld reinforcement or backing ring and strip is not removed, place a shim of material that is radioscopically similar to the backing ring and strip under the image quality indicators to provide approximately the same thickness of material under the image quality indicator as the average thickness of the weld reinforcement plus the wall thickness, backing ring and strip 9.11.1 Shim Dimensions and Location—When hole-type image quality indicators are used, the shim dimensions and location shall exceed the image quality indicator dimensions by at least 0.12 in (3 mm) on at least three sides At least three sides of the image quality indicator shall be discernible in accordance with 9.10.4 except that only the two ends of the image quality indicator need to be discernible when located on piping less than in (25 mm) nominal pipe size Place the shim so as not to overlap the weld image including the backing strip or ring 9.11.2 Shim Image Brightness—The brightness of the shim image shall be similar to the image brightness of the area of interest E1416 − 16a 9.14.3 For circumferential welds greater than in (100 mm) outside diameter (3.5 in (88 mm) nominal pipe size), use a technique in which only single-wall viewing is performed A sufficient number of views should be taken to examine the entire-weld Where design or access restricts a practical technique from examining the entire weld, agreement between contracting parties must specify necessary weld coverage 9.14.4 For radioscopic techniques that prevent single-wall exposures due to restricted access, such as jacketed pipe or ship hull, the technique should be agreed upon in advance between the purchaser and supplier It should be recognized that image quality indicator sensitivities based on single-wall thickness may not be obtainable under some conditions 9.12 Location Markers—Place location markers outside the weld area The radioscopic image of the location markers for the identification of the part location with the image shall appear on the image without interfering with the interpretation and with such an arrangement that it is evident that complete coverage was obtained 9.12.1 Double-Wall Technique—When using a technique in which radiation passes through two walls and the welds in both walls are simultaneously viewed for acceptance, and the entire image of the object being examined is displayed, only one location marker is required in the image 9.12.2 Series of Images—For welds that require a series of images to cover the full length or circumference of the weld, apply the complete set of location markers at one time, wherever possible A reference or zero position for each series must be identified on the component A known feature on the object (for example, keyway, nozzle, and axis line) may also be used for establishment of a reference position Indicate this feature on the radioscopic record 9.12.3 Similar Welds—On similar type welds on a single component, the sequence and spacing of the location markers must conform to a uniform system that shall be positively identified in the radioscopic procedure or interpretation records In addition, reference points on the component will be shown on the sketch to indicate the direction of the numbering system 10 Records 10.1 Maintain the following radioscopic records as agreed between purchaser and supplier: 10.1.1 Radioscopic standard shooting sketch, including examination geometry, source-to-object distance, object-todetector distance and orientation, 10.1.2 Material and thickness range examined, 10.1.3 Equipment used, including specification of source parameters (such as tube voltage, current, focal spot size) and imaging equipment parameters (such as detector size, field of view, electronic magnification, camera blacklevel, gain, LUT, display, and so forth) and display parameters, 10.1.4 Image quality indicator (and shim, if used) placement, 10.1.5 Test-object scan plan, including ranges of motion and manipulation speeds, 10.1.6 Image processing parameters, 10.1.7 Image-storage data, 10.1.8 Weld repair documentation, 10.1.9 Image—Interpretation record shall contain as a minimum the following information: 10.1.9.1 Disposition of each image (acceptable or rejectable), 10.1.9.2 If rejectable, cause for rejection (slag, crack, porosity, and so forth), 10.1.9.3 Surface indication verified by visual examination (grinding marks, weld ripple, spatter, and so forth), and 10.1.9.4 Signature of the image interpreter, including level 9.13 Image Identification—Provide a system of positive identification of the image As a minimum, the following shall appear on the image: the name or symbol of the company performing radioscopy, the date, and the weld identification number traceable to part and contract Identify subsequent images made of a repaired area with the letter “R” 9.14 Radioscopic Techniques: 9.14.1 Single-Wall Technique—Except as provided in 9.14.2 – 9.14.4, perform radioscopy using a technique in which the radiation passes through only one wall 9.14.2 Double-Wall Technique for Circumferential Welds— For circumferential welds in (100 mm) outside diameter (3.5 in (88 mm) nominal pipe size) or less, use a technique in which the radiation passes through both walls and both walls are viewed for acceptance on the same image Unless otherwise specified, either elliptical or superimposed projections may be used A sufficient number of views should be taken to examine the entire weld Where design or access restricts a practical technique from examining the entire weld, agreement between contracting parties must specify necessary weld coverage 11 Keywords 11.1 gamma ray; nondestructive testing; radioscopic examination; radioscopy; weldments; X-ray E1416 − 16a ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of 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