Groupassignment topic the geography of usaand vietnam its effect on national economy

NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM -*** - GROUP ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: THE GEOGRAPHY OF USA AND VIETNAM ITS EFFECT ON NATIONAL ECONOMY Group member Le Thi Linh Chi Tran Thi Ngoc Minh Dang Thi Phuong Ngoc Ngo Viet Phuong Class: Advanced Accounting 62 Lecturer: Pham Thi Thanh Thuy Ha Noi, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Physical and Human Geographic Patterns A General background I Economy 1 The definition of economy economic sectors II About Physical and Human Geography B United States of America I Overview Country and Capital 2 Area Natural disasters II Geographic features Location 2 Territory 3 Physical geography 3.1 Terrain 3.2 Hydrography 3.3 Climate: Natural resources Demography 5.1 United State is getting bigger 5.2 Population Distribution 5.3 The United State is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse 5.4 Age and Sex Structure III Effects on the National economy and solution: Agriculture Marine 10 Tourism 10 Solution 11 C Vietnam 11 I Overview 11 Country and Capital 11 Area 11 Natural disasters 11 II Geographic features 11 Location 11 Territory 12 Physical geography 12 3.1 Terrain 12 3.2 Hydrography 3.3 Climate Natural resources Demography III Effects on the National economy Agriculture 1.1 Advantages 1.2 Disadvantages Marine Tourism D Lessons for Vietnam to learn I Comparison II Lesson for Vietnam For the Government For the Neu students REFERENCE 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 Physical and Human Geographic Patterns A General background I Economy The definition of economy The system of trade and industry by which the wealth of a country or region is made and used economic sectors economic sectors (agriculture, marine, tourism) will be discussed We provide some general explanations as follows The agriculture sector: comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing crops, raising animals, and harvesting fish and other animals from a farm, ranch, or their natural habitats There exist four main sectors of agriculture, namely, “Livestock production, crop production, agricultural economics and agricultural engineering.” The marine sector: includes economic activities by sector, interdisciplinary related to the sea, ocean, coastline; including economic activities using resources from the sea to serve human life and beneficial for the economy of each country and territory There exist four key areas: naval, commercial, leisure and offshore renewable energy The tourism sector: also known as the travel sector, is linked to the idea of people traveling to other locations, either domestically or internationally, for leisure, social or business purposes It is closely connected to the hotel industry, the hospitality industry and the transport industry, and much of it is based around keeping tourists happy, occupied and equipped with the things they need during their time away from home II About Physical and Human Geography - Geography is the study of the different places, countries, climates and vegetation around the world It also explores the relationship that humans have with these environments and how we use the available resources - Physical Geography concentrates on the physical environment and the natural processes of the earth This includes investigating different landscapes and landforms such as mountains, the different processes involved with the different oceans, coastlines and river environments, the variety of weather and climate we may see around the globe and how that affects the different ecosystems, ranging from the extreme heat of the desert to extreme cold of Antarctica, and a huge variety of natural disasters and how they affect people and animals - Human Geography looks at how people and different cultures are distributed across the world and how they interact with their surrounding environment This will include urbanization and settlements, asking the question of why we have settled in communities and why there is a growing trend of more people moving to cities This links in with the study of populations and densely populated areas Human geography also looks at the impact of what the economy, jobs and tourism has on the wellbeing of people, cities and countries B United States of America I Overview Country and Capital ➢ The United States of America (USA), commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions ➢ Washington D.C is the capital of United States of America, or it can be called in a official way is Washington District of Columbia ➢ This country wholly located in Western Hemisphere consisting of 48 contiguous states and federal district which are in the central between Canada and Mexico Area ➢ With 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2) , the United States of America is the world's third largest country by total area (and fourth largest by land area) Natural disasters ➢ Because of geographical location and global warming, the USA has suffered from many natural disasters such as: tropical cyclone, earthquake, heat wave, tornado, snow storm, mudflow, hurricane, tsunami, volcano, => which makes big damages in people and property ➢ Those disasters have put a bad impact on people’s life and it makes them feel difficult to control II Geographic features Location - Continent: North America (located in the Western Hemisphere) - Coordinates: 38.000°N 97.000°W - Area: 9.834.000 km² • Land: 93.24% • Water: 6.76% - 2nd largest country in the Americas, after Canada - 4th largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China) ➔ Located in the Economic junction => Big market to expand economics, sell goods and services ➔ Easier to exchange cultures between the US and other countries - Coastline: 19.920 km (12.380 miles) ● There are 30 states that have coastline: + States shaded dark blue have an ocean coastline + States shaded light blue have only Great Lake coastline + States shaded white have no coastline ● It has a long coastline and a temperate climate => More convenient in living and manufacturing - Longest river: Missouri River (3767 km) - Largest lake: Lake Superior (58.000 km2) Territory - The territory of the US includes a large part of the center of North America, Alaska Peninsula and Hawaii islands - The United States shares land borders with: • Canada (to the north) • Mexico (to the south) - The center of the US is divided into regions: The West is known for the Rocky Mountains and Mojave Desert and also known for its warm climate in some areas and cold climate in the others ● The Midwest is known as “America's Heartland", which refers to its primary role in the nation's manufacturing and farming sectors as well as its patchwork of big commercial cities and small towns ● The Northeast has New York City, and is considered as a global financial center As of 2012, the Northeast accounts for approximately 23% of the U.S GDP ● The South is defined by the U.S federal government The warm climate of the South affords a period of 200–290 frost-free days per year, enabling profitable crops to be grown ➔ Has almost every global climate, temperate climate in most areas For example: Subtropical in the southern US, Polar in Alaska, Tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida,… ➔ The shape of the US's territory is well-proportional Therefore, it has a lot of advantages in distributing production and developing transportation ● - Water borders: • A territorial water border with Russia in the northwest • Two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba, and Florida and the Bahamas - The contiguous forty-eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast - Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean Physical geography 3.1 Terrain Despite the vast territory, the USA has relatively simple terrain The main topographic features are the Cordillera mountain range in the West and the Appalachian in the East separated by the vast central plains - located in the middle of United State: - The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty, broad and complicated having two branches, the Rocky Mountain System - the highest region of the United States and the Pacific Mountain System The mountain range is around 1,700km including many parallel mountain chains and higher - than - 4,000m mountains - The east coast Appalachian system, originally forest covered, is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain The system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 910m - Spread between Cordillera and Appalachian system, the vast central plain consists of different domains: slope from 1,200m in Eastern Rocky Mountain, down to 1000m in the Southeast, on the Gulf of Mexico Lean on the Western Rocky Mountain, the sloping hills of the Pasture Plateau (Prairie) are excavated by the Mississippi River creating wide parallel valleys 3.2 Hydrography The hydrological features of the U.S are subject to two important types: rivers and lakes The US has a lot of rivers, and large rivers that can be separated into two main river systems: the Mississippi River System - the most important river system and coastal systems + The Mississippi River System: The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for 3,730 km to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico It can be divided into three sections: • The Upper Mississippi, the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River • The Middle Mississippi, which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River • The Lower Mississippi, which flows from the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico The basin of the Mississippi system spreads 2/5 US’s territory: 3.950.000 km2 + The Coastal System: Derived from the Appalachian Mountain Range, the Atlantic coastal rivers are generally short and steep The most significant rivers are: Hudson River, Delaware River, Philadelphia River and Savanna River - Effects: + Hydroelectric energy is extremely abundant In 2019, hydroelectric power produced 38% of the total renewable electricity, and 6.6% of the total U.S electricity On the river bank, there appeared a large number of hydropower stations Hydroelectric stations exist in at least 34 US states The largest concentration of hydroelectric generation in the US is in the Columbia River basin + Besides the high-valued hydroelectric, the Mississippi River System often causes flooding hazards Since 1950, floods have occurred almost every year on the Mississippi River-Bank The Mississippi valley holds the dubious distinction of recording more tornadoes than any other area on Earth These violent and often deadly storms usually occur over relatively small areas and are confined largely to spring and early summer Tornado season arrives in the Midwest between April and June, and hurricanes are common in early summer along the southern East Coast and Gulf of Mexico coast 3.3 Climate: The vast size of the USA means that the climate varies considerably from region to region Temperatures reach both extremes of the scale from freezing cold -80ºF in Alaska to a piping hot 135ºF in California’s Death Valley In general, the climate is temperate - Most of the United States is marked by sharp differences between winter and summer: + In winter (December - April) the northern states are the coldest, experiencing bitter, freezing temperatures Low temperatures are slightly warmer in January and February The southern states, known as the ‘sunbelt’ are quite the opposite, with temperatures rarely falling below freezing + Summers begin from June to August with sunshine and heat It is hot in the USA The Pacific Northwest states are generally temperate while the south, east coast and Midwest are more humid Heat waves are common in the Southwest + Spring and autumn are generally mild, warm and sunny with the exception of some wet areas, the Pacific Northwest in particular Autumn is the season for hurricanes - the American equivalent of typhoons of the Asian Pacific - which rage northward from the warm tropics to create havoc along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts as far north as New England - In general, the climate of the U.S is divided into seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter The southern areas (especially California) have cool weather and the winter is less cold than other areas The distinctions among seasons there is also more obvious In contrast, the north areas not have this obviousness but have two distinct seasons: hot and cold The weather here is extremely cold, dry and snowy in winter → skiing develops Natural resources The economy of the United States is characterized by a rich diversity of natural resources Natural resources are available in different parts of the United States of America It has huge deposits of natural gas, coal, uranium, copper, iron, phosphates, silver, gold, mercury and many more National Geographic explains that the natural resources allow the economy to continue by way of exporting many of these natural resources These resources contribute to millions of jobs, and they aid the United States by way of manufacturing and production of these resources And these are the four main resources: - Coastline: America has 95,471 miles of shoreline, including the Great Lakes, which border 26 of the 50 states + The coast contributed $222.7 billion to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), creating 2.6 million jobs in 2009 + Nearly three-quarters of these jobs are related to tourism and ocean recreation However, the highest paying sector is oil drilling, which pays $125,701 per worker The ocean also provides other industries, including ship and boat building, transportation and shoreline construction + America's large coastline meant it was not bordered by hostile governments, which allowed the U.S to develop peacefully without the need to incur large war costs - Farmland: Unlike Australia and Canada, the U.S had temperate climates combined with fertile soil The early settlers found rich soil on the Great Plains, the 502,000 square mile area between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains These large flat areas were untouched by erosion More than two-fifths of the total land area of the United States is devoted to farming (including pasture and range) Most of the U.S forestland is located in the West (including Alaska), but significant forests also grow elsewhere - Water: Roughly 80% of the water used in America is withdrawn from lakes, rivers, and streams Although an astonishing 41% was used in the thermoelectric-power industry to cool electricity-generating equipment, it is returned Agricultural irrigation uses 31%, and it is not returned Families, businesses, and industries used the rest Only 20% has to be pumped out of the ground, and this is mainly used for irrigation in the semi-arid Great Plains - Oil, Coal, and Gas: The US has the world's largest reserves of coal, at 491 billion short tons + This abundant source of energy helped fuel U.S growth during the Industrial Revolution, as it was used to drive steamships and steampowered railroads After the Civil War, coke (a derivative of coal) was used to fuel the iron blast furnaces that made steel Soon after that, coal ran the electricity generating plants and still does Demography 5.1 United State is getting bigger ❖ Population: As of April 1, 2020, the United States has a total resident population of 331,449,281, making it the third most populous country in the world ❖ Population Density: 33.27/km2 (2020) ❖ Population Growth Rate: Population growth evenly every year Growth of the U.S population reflect the interactions of three underlying determinants: • The role of human reproduction and the fertility behavior of American couples • Trends in disease risk and subsequent mortality • The net effect of international immigration to and from the United States ❖ Effects: - Over-population: Abundant labor resources, but bring along the problem of unemployment - Immigrants bring plentiful sources of knowledge, capital and labor force, reducing initial investment costs 5.2 Population Distribution - The US population is distributed unevenly: + Northeast, Pacific Rim region is home to the most densely populated due to the favorable climate, rich natural resources, economic development and mining history from the oldest, with many ports, + The mountains to the west, near Canada, Alaska, population density is low due to difficult terrain, difficult transportation and economic development remains difficult, cold climate - People tends to move from the northeastern states to the Pacific coastal states (due to the trend of economic restructuring in the South and Pacific Coast) 5.3 The United State is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse - The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population The United States Census officially recognizes six racial categories: White American, Black or African American, Native American and Alaska Native, Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races; a category called "some other race" is also used in the census and other surveys, but is not official ❖ Effects: ➔ The diversity of cultural, ethnic composition difficult for social management, illegal immigration ➔ The number of burglaries, murders increasing (800,000 cases in 2011) This is also where most crime occurs ➔ Trafficking of illegal weapons, the terrorism, racism ➔ The wealth gap between American people is too large so it puts pressure on the development of the economy 5.4 Age and Sex Structure The population of the United States had been relatively “young” in the first half of the 20th century, a consequence of a history of three demographic trends acting in concert - relatively high fertility, declining infant and childhood mortality, and high rates of net immigration to the United States by young workers and families + Difficulties: Shortage of labor in the future, welfare costs for the elderly increased + Advantages: Abundant labor resources now to help develop the economic III Effects on the National economy and solution: Agriculture - Agriculture is a major industry in the United States, which is a net exporter of food The Appalachian Mountain Range facilitates the formation of the Atlantic Coastal Plain with good soil leading to the development of agricultural areas - The USA contains examples of nearly every global climate => diversifies and develops agriculture, and has different agricultural products in each different area - With a large amount of alluvium, it is a basis for the development of agriculture, diversification of agricultural products such as corn, wheat, sugar cane,… and feeding industry - However, there are usually many disasters => decline in yield and nutrient density in key crops, as well as decreased livestock productivity Back in the early ‘70s, the price of food was skyrocketing because of some reasons So President Nixon incentivized farmers to grow more crops, especially corn It makes much of overproduction, low prices, surplus corn and producing corn for no value or reason And all that cheap corn changed the modern diet The beverage industry began using high-fructose corn syrup in 1980, because it is 20-70% less expensive than sugar That leads to the numbers of people in not only The US but also all over the world who were overweight or obese shot up like crazy Marine * Advantages: - Bounded by oceans => develop marine economics - The Great Lakes: + Occupying an area of 245.050km2 (width in both the UK), the lakes form a small beach in the continent that makes the climate equable and creates favorable conditions for the cultivation and feeding development + lakes form a dense network of waterways on the half of the United States, therefore, the large sea ships from the Gulf of Mexico or the Atlanticcan go inland to over 2,000kilometers Economic exchanges between the United States and Canada most often use the system + The analysis found that more than 1.5 million jobs are directly connected to the Great Lakes, generating $62 billion in wages * Disadvantages: - Overpopulation: The average American uses 550,000 gallons of water annually The decline of water levels has coincided with an increase in water pollution Nationwide an estimated 40 percent of rivers, 46 percent of lakes, and 50 percent of estuaries are too polluted for fishing and swimming Tourism - Tourism in the United States is a large industry that serves millions of international and domestic tourists yearly - The United States welcomed nearly 80 million international visitors in 2018, with New York state the top destination - Tourism potentials: amusement parks, historical buildings and landmarks, museums, galleries, 10 Solution - To reduce the gap between rich and poor, the government asked wealthy households and large organizations to pay higher taxes - The welfare policies for poor people to ensure the life of them - The US government is creating conditions for people to get rich (citizens have the freedom to pursue economic desires, such as starting a business, investment, without incurring the burden of taxes, regulations and rules -> promote competition in business -> the quality of products and services is increasing -> promote economic growth.) - To reduce the number of thefts, murders, terrorism, smuggling of guns, the main US government has build a strict and fair law C Vietnam I Overview Country and Capital ➢ Vietnam has the official name Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the country is located in the Western area, in the center of Laos and Cambodia Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam and the country’s second largest city Area ➢ With over 331.690 km² of total area, Vietnam has become the 65th country in the world Natural disasters ➢ Like the US, Vietnam is a country that suffers from many natural disasters Natural hazards include rare earthquakes and occasional typhoons (usually from May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta Almost every year Vietnam is devastated by storms, floods and typhoons that kill hundreds of people and cause millions of dollars of damage ➢ For example, an average of 430 people were killed each year by natural disasters between 2007 - 2011 in Vietnam, with property losses estimated at percent of gross domestic product ➢ In 2008, natural disasters killed 550 people in Vietnam and caused damage amounting to more than $700 million dollars II Geographic features Location - Continent: the center of The Southeast Asian - Coordinates: 8°34’N - 23°23’N 11 - Area: 331.212 km² => Ranked 65th place in the world - Coastline: 3260 km (excluding islands), 28 coastal provinces and cities with 125 districts and 12 island districts ➔ Exchange, trade products between Vietnam and other countries not only in Asia, but also in the world ➔ Attract many foreign investments ➔ Exchange culture with other countries Territory - Vietnam is a long, narrow nation shaped like the letter ‘S’ - ​Vietnam is divided into main regions: + The north + The central + The south - Vietnam shares land borders with: + China (to the north) + Laos (to the west) + Cambodia (to the west) - Bounded by the East Sea and Pacific Ocean to the east and north ➔ Bounded by sea -> develop marine economics ➔ Has shared borders with countries => difficult in managing sovereignty of territory and security of Vietnam Physical geography 3.1 Terrain Vietnam's territory has two main typographic features: Mountainous and hilly regions make up three quarters of area and the rest is Deltas 12 - Mountain zones: Vietnam has four distinctive mountain zones and each has its own unique features + The North-eastern zone or Viet Bac: Located on the left bank of the Red River and opened to the North and the East: Gam Ngan Son River, Bắc Sơn, Dong Trieu, The low mountains occupy most of the area + The North-western mountain range: Situated between Red River and Ca River, and it is the highest terrain of Vietnam with big mountain circuit northwest – southeast (Hoang Lien Son on the East, the medium mountainous terrain with ranges along the Ma River borders Vietnam – Laos and the mountains, natural plains, limestone plateau + The North Truong Son range: a long low mountain range running from the western part of Thanh Hoa province to the Hai Van Pass + The South Truong Son: a mountain range located in the western side of provinces situated on the southern end of the central coast - Delta Zones: - Vietnam has two major deltas: • The Red River delta in the north: 15,000 km2 • The Mekong River delta in the south: 40,000 km2 - Besides, Vietnam also has Coastal Delta: 15,000 km2, mostly horizontal narrow and is fragmented into many small plains ➢ Drawbacks: - Terrain is strongly divided; streams, canyons, slopes obstruct the traffic and economic exchanges between the regions - Many disasters such as floods, erosion, landslides,… 3.2 Hydrography - Vietnam has a dense river system with 2360 long rivers, along the coast from north to south, every 20-25 km there is an estuary - Rivers contain a lot of water because of the rainy weather and a large amount of alluvium - Most rivers running along the country are from the Northwest to the Southeast connecting mountainous and midland, plain and flowing into the South Sea - The network of rivers: + The Northland has main large rivers: Red River and Thai Binh River + In the Middle, most rivers are short and steep: Ma River, Ca River, Giang River, + In the South, there are main large rivers: Dong Nai River and Cuu Long River 13 3.3 Climate Vietnam in the northern regions have a humid subtropical climate, with humidity averaging 84% throughout the year However, because of differences in latitude and the marked variety of topographical relief, the climate tends to vary considerably from place to place Vietnam has three distinct regional weather patterns: + The far north of Vietnam is mountainous and its high latitudes can sometimes experience snow and freezing temperatures In Northern Vietnam, winter (November to April) is cool and dry and summer (May to October) is hot, humid, and rainy (July to September has the highest rainfall) + Central Vietnam is hot and dry in the summer (January to August) and cool and rainy in winter, with monsoon-level rains in October and November + Southern Vietnam has constant warm temperatures Here the seasons are simple: rainy (May to November) and dry (November to May) + As in any country, weather depends on your region, but generally Vietnam enjoys a warm, sunny climate with some temperature fluctuation from region to region Natural resources Vietnam has various natural resources including forest, sea, oil, gas and mineral resources - Oil and Gas: + Vietnam’s potential crude oil reserves in the southern offshore area stand at about 270 million tons and are likely to increase substantially with continued exploration + Vietnam has potential non-associated gas reserves of more than 360 billion cubic meters Proven associated gas reserves are on the order of 57 billion cubic meters - Mineral Resources: + Vietnam’s primary coal resource, anthracite, is concentrated in Quang Ninh Province in the Northeast It has potential recoverable reserves of 7-8 billion tons of which 600 million tons are shallow (within a depth of 100 meters) The country also has an abundance of other minerals, including bauxite, iron ore, copper, etc (gold, precious stones, tin, chromate, apatite, ) and building materials such as granite, marble, clay, silica sand, and graphite - Other Resources: + Vietnam is also very rich in other natural resources including significant marine resources and tropical forest The country has world heritages recognized by UNESCO, beautiful beaches, national ecologic forests, countryside, high-land and historic places, which is a boost to tourism development 14 Demography ❖ Population: The total resident population is 98,623,102, ranks number 15 in the list of the world's countries by population ❖ Population Density: Data from 2021 indicates that Vietnam’s population density has reached the level of 314 per km2 ❖ Population Growth Rate: Increased 947 thousand people per year but the rate of natural population growth decreased ❖ Population Distribution: Vietnam population density also varies by zones with most of the population concentrated in two largest agricultural centers of Vietnam which are Red River Delta and South Eastern - Mekong River Delta The population in Red River Delta is higher than all other regions with 939 people/km2, followed by South Eastern with 617 people/km2 and Mekong River Delta with 426 people/km2 These regions are the most fundamental agricultural zones in Vietnam, as well as areas where two biggest cities of Vietnam (Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City) are situated, so it should not be surprising that they are the most crowded zones in Vietnam On the other hand, Tay Nguyen (95 people/km2), Highland and Mountainous area in the North (117 people/km2) are the sparest regions in Vietnam as their terrain and climate is more extreme to live in ➔ Exploit natural resources improperly ➔ Barriers in solving job demands - Vietnam is a multi-nationality country with 54 ethnic groups The Viet (Kinh) people account for 87% of the country’s population and mainly inhabit the Red River delta, the central coastal delta, the Mekong delta and major cities The other 53 ethnic minority groups, totaling over million people, are scattered over mountain areas (covering two thirds of the country’s territory) spreading from the North to the South - Vietnam has a young population structure, in the working age accounting for 64%, an annual increase of about 1.15 million people ➔ Advantages: Abundant labor resources, dynamic and creative ➔ Difficulties in getting employment III Effects on the National economy Agriculture 1.1 Advantages - Vietnam is one of the top rice exporting countries in the world, but the limited sophistication of small-scale Vietnamese farmers causes quality to suffer Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of coffee, trailing behind Brazil - Climate: humid tropical monsoon => develop agriculture: plant and cattle 15 - Mountain zones are the basis for the development of tropical agriculture and forestry - The surface of plateaus and valleys, plains and hills facilitate industrial crops, feeding crops, fruit-trees and developing the feeding industry - Delta zones with a large amount of alluvium are the basis for the development of tropical agriculture and diversification of agricultural products, especially rice 1.2 Disadvantages - Natural disasters such as storms, hot dry westerly winds, frost, harmful cold damage crops and reduce the quality of agricultural products - The terrain is rugged and difficult to mechanize in production Phenomena such as landslides, flash floods, frosts, etc cause great damage to crops - The erratic climate regime gives rise to plant diseases, high humidity makes it difficult to preserve agricultural products - Water sources have seasonal variations: floods in the rainy season, drought in the dry season Marine * Advantages: - Development of marine transportation: Vietnam's sea area is wide and relatively closed, contiguous to the waters of countries => As a gateway connecting sea transport routes, it is convenient for the development of maritime services, exchanges and trade with other countries in the world - Advantages in aquaculture and fishing: Vietnam's seas and islands have about 11,000 species of creatures living in different marine biodiversity regions with many rare species with high export value: abalone, pearl, mackerel, shrimp and lobster => Providing fish, shrimp, crab, seaweed is the basis for the fishing industry The tidal flats of coastal lagoons are favorable for aquaculture - Providing abundant mineral resources, Vietnam's sea contains a large volume of rare and precious minerals such as titanium, aluminum, iron, salt, manganese, glass sand and rare earths => Raw materials for the glass, crystal and building materials industry * Disadvantages - Marine disasters occur frequently Vietnam is also one of the five countries most strongly affected by climate change and sea level rise, primarily in coastal areas and small islands - Many minerals in difficult-to-exploit areas are still unexploited 16 - Difficulties in maintaining sovereignty over sea and islands because of the long coastline and many islands and archipelagos in the distance * Present situation - Due to the Covid-19 epidemic, many industries of the marine economy such as tourism, farming, fishing, and transportation have been seriously affected, especially the tourism industry - However, the aquaculture and fishing industry still has impressive growth indicators Tourism - Viet Nam has great potential for developing tourism as it is endowed with favorable geographical location, climate and natural conditions, including a long coastline of more than 3,000 km along the country with green forests and majestic landscapes Viet Nam boasts of more than 125 beaches and ranks among the top 12 countries for the most beautiful bays in the world - 2016 was the first year ever in which Vietnam welcomed over 10 million international visitors Since then, this figure has continued to rise More recently, in 2019, Vietnam received 18 million international arrivals - Tourism potentials: national parks, World Heritage sites, biosphere reserves - However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Vietnam has suspended issuance of all tourist visas since March 2020 The country recorded a 98% year-on-year drop in foreign visitors for April 2020 With no reopening for tourists in sight, the government has called for the promotion of domestic tourism D Lessons for Vietnam to learn I Comparison - Criteria 1: Quality of life + Health: be less likely to be obese but live 5.9 years less: In United States, 36.2% of adults are obese as of 2016 In Vietnam, that number is 2.1% of people as of 2016 Additionally, in the United States, the average life expectancy is 80 years (78 years for men, 82 years for women) as of 2020 In Vietnam, that number is 74 years (72 years for men, 77 years for women) as of 2020 + Life: have 16.9% more children but 2.3 times more likely to die during childbirth: In the United States, there are approximately 12.4 babies per 1,000 people as of 2020 In Vietnam, there are 14.5 babies per 1,000 people as of 2020 However, in the United States, approximately 19.0 women per 100,000 births die during labor as of 2017 In Vietnam, 43.0 women as of 2017 + Economy: be 50.0% less likely to be unemployed but make 88.5% less money In the United States, 4.4% of adults are unemployed as of 2017 In Vietnam, that number is 2.2% as of 2017 On the other hand, the United States has a GDP per 17 capita of $59,800 as of 2017, while in Vietnam, the GDP per capita is $6,900 as of 2017 + Geography: see 82.7% less coastline The United States has a total of 19,924 km of coastline In Vietnam, that number is 3,444 km + Expenditure: spend 14.0% more on education The United States spends 5.0% of its total GDP on education as of 2014 Vietnam spends 5.7% of total GDP on education as of 2013 - Criteria 2: Cost of living: Pay Less… + Pay 69.8% less For Food + Pay 36.7% less For Groceries + Pay 13.5% less For Transportation + Pay 67.8% less For Entertainment And Sports II Lesson for Vietnam For the Government - Improving Economic Regions' Competitiveness In recent years, improving Economic Regions' Competitiveness has played an incredibly important part in the country's socioeconomic growth strategy However, in the current situation, if we not improve our competitiveness via continual innovation, creativity, and modern science and technology, the economy would become lethargic and backward in comparison to other countries Simultaneously, this will narrow the competitiveness difference between areas - Specialization based on each region's characteristics To support national growth as a whole, as well as to establish links and cooperation in socioeconomic development among economic regions Furthermore, it can create conditions for raising the living standards of the entire population and achieving social fairness throughout the country as soon as possible - Cooperation between regions for mutual development - Solution for economics: + For agriculture: Improve food delivering services from mountainous areas to other regions (by using hi-tech devices or robots ) => Solving geographic problems + For marine economy: investment construction and consolidation of the sea dam system; strengthen the communication system, tsunami early warning system and weather forecast; develop the forest and mangrove forest system + For tourism economy: Developing more types of tourism => solving weather problems in VN 18 For the Neu students - Students should endeavor to study and train in order to build human resources for national and international economic development collaboration - Quickly adapt to scientific and technological advances and apply them to national economic development 19 REFERENCE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States NOAA (2018) Report on the U.S Ocean and Great Lakes Economy https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/economy https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/United-States-LOCATION-SI ZE-AND-EXTENT.html https://www.infoplease.com/us/geography/coastline-united-states https://www.businessinsider.com/united-states-regions-new-england-midwest-so uth-2018-4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains https://vi.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Mississippi_watershed_ map_1.jpg https://www.researchgate.net/figure/USA-climate-zones-14_fig3_320981171 https://us-canad.com/natural-resources-of-usa.html US Geological Survey, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Saxum, Energy Information Administration https://www.statista.com/statistics/183588/population-density-in-the-federal-stat es-of-the-us/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geographic-distribution-of-population-dens ity-quintile-by-county_fig CIA World Factbook, Department of Energy, Coal History, (May 10, 2016) How Natural Resources Boost the U.S Economy USGS Freshwater Usage, Water Use https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/us-states-where-agriculture-drives-the-econ omy.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam https://www.bea.gov/data/special-topics/marine-economy Mark, M & Lillian, K (2020) Population Bulletin, vol 74, no 1: America’s Changing Population https://www.mylifeelsewhere.com/compare/united-states/vietnam 20