INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 9241 I 3 First edi tion 1 998 07 I 5 Ergonomic requi rements for office work wi th visual display terminals (VDTs) Part 1 3 User guidance Exigences ergonomiques pour travai[.]
I S0 I N TE RN ATI ON AL 9241 - I STAN D ARD Fi rst ed i t i on 9 8- 7- I Erg on omi c req u i remen t s wi t h vi su al Part 3: U s er erg on omi q u es vi su al i sati on Parti e t ermi n al s offi ce work ( VDTs ) - g u i d an ce Exi g en ces de d i spl ay for 3: ( TEV) Gu i d ag e de pou r travai l de bu reau avec t ermi n au x kcran s - I ’ u ti i i sateu r Ref eren ce I S0 n u m be r 41 - : 9 8( E ) I S0 9241 ~ 3: 998( E) Pag e Con ten ts Scope Normat i ve Defi n i ti on s Appl i cati on of Appropri aten ess Eval u ati on Common Descri pti on Ph rasi n g Descri pti on Prompti n g g u i d an ce Statu s Error 9 correcti on man ag emen t by th e by syst em th e u ser IO IO System- i n i ti ated User-i ni ti ated Presen tati on H el p Browsabl e Con text- sen si ti ve of navi g ati on h el p an d control s hel p Sampl e adh eren ce (i n formati ve) i n formati on hel p (i n formati ve) hel p h el p procedu re for 3 4 assessi n g Bi bl i og raph y 1 messag es an d 6 Error Descri pti on Error appl i cabi l i ty 30 998 Al l ri g hts or u ti l i zed reserved in mi crofi l m, an y wi thou t I nternati onal Case in U n l ess form or otherwi se by an y permi ssi on Org an i zati on postal e I nternet Pri n ted h el p 3 preven ti on Error man ag emen t Descri pti on recommen d at i on s i n formati on Descri pti on recommen d ati on s I S0 recommen dati on s recommen dati on s Feed back B produ cts u ser Descri pti on An n ex Feed back A g u i dan ce of On -l i ne u ser recommen d ati on s Error 9241 Prompt s Statu s I S0 of g u i dan ce General of recommen d ati on s of An n ex ii th e 1 part Appl yi n g thi s referen ces 1 56 l CH - 21 i so @ i so ch Swi tzerl an d in wri ti ng for speci fi ed, mean s, no el ectron i c from the part or pu bl i sher Standardi zati on Gen eve 20 l of th i s pu bl i cati on mech an i cal , Swi tzerl an d i ncl u di n g m ay be reprodu ced photocopyi n g and I S0 @ I S0 9241 = : 998( E) Fo reword I S0 (the I n t ern at i on al fed erat i on of prepari n g commi t t ees a t ech n i cal t h at on l i son cl osel y al l mat t ers to St an d ard the h as for at a in ou t a ri g h t su bj ect to in wo rk t h rou g h be an d the El ect rot ech n i cal for of I S0 wh i ch repres en t ed g o vern men t al part worl d wi d e Th e work n on I S0 Co m m i s s i o n st an d ard i zat i on ad o pt ed bod i es by the t ake i n t ern at i on al St an d ard s approval i n t eres t ed al s o is bod i es) carri ed org an i zat i on s, el ect rot ech n i cal m e m be r req u i res bo d y I SO, the m e m be r n ormal l y est abl i s h ed wi t h wi t h of I n t ern at i on al ci rcu l at ed m e m be r be en St an d ard i z at i on ) ( I S0 is I n t ern at i on al in col l aborat es Draft h as commi t t ee for bod i es St an d ard s E ach co mmi t t ee g overn men t al , ( I EC) s t an d ard s I n t ern at i on al t ech n i cal on Org an i z at i on n at i on al by vot i n g l east 75 the t ech n i cal Pu bl i cat i on % of the co mmi t t ees as an m e m be r are I n t ern at i on al bo d i es cas t i n g a vot e I n t ern at i on al I SO/TC s ys t em I S0 St an d ard 59, 9241 - I was prepared Su bco mm i t t ee SC 41 si s t s for of the offi ce - Part I: - Part 2: Gu i d an ce - Part 3: Vi su al - Part 4: Part Gen eral Tech n i cal Erg o n o m i cs Co m mi t t ee of h u m an - wi t h part s, vi su al u n d er d i spl ay on t ask d i s pl ay E rg o n o m i c req u i remen t s l ayou t the work post u ral Gu i d an ce - Part 7: Req u i remen t s for d i s pl ay - Part 8: Req u i remen t s for d i s pl ayed - Part 9: Req u i remen t s for n o n keybo ard - Part 0: - P an I - Part 2: Pres en t at i on - Part 3: U s er Di al og u e on an d 6: req u i remen t s en vi ro n men t wi t h refl ect i on s col ou rs i n pu t d evi ces pri n ci pl es : G u i d an ce on u sabi l i t y of i n f ormat i on g u i d an ce - Part 4: M e n u - Part 5: C o m m an d - Part 6: Di rect - Pat ? Fo r m an d ti tl e ( VDTs ) : req u i remen t s Part A g en eral req u i remen t s Works t at i on 7: the t ermi n al s i n t rod u ct i on Keybo ard 5: f ol l owi n g wo rk - An n e xe s by 4, i n t eract i on req u i remen t s - I S0 Erg on omi cs , B of d i al og u es d i al og u es man i pu l at i on fi l l i ng thi s d i al og u es d i al og u es part of I S0 41 are i n format i on on l y 1 9241 ~ : 998( I S0 E) @ I S0 I n t rod u ct i on Th i s part of I S0 41 d eal s wi t h u s er g u i d an ce as pect s of s of t ware u s er i n t erfaces Th e mai n s ys t em pu rpo s e of u s er - promot i n g - avoi d i n g - provi d i n g s u pport to - provi d i n g s u pport for Th i s part - - g u i d an ce i s to d the u s er’ s i n t eract i on wi t h the by of effi ci en t s ys t em u n n eces s ary I S0 41 the d es i g n er I S0 41 d es i g n ers of of men t al u s ers the the u s er workl oad ; to u s ers s erves d u ri n g u s e; m an ag e of the error d i fferen t fol l owi n g u s er ski l l g u i d an ce an d l evel s t ypes g u i d an ce, d evel opm en t si t u at i on s; of u sers : wh o wi l l appl y th i s part of proces s; d evel o pmen t t ool s to be u s ed by d i al og u e d es i g n ers; - the bu yer, wh o pro cu remen t pot en t i al - t h os e ben ef i t s the t h at an d Appl i cat i on an d key of u s er, t asks , expl i ci tl y sh ou l d t h at thi s the part th i s part It as 41 d u ri n g wi l l the g n prod u ct f ro m the an d prod u ct s I S0 the th i s th i s u s er I S0 the of in read m ee t the re co m m en - 41 wi l l n ee d s part part of of or be I S0 e ven i n t erfaces the thi s en d - u s er u s er t h at 9241 kn o w t h at Al t h o u g h of are at i ts the provi d ed it is exi st en ce, m o re u s abl e, prod u ct i vi ty 41 en vi ron men t d ef i n ed part ; t h at was g reat er of I S0 241 provi d e u s er of en d - u s ers most i n vol ves an d t asks f req u en t an u n d ers t an d i n g U s er an d t as ks i mport an t s h ou l d t asks, of be the l i st ed sh ou l d be i d en t i fi ed I n f ormat i ve on An n e x pract i cal presen t i n g iv thi s en s u ri n g I S0 wi l l en abl e Re co m m e n d at i o n s Fo r by ( VDT) en d - u s er part wh o s e reco mm en d at i o n s the appl i cat i on i n t en d ed of of t ermi n al erg o n o mi c s i st en t for part thi s an d provi d ed ben ef i ci ary d i spl ay u n l i kel y i ts i n thi s u l t i mat e vi su al ref eren ce res pon s i bl e d at i on s Th e wi l l proces s , h ow reas on s , the - co mm on - prom pt s - f eed back - st at u s - error - on - l i n e u s er ( s ee the u se th i s fol l owi n g g u i d an ce g u i d an ce ( s ee part of I S0 41 can cl au s e m an ag e m e n t ( s ee 6) , 7) , ( s ee ( s ee cl au s e st ru ct u re h as bee n recom men d at i o n s : reco m men d at i o n s cl au s e i n f ormat i on h el p to be f ou n d in A cl au s e cl au s e I O) 8) , 9) , ( s ee cl au s e 5) , ch o s en for I N TERN ATI ON AL STAN D ARD Erg on omi c ( VDTs) for offi ce work wi th vi su al 9241 : 3: 998( E) d i spl ay - 3: U s er I S0 ~ so requ i remen ts termi n al s Part o g u i d an ce Scope Th i s part of I S0 eval u ati on di al og u e that g u i dan ce in part U ser as i s provi ded I S0 of error in 9241 -I I S0 g u i dan ce statu s, provi des g u i dan ce provi ded provi ded Th i s 9241 U ser 9241 as to recommen d ati on s defi ned th e thi s u ser part I S0 2, is in on of 9241 - I by man ag emen t th i s an d I S0 to on-l i ne of or 9241 , 4, part for part requ est I S0 appl i cabl e covered thi s is 9241 - l I S0 hel p g u i dan ce 9241 is au tomati cal l y 5, i n cl u des wel l as an d th at I S0 d to u ser th e syst em i nterfaces reg u l ar 9241 - I u sers in thei r to u ser the g en eral g u i dan ce are recoveri n g speci fi c recommen d ati on s an d u ser- compu ter- I n addi ti on di al og u e- speci fi c recommen d ati on s g en eral software by th e cerni n g 9241 - of addi ti onal provi ded compon en t s 9241 as I S0 attri bu tes i nformati on recommen dati on s i nteracti on of u ser I S0 from to common error prompts, to al l condi ti on s feed back th ese types an d of u ser g u i dan ce Wh i l e u ser syst em Th e su pport can performan ce recommen dati on s i mpl emen tati on be ds) in provi ded th ese thi s tech n ol og y types part of Th ey vi a of other mean s su pport I S0 are 9241 are correspon d to not (e g , on-l i ne addressed formu l ated typi cal tu tori al s, by to be th i s on-l i ne part of I S0 i n depen den t si tu ati on s i n vol vi ng of docu men tati on , i ntel l i g ent 9241 - appl i cati ons, speci al n eeds en vi ron men t, for or i nformati on an d acti on s As wi th not other h ave parts N ormat i ve Th e fol l owi ng I S0 9241 parti es most to 9241 -l Presen tati on I S0 stan dards th e ti me ag reemen ts recen t 9241 -l I S0 hel p 9241 , wou l d th i s n ot part n eed of to I S0 9241 fol l ow can appl y in recommen d at i on s al l or in part cern i n g For thi s exampl e, cl ass of appl i cati ons u ser that g u i dan ce referen ces At I nternati onal I S0 of browsabl e edi ti on s tai n of based of the provi si ons pu bl i cati on , on th i s stan dards wh i ch , th e part th rou g h edi ti on s of I S0 i n di cated reference i ndi cated 9241 bel ow are were in val i d en cou rag ed Members of thi s to I EC text, Al l an d sti tu te stan dards i n vesti g ate I S0 provi si on s are th e mai n tai n su bj ect of to possi bi l i ty reg i sters thi s part revi si on , of of appl yi ng cu rren tl y of an d th e val i d Stan dards 2: -1 ) of Erg on omi c requ i remen ts for offi ce work wi th vi su al di spl ay termi n al s ( VDTs) - Part 2: i n formati on 4: 997, Erg on omi c requ i remen ts for offi ce work wi th vi su al di spl ay termi n al s ( VDTs) - Part 4: Men u di al og u es I S0 9241 5: 997, Comman d I S0 9241 -l man i pu l ati on I S0 9241 - I 6: -1 ) requ i remen ts for offi ce work wi th vi su al di spl ay termi n al s ( VDTS) - Part 5: Erg on omi c requ i rements for offi ce requ i rements for offi ce work wi th vi su al di spl ay termi nal s ( VDTS) - Part 6: Di rect di al cg u es 7: -1 ) fi l l i ng di al og u es ) be To Erg on omi c Di al og u es , Erg on omi c work wi th vi su al di spl ay termi n al s ( VDTs) - Part 7: Form pu bl i sh ed I S0 9241 =1 3: 998( E) Defi n i ti on s For th e browsabl e pu rposes accessed in thi s h el p: the wi th i n syst em error: an d or man ag emen t : error preven ti on : feedback: g u i dan ce: u sers in on-l i ne can an d di al og u e be 3 1 an N OTE on Syst em 3 to U ser ach i evi n g ki n d s th e is of th ese u sers, th e cu rrent task text H el p topi cs can be or ran g e i npu t, of sel ected hel p topi cs is obj ect, cu rrent syst em Errors deri ved from l ocati on or th e th e textu al cu rren t mod e th e u sed th e th e to in error in u sers at d i n pu t th e the from Gu i d an ce in th e the that to thei r error of of the a i n cl u de or error n avi g ati on errors, recovery errors u ser’ s pl an i npu t or resu l ts for a syst em Gu i d an ce accompl i sh i n g even t can d thei r u sers g oal s, in assi st si tu ati on s prompti ng , th e can expl anati on , i n tended g en erate beyon d of statu s, feedback, syst em compl eti on I n formati on hi s/her abou t task(s) an d error featu res i s typi cal l y messag es of th e sys t em provi ded u ser cu rrent is reacti on to i ni ti ati ve in error occu rren ce man ag e u ser th e ach i evi n g i n formati on or th e u sers to of detecti on , of syst em the i n di cati ng th e respon se u sers enabl e hel p th e state presen ted of to th e the syst em u ser by th e syst em wh en th e u ser h as not g u i dan ce i n cl u des, for exampl e, i nformati on provi ded by Gu i d an ce prompt s, beyon d th e th e f eed back, reg u l ar st at u s i n formati on , u ser- compu ter et c di al og u e th at is provi ded to the u ser syst em that is presen ted to th e u ser on l y wh en th e u ser h as taken an expl i ci t g u i dan ce th i s of part of u ser I S0 9241 g u i d an ce to al l styl es of i nteracti on, types of di al og u es an d texts, to hel p u sers in med at recommen d at i on s desi g n tasks, preferred text probabi l i ty by g u i dan ce requ est obj ecti ves recommen dati on s of tasks th e recommen dati on , i ndi cate to d requ esti ng appropri ate thei r erg on omi c i n depen dent l ast u ser the i ni ti ati ve be Addi ti onal th e g u i dan ce or I n formati on Appropri aten ess Gen eral can g u i dan ce of Appl yi n g th at g u i dan ce: requ est appl y u ser hel p an d th e u ser syst em, u ser i s au tomati cal l y accompl i sh i n g a th e g u i dan ce: g u i dan ce: Appl i cati on to u ser’ s th ey acti on u ser-i ni ti ated acti on the defi n i ti ons is th e u ser’ s g oal mi n i mi ze a g oal , i nformati on: or to of ou tpu t System- i n i ti ated u ser hel p by wh i ch su pport el emen ts at th e h ow expl i ci t requ est to Addi ti onal system- i n i ti ated taken to task, u ser’ s Mean s capabi l i ti es obtai n ed statu s th e etc accompl i sh i n g prompt: in u ser’ s presen ted Di al og u e an d fol l owi n g desi red errors, Mean s Ou tpu t h el p: that access H el p the between error the wh i ch th e appl i cati on ceptu al the 9241 , seq u en ce wi th di scoveri ng in I S0 hel p: Mi smat ch errors, of H el p order associ ated the syn tax part text- sen si ti ve i nformati on 3 of obj ecti ves sh ou l d be en vi ron men ts, exampl e g eneral l y sol u ti on s (i f depi ct are provi ded appl i ed wi thi n techn ol og y) appropri ate) , an in Cl au ses th e Th e an d i mpl emen tati on speci fi c format n otes th at to text for (i f th e Th e for i ndi vi du al appropri ate) embod i es i ndi vi du al wh i ch th e th ey recommen d ati on s are rel evan t recommen dati on s Exampl es recommen d ati on provi ded Some (e g , i s: for parti cu l ar statemen t th e of vari ou s exampl es al so @ I S0 I S0 I n d i vi d u al reco mm en d at i o n s i mpl em en t ed d es i g n in the obj ect i ves or reco m men d at i o n s j u dg i ng wh et h er represen t at i ve proced u res be en prod u ct wo u l d u s ers of the resu l t to h ave for, speci fi cat i on of U s ers of i s cl med thi s to part t h ei r overal l in h ave t ext in an d , t h at ord er pres en t ed be en met , eval u at ors accompl i s h i n g appl i cabi l i t y the an d to if for j u d g ed u sabi l i ty the of of evi d en ce d eg rad at i on eval u at ed the appl i cabi l i t y is so Wh e n in the be t as ks vi a the the or the the s u bcl au s e prod u ct u s er a be f rom appl i cabi l i ty, cl au s e wh et h er s h ou l d d evi at i on d et ermi n i n g eval u at e d et ermi n i n g appl i cabl e, cau s e rel evan t s h ou l d u s er’ s to wo u l d or In obs erve g u i d an ce Sam pl e reco m men d at i o n h as A the is a 41 can mat t er reco mm en d at i o n s an d /or of ei t h er d evel opm en t g u i d an ce appl i cabl e d evel opi n g , eval u at i n g , n eg ot i at i on u ti l i ze an d /or the the bet ween pro ced u res eval u at i on in th i s u s er the part of I S0 g u i d an ce i n vol ved provi d ed in 92 41 , sh al l be the proced u re speci fi ed Th e u s ed l evel in of part i es An n e x A, or d evel op an ot h er pro ced u re en vi ron men t re co m m e n d at i o n s Des cri pt i on Th i s cl au s e st at u s, ad d res s es error G e n e r al 52 U s er g u i d an ce 92 41 - 7: E XAM P LE : reco m men d at i o n s on - l i n e t h at are appl i cabl e to u s er g u i d an ce ( i e , prompt s , f eed back, h el p) r e co m m e n d at i o n s reco mm en d at i o n s I S0 g en eral m an ag e m en t , s ee I S0 part i cu l ar Commo n met proced u re of an t h ei r t h ere pro d u ct s req u i remen t s tai l ored in for u n l es s d et ermi n at i on i n An n e x est abl i s h i n g the in be prod u ct the provi d ed of eval u at ed reco m m en d at i o n s s u pport are be g u i d an ce s h ou l d appl i cabl e Eval u at i o n If a u s er g en eral l y wh i ch f ol l owed s h ou l d rel evan t 41 = : 9 ( E ) i n format i on cern i n g -*) Wh e n a the , Cl au s es u s er s h ou l d be presen t at i on an d req u es t s read i l y of vi su al d i st i n g u i sh abl e i n f ormat i on f ro m u si ng ot h er g raph i cal d i spl ayed obj ect s an d i n f ormat i on cod i n g ( For t ech n i q u es , 7) g u i d an ce, a s eparat e d i al og u e bo x appears wh i ch h as a d i fferen t backg ro u n d col ou r 2 If act i on s, 52 t h an syst em- i n i t i at ed the i n format i on U ser- i n i t i at ed U s er E XAM P LE : D ays I n val i d U s er 2) be To g u i d an ce be s h ou l d m es s ag e s m e s s ag e s re m o ve d st ay s h ou l d f rom the u n d er the provi d e the are no l on g er appl i cabl e to the cu rren t s ys t em s t at e or u s er d i spl ay t rol u s er of wi t h the u ser speci fi c i n f ormat i on rel at i ve to the t as k t ext rat h er me s s ag es i n st ead 5 g u i d an ce g u i d an ce g en eri c u s er sh ou l d mu st be i n the ran g e f ro m to 31 of d at a g u i d an ce shou l d n ot d i sru pt the u s er’ s t as k an d the t i n u at i on of the d i al og u e pu bl i s h ed I S0 9241 =1 3: 998( E) Di sti n cti ve speci al U sers basi s of sh ou l d u ser Th e To i n stead Press cl ear g u i dan ce task th e To be si sten tl y u sed to al ert u sers to wi th th e condi ti on s that requ i re In g eneral , th an a speci fy EXAM PLE: Do i n stead sh ou l d screen , to cl ear you r th e on l y to remove n ot u se th e tape can be stored g u i dan ce on sh ou l d Th e g u i dan ce be wan t if i nteracti on sys t em vari es on th e h ow to execu te th e acti on to en h an ce th e percepti on of u ser control rather th an syst em OK i f you sh ou l d n eg ati ng th e l eft wh en avai l abl e press be [ OK] worded statemen ts as posi ti ve sh ou l d be of the the cu rsor backu p u se th e statemen ts u sed prog ram ‘ backspace is for to den oti n g emph asi ze excepti on s ‘ wh at to ru l es key’ , n ot the ‘ del ete key’ ru nni ng opti on s si sten t the backu p g rammati cal of u ser termi nol og y are wri tten stated or Th e spoken i n the the sh ou l d u se be acti ve that of fi l e of word ed u ser, n ot i n appropri atel y attempts at i t sh ou l d voi ce th e desi g ner th e i nappropri ate text, u n l ess u ser i mpl i ed, h u mou r stated avai l abl e terms an d in wh i ch wi th may are of are: a fi l e short, typi cal l y wh i ch opti on s fi l e pri nt i t fl i cts popu l ati on t ermi n ol og y u si n g be i s acti ve stru cti on are: termi nol og y avoi ds messag es to prog ram del eti on u se patron i zi ng wh en i n stead sh ou l d tai n u si n g except fi l e g u i dan ce n ot dri ve fi l e tai n s ch aracteri sti cs tape di spl ay U ser n ot or fi l e g u i dan ce d i sk ph rased be to the sh ou l d th ey descri bi n g ph rased ch an g es, dri ve g u i dan ce - th ey of U ser h u man press ch aracters - g u i dan ce before messag es I f u ser are be H owever, 5 th ey of RETU RN you r g u i dan ce del ete - stated sh ou l d save avoi d’ pri nt U ser l evel screen ch an g es, di spl ay Use be press messag es u ser EXAM PLE: N OTE: th e poi nt To U ser acti on wi l l ‘ wh at Dat a to g u i d an ce th e save EXAM PLE: sh ou l d of sys t em emph asi ze tech n i qu es of i n stead an RE TU RN EXAM PLE: rather of of Th e abl e u ser U ser control 3 be of resu l t EXAM PLE: codi n g experti se Ph rasi n g or attenti on 52 messag e I S0 n ot si mpl e the u sers’ u ses be to sen ten ces nati on al perform appropri at e emoti on al l y neu tral , l an g u ag e i ts tasks for th e su ch t ask that to or do’ to @ I S0 I S0 41 - l 3: 9 ( E ) P ro m pt s Des cri pt i on Pro m pt s th at i n d i cat e the UNI X is c o m m an d to P ro m pt i n g M an y the of by a) U s ers are b) Th ere is a th e of l i mi t ed i n pu t s a) Con d i t i on s b) Th ere N OTE are Th e for i n pu t n ot pro mpt s at thi s Pro mpt s expl i ci tl y i n d i cat e poi n t i n the are eq u al l y can be i n d i cat e t h at the d i al og u e g en eri c the s ys t em ( e g t ype or speci fi c of i n pu t i s wai t i n g Type the for n am e Gen eri c expect ed u s er of i n pu t the fi l e pro mpt s ( e g as to wel l be i n d i cat e D OS as ‘ Y’ , the d i rect the l oad ed : ) s et of u s er to ‘ l abel s’ as t h ey appear i n f orm fi l l i ng d i al og u es prompt ) or expl i ci tl y ( speci fi c prompt ) the t ypes of i n pu t t h at wi l l be u n d er the fol l owi n g d i t i on s As more d i t i on s are met , the g reat er an d wi l l n ee d i n format i on on h ow to proceed i n pu t s compl i cat ed t ask, t ask req u i res s eq u en ce d st eps , or n e ed to mi n i mi z e errors) s u g g es t be d i spl ayed u n d er the fol l owi n g d i t i on s As m o re d i t i on s are i n f ormat i on on met , the g reat er prompt s pro mpt s val i d d i s pl ayed g u i d ed s h ou l d u s er pr o m pt s wh o s h ou l d ( g en eri c s ys t em val i d be speci fi c t h ose be the ( e g g en e ri c an d i mpl i ci t l y appl i cabl e prompt s g en eri c m an y pro mpt s s ys t em wi t h prom pt s for Wh e n p ro m pt s bu t 9241 - 7: - - 3) , s h ou l d s h ou l d of for I S0 speci fi c u n fami l i ar appl i cabi l i t y wi t h i s val i d i n d i cat e d i al og u e prom pt s Gen eri c i n pu t , Speci fi c t h at s ee req u i remen t s u s er i s avai l abl e u s er “ $“ ) i n pu t sh ou l d the Speci fi c c) Tas k for r e co m m e n d at i o n s appl i cabi l i t y th at s ys t em reco mm en d at i o n s Pro mpt s 2 of i n format i on , accept ed th e t ype the m o re the wai t i n g pro mpt u s er Fo r t h at s ys t em be i n pu t s ar e ar e are n ot an d u sed , appl i cabl e t h ere it is i s i n su ffi ci en t i m po rt an t to t ake d i s pl ay i nto s pace ac co u n t to provi d e d i f f eren t t ype s of u s e rs ( i e , al l th ose al t ern at i ves wh o ar e f ami l i ar n ot) abl e to obt n on - l i n e h el p rel at ed to pro mpt s t h at are co m pl ex or t h at the u s er d oes n ot u n d ers t an d If a provi d ed 6 t as k ( See Pro mpt s E XAM P LE : In req u i res al s o for I f a d efau l t 7: - s) , EXAM P LE : H ow Pro m pt s di st i n ct i vel y EXAM P LE : 3) To be val u e En t er t h at h as Cl au s e m an y the bee n wi n d o ws I S0 en t ry are of u s er act i on s, be d i s pl ayed prompt i n g for the cu rren t l y req u i red s t ep s h ou l d be ) s h ou l d wri t t en f ro m d ef i n ed for l eft to ri g h t, i n a s t an d ard the u s er- pro mpt ed prom pt i n pu t , l ocat i on i s pres en t ed t h at val u e n ext to sh ou l d to the be the l eft en t ry of vi su al l y the fi el d en t ry i n d i cat ed fi el d ( See al so ) provi d e al so s eq u e n ce 2: - 3) , d at a/co m m an d sh ou l d ( See part i cu l ar 9241 - I l an g u ag es 9241 - I I S0 a I S0 s h ou l d cu es 9241 - I cu rren t d at e: for be the 7: - 3) , - / vi si bl e t ype of at l og i n ? d at a to be en t ered by f ormat t i n g d at a en t ry fi el d s si st en t l y an d ) / pu bl i s h ed I S0 9241 =1 3: 998( E) To that faci l i tate respon se i s si sten t EXAMPLE: posi ti on cu rsor th e N u meri c in is wi th the data i npu t at prompts, of an d th e th e i n pu t arrang ed fi el d posi ti on ed to type in col u mn s n u mbers l eft- most cu rsor sh ou l d be au tomati cal l y posi ti oned in the i npu t fi el d at a l ocati on requ ested move posi ti on are to in ri ght th e th e l eft j u sti fi ed, as i npu t th ey fi el d the i e , are an d cu rsor typed th e is Textu al cu rsor posi ti on ed data moves to are th e at l eft ri ght th e ri g ht- most j u sti fi ed, as i e , the ch aracters are typed Feed back Descri pti on Feed back syst em provi des state Exampl es an d of ech oi n g - presen tati on - th e - presen tati on - movi n g vi si bl e I S0 Every 9241 - I 2 th e N OTE Th i s Th e U ser th e th e u ser’ s u ser t ypes a comman d data wh en screen n ot u ser an d area th e to after u ser track sh ou l d I S0 are i npu t Th e type of feedback vari es wi th ch an g es in task, th em; h as been recei ved a comman d presses mou se produ ce 9241 -1 7: - 4) , ech oed ech oi n g a to hel p an d mod i fy is i ts bei ng processed; el emen ts; key; movemen t in th e ti mel y an d percepti bl e feed back from th e syst em (See al so ) di spl ay wi th i n ms 50 of the u ser typi ng t h em, u n l ess there are secu ri ty ch aracters wi th t h at of to n ormal d oes i n t ru d e feed back desi g n ed Popu l ati on Task vari abi l i ty: task performan ce sh ou l d be non- i ntru si ve an d sh ou l d n ot di stract the u ser Th e h ardware bl i nd appl y th e by to th e feed back for g u i d an ce t ask syst em f l ow sh ou l d n ovi ce in mes s ag es , order sh ou l d modal i ty i ndi vi du al s feed back u ser u s er’ s take sh ou l d provi de u sers to i nto be del et e fi rmat i on s a s i d ered res pon se or by al erts th e rel ati ng to saf et y u ser accou n t: compati bl e feedback sh ou l d l i ke el i ci t wi th th rou g h tai n more the speech capabi l i ti es in addi ti on expl an atory of to th e u ser (e g a vi si on) i nformati on th an feedback for u sers requ i remen ts: task presen ted Syst em n ot i n to g i ven th e for i nformati on is requ i res (e g , capabi l i ti es: (e g capabi l i ti es) be n eed characteri sti cs: EXAM PLE: by associ ated experi en ced To th e as i ndi cati ng wi n d ow on entri es for type syst em 4) screen a g raphi cal recommen d at i on d) th e task even t s , di spl ay to recommen d at i on s Key cri ti cal c) a poi nter Feed back from b) hel p i npu t requ i remen ts a) of 5: 997, EXAM PLE: th e messag e in Feed back a on ch an g e th e respon se i ncl u de ch aracters of in i n pu t feed back - i n formati on u ser pu bl i sh ed u sers voi ce, th e n ot feedback to l ook au di tory speech away be from compati bl e th e wi th di spl ay; the atten ti on therefore a d eman d s type of of th e feedback task other than vi su al tone) presen tati on u se sh ou l d of ou tpu t feedback as th e sh ou l d on l y n ot feedback be if depen den t some on syst ems th e avai l abi l i ty n ot h ave of speech speci fi c ou tpu t I S0 A a) Ot h er di ti on al Appl i cabi l i ty: H owever, su ch a b) th e eval u ati on ti me (e g g u i dan ce di d of th e each u ser both as be entri es is wou l d “i f in an d th e (7 9) desi g n th e b) to If is as are if to the an y u ser i n th at u ser g u i dan ce g u i dan ce su bcl au se u ti l i zes wou l d be i n A ) as n ecessary ch osen onl y recommen dati on s determi n e there sol u ti on appropri ate appl i cabl e recommen dati on A met h od s appropri ate hel p, g eneral l y are determi n ed statemen t” descri bed appropri ate reason s be are hel p) system- i ni ti ated “i f statemen ts” both th e recommen dati on s System- i n i ti ated tai n non- di ti onal wou l d to 2, determi n ed For adh eren ce val i d al so wi th reason s wou l d in exampl e, respect for be of a) , i n formati on anal yti cal not to wh eth er fol l owi ng i nterest to abou t eval u ati on th e u sers of or syst em proposed th i s part of 9241 As an d for adh eren ce A appl yi ng N OTE Th e U s ers an d of forman ce i n tabl e fu rth er in tabl e appl i cabi l i ty “sh ort of, versi on ” determi n i ng ch eckl i st A deg ree A an d of of I S0 test procedu res descri bed above, an Eval u ati on ch eckl i st for appl i cabi l i ty an d 241 pu bl i sh is the al l of su ch i nten ded th e th e freel y as to, an th e is d of wi th i n th e a appl i cabl e) for the both condi ti onal ch eckl i st in of by th i s In part of I S0 “an d ” of cl au se some an d thi s an n ex so eval u ators i n thi s 9241 an d recommen d ati on s mean s parti cu l ar desi g n ers recommen d at i on s di ti onal i n terdepen den ci es cl au se reprod u ce t h at it can be u s ed for i ts i n t en d ed ch eckl i st recommen dati on s Man y recommen d ati on s th at may compl et e adh eren ce appl i cabi l i ty depi cts condi ti onal part thi s m ay ch eckl i st the th e i s provi ded Ch eckl i st pu rpos e in di ti onal secti on s recommen dati on recommen d ati on , I S0 u ser For to respon se statemen t” th e appl i cabi l i ty Adh eren ce: empi ri cal of I f th e (and adh eren ce recommen d at i on s Non - “i f n u mber featu res appl i cabl e a @ I S0 9241 =1 3: 998( E) (i t “or” is “and/or” cases, a n ectors is of u ser I S0 provi des al l ow assu med of part th at a speci fi ed of becau se stru ctu re h ave th e eval u ati n g ch eckl i st to al tern ati ve n ectors cl au se in Th i s l og i cal n u mber Th ese th e g u i dan ce 9241 assi st u sers sol u ti on s are sh own i nherent ch oi ces both tai n s “an d s” are n ot n ected by Th e on l y to for th e mu tu al l y excl u si ve A Descri pti on A Th e l fi rst col u mn can A Th e an d l ook fi rst th e up the the t wo space parti cu l ar meth od s ch eckl i st ful l easi l y the “sh ort Si n ce i n th e each rel evan t versi on” condi ti on al condi ti onal su bcl au ses of “ch eck the Appl i cabi l i ty by a ch eckmark meth od s recommen d ati on an d are off” rel evant the are porti on i n th e for met h od sh ad ed to “Y” each u sed of or i s n u mbered wi th i ts cl au se th e l og i c n u mber, cl au ses of by make the th e th e th e ch eckl i st ‘ I N ” col u mn ch eckl i st S = Sys t em docu men tati on D = Docu men t ed an al ysi s evi d en ce = Observati on A = Anal yti cal eval u ati on E = Empi ri cal eval u ati on DM = Di fferen t Met h od ( meth od oth er th an above u sed) are provi ded I n addi ti on, di ti onal desi g n er are: recommen d ati on s, recommen dati on col u mn s col u mn s to tai n s by su bcl au se text determi n ati on appl i cabi l i ty provi des 22 of ch eckl i st col u mn separated Appl i cabi l i ty appl i cabi l i ty of th e Recommen d at i on s n ectors, u sers of or th i s for part recommen dati on s eval u ator easi er to u se of Meth od s Th e recordi ng of th e thi s that cod es the ch eckl i st part are u sed of n ot for resu l t of i n di cates I S0 9241 rel evant the th e wh i ch an d for appl i cabi l i ty a I S0 If a I S0 d i fferen t s h ou l d be A Th i s m et h o d n ot ed part of t h e rel evan t ad h eren ce ch ecked t est As for a is “D M ” the i n d i cat es provi d es posi t i ve, is ch ecked ) , appl i cabi l i t y = = Obs ervat i on wh i ch s pace t h at met h od m et h o d s met h od s for “P” co d es co l u m n u s ed for are d es i g n ers reco m men d at i o n the Th e M u s ed can be d es cri bed i s s i d ered an in the opt i on al Commen t s f eat u re col u mn of t h e I t al so ch eckl i st are is the appropri at e or for eval u at ors s h ad ed ch ecked to ( for ad h eren ce d et ermi n i n g to “ ch eck m ake the “ pas s ed ”) me t h o d s ad h eren ce off” the ch eckl i st an d if the to m et h o d easi er resu l t to is each of t h e u s ed u s e d i t i on al M et h o d s If n eg at i ve, the the t h at resu l t “ F” are of the co l u m n is are: M e as u re m en t D o cu m e n t e d evi d en ce A = An al yt i cal eval u at i on E = Empi ri cal eval u at i on DM = Al s o, Di fferen t as of t h e A Met h od if a n ot ed ( m et h o d d i fferen t for ot h er met h od appl i cabi l i ty, is t h an abo ve u s ed ch ecki n g (“ D M ” off the u s ed ) ch ecked ) , met h od s t h at u s ed m et h o d to can eval u at e be d es cri bed ad h eren ce in the Co m m e n t s i s s i d ered an opt i on al ch eckl i st Co m m e n t s co m m e n t co l u m n reco m men d at i o n s evi d en ce) as appropri at e can off part i cu l ar appl i cabi l i ty, f eat u re Th e an d “ fai l ed ”) D = co l u mn ( i e , 3: 99 8( E) co l u m n s ch eckl i st for ( for u s ed ch ecki n g Ad h ere n ce reco m men d at i o n s n ot is t h at 9241 - l wel l in i n cl u d e provi d es an d can as for speci fi c h ow be s pace u s ed for the “ Di fferen t i t i s bes t s ol u t i on s ad d i t i on al i n d i cat e d es cri bi n g si t u at i on s, t h es e to rel at e to to s t at emen t s s ou rce of t h e M et h o d s ” d es cri be the wh e n s u ch u s er an d co m m e n t s as s e s s men t u s ed u ni qu e g u i d an ce pert n i n g ( e g , Si n ce sol u t i on s d es i g n n am e d i fferen t i n the to of each expert , sol u t i on s co m m e n t s reco m men d at i o n s of of d i t i on al d o cu m e n t e d ( met h od s ) co l u mn an d the ti tl e Th i s can be d escri pt i on appropri at e d i al og u e pri n ci pl es A S u m m ar y U s ers of the ad h eren ce n u m be r of u s er AR for t aki n g the on t h at the be al l in the of the i n the u s ed the Ad h eren ce AR g u i d an ce acco u n t an d Th e compl exi t y u s ed u s er can n ot i nto ( AR) ch eckm arks g u i d an ce wh i ch Appl i cabi l i t y rat i n g re co m m e n d e d Depen d i n g d at a as i s the “P” d at a s ys t em co l u m n ( i e , of t h e an d respect i ve H o wever, of the the by Ps s u mm ari z e appl i cabl e the an d it of the ARs sh ou l d the i t ems ( bot h of n u m be r i t m ay acros s be d eg ree n ot ed of the resu l t s of the reco mm en d at i o n s n u m ber the appl i cat i on , averag e m e as u re m e n t wei g h t s of g u i d an ce t h en cou l d of d i vi d ed n u m be r u s er appl i cat i on a rel i abl e Ch eckl i s t percen t ag e ch eckm arks of be the Ys ) be u s efu l u s er t h at the ad h eren ce by t h ems el ves to in AR an d the report ed in co mpl et e g u i d an ce wi t h eval u at i on su cces sf u l l y is no t ypes m o re t ext co mpu t i n g col u mn ) j u n ct i on a ch eckl i st appl i cabl e i n the “ Y” by ad h ered to t h an an It wi t h for d et ermi n e to is the an the hi ghl y the e ach ARs t ype of averag e ari t h met i c reco m men d at i o n s of (i e , co u n t wi t h ou t u se) 23 I S0 9241 = 3: 998( E) m ‘_ I Y I I : : : ‘: ‘ **I I I :’ ii : i: : ’ ; ) : i 2: F :,: j > ;.; : ; j ‘ i : ’ : _i , ‘ ’ u : :I :: f’ i : :’ z a s x :, : i :,: : ‘ : : t &I i G y: : A’ : ., : :.,.:> :’ .,:‘ i.f , :._ , ‘‘I, ’, - : :: : : z rs r G : - :.:, ‘ : \_ : :: & rc : - - ,_ - I : I ccl l l l l l l l I _ :’ I ‘: : _j a : : i II z cr : ! : : t ” > c I I s : v : & : w -1y ,.: ’ i: _i -: _ : : :, : i,.’ A :’ : ,’ _ , ,I ’ _ ,::, : - , .: : :” ,_ : : ‘ ’ : ‘ _,j , : :.:.: .::” h ‘ ‘ _.‘ A , : \; : ; , : _ : - : ’ ” : - \ : , “” A - z w a : - I : - :’ :.’ : - : I : I I : i - I I * I cccI * I I I ‘/ - I I : , I :: : : yl :: : ; : : ‘ : ’ a rri T I x ic $ II i i s z Q) E E i i E E E a i s a ! i i E a ‘P b f I 24 ii ii E k !! 5 a E e $ > ii E ; E E E tt E !i !! k E t i k cr E E ? J m E II) F s “m u) t ;i E cu ; g 5 E P) II F E c h D ;3 Q> Efi ii: g $i; i x i E I L aI E i i I or YE ? $ YC Y u : ‘T i E u I I i > E : i E Q) ii g E; t c j: Y =z IF I s g g E iin ! k LZ f y$ f I I E ii I: ii r i E E 5i a a rE n* it E a, e u i F ii t E ‘Z s ei ! ‘; ‘2 2s ?E Bs na ti ; f! i w E ii ii II E R i I : i i LF tl f f i F : ! c e t % : i f i u v1 i E E E E$ iI= u p C+ Ei Ei z k ; ZI aa F E C E P 5s m: c u I i Q, s 5; a E , s3 =) s z ; ?? n $ n ti u i I I gu LC c: et 2: $ $ e n xc g; SE i e !! m i II I f! i I v) f s ?C nc Bf @ I S0 I S0 41 - l 3: 9 ( E ) - m g ! ] E E i 0: : I I * LT L - - * , : : ‘ _ j ‘ : _ _’ ’ : ” ‘ & I ‘ : ’ _ ., : :., ,j d : : I L, : : : - ?- ! ! Y? : , ‘ : : :: ‘ “’ f p p ;k Q) l r; eor ; S ; L ii i c U g 0c U cu i L ig m i a5 25 I S0 9241 =1 3: 998( E) n : II I I :’ i* Y : Y 1 ! ‘ : ‘ * : y- - Tj, : ! : : .: ‘ ‘ ’ : : : : : ._ ,: 5:‘ : ,’ ” : : I :: * in II , .:, , , ., : : : _ ‘ : _ : A , : : r?r rrr rr : j , .’ ; ti , : A : i ‘ ‘ ‘: A, ‘ : : ” e Y , : : : , , _ : , : _: “‘ : .:, ,: .:.i :: , _i >.: : , ‘ , , : _ , _: : : l ‘: i : ,: ’ ‘ Y,’ ‘ ’ ,: : : :.,.” , ‘.:_: : : I.:_ :”:.L’ :.:.,: ::_’ Il.Il I ‘ ‘ ,‘ < ‘ .: : ~: ; ;, + : ,: :;:.; : i ‘ \ : j , : - : , , : , , : ‘: ; : : ‘ , :: I - _, :,, : y, ; ; : , ,:: i : x, , : : : : _I : , ‘ , LLA v ‘ , : : : j : ,: : .,_ mnn ” : : ; j: : : > : , : , : A: : :: ~ : : : , y, : ‘ :: :“, , : : , :, : : : : , : : c: : &hb& j ,,; :, , yl yi y : : : ,.: t:: i , c ., / : ‘ _ : && - - ’ : _ : i I && y! ? : : : , : ; .:.: _ h :‘ ,: , : - : _ _ - , : : : , A ” ,_ :, _ =- Y- -T i,‘ i’ , : ., t 1 1 1 :: : _: : : ’ : ;: - - yY : .” : ‘:” : : : : % ., .:’ , _ : , ’ &&& I.: ; :: /’ : : ::; ;: : mm& - - ‘ ,.,’ : ‘ : :: ‘ : : : _, L ‘ _ f’ :’ ::.: - ’ ’ 3: 998( E) - - : : : _: - D nm m u A : : ! : _ : : : ‘ , : , : : , i , :: i : ‘ .: ’ : : : ’ ,I ‘ e - : ‘ ._ ,.: ;.i,: : : :: : ,_ : ; : ‘ , _ ., ::; I _ : “ ‘ ’ : L cl cl l l l l l : : ;’ ‘ y : : _: : : L - : ‘ :, : :.: : :, : ~ : .: _ , :“ ’ ” ; : - 9241 - l _A : :(:, , i : : : : : : : : : : : : : A : : : ~ > ; : : : : : r~ ~ < : , “: “ 5’ : : : : , : : A: : ’ y , : , ‘ - - Y ” / : ‘ : : ; : < ” j r’ : : : : : : : : , ?, : huh& - i ~: ‘ : ; : : y: ’ : : A: : j , I , _: : : , ; : ,,:, - - = i - - i I i B b I : E aI t4J L d, O 1i , ; I E ‘ CI ‘ ; s x 00) SE E +p rti a ‘5 g E au u q Q) s - u i i +, z @i i E aJ Q) c, S L kr ll * U rn a% l r; g aJ ti e UhE $0 l z - &a B z i ’ ; s k p E Q ! ‘ r= g l i b S B CI ‘ 55 CI ‘E i? ‘T o 3Q a E $8 ss i ; sg a L+ I r c=* gi ! * aE E e CL r” P, G s a- I CJ u J e”, ud? E g LQ) O Q, Q) v) = g om *a - g cn > c\i = h $ E ss I O3% ms Eg Eg p3 zr VI =5 ?O r9d LS ms o Yu t i ci @ n Q, o r) k- 5d s m j z r ou = g ‘E m ‘0 0- h as ki ss 1 ‘ Ocl f E n = n s !.c ‘UG o!z 2: * I I P’ CI D ;3 ‘G u ’s z ; $S 9- d TEc \! S I \! 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E6 aw II P -E sa CE gz SB g 5 -g 022 QJ = r@ zoa ) roa C/l a0 II II ll COO0 29 i I S0 @ I S0 9241 =1 3: 998( E) An n ex B (i n formati ve) Bi bl i og raphy AKSCYN , PI R M , kn owl ed g e Bel l PI in M CCRACKE N , org an i zati on s, Commu n i cati on s Pi scat away, N J BU TLER, T W , PI J ou rnal , of th e 985 system CH EN , PI 988, H CLARK, VI an d I] CON KLI N , [1 2] DI N 66 an d J FECH T, FI SH ER, FI SH ER, Mi n d G , [1 6] FOLEY, M A, [1 7] h ypermed i a Screen Bel l performan ce syst em for mai ntai n i n g 820- 835 Desi g n , J \A- STS- 000045, Commu n i cati on s du ri ng data Research , en try Bel l Sept 986 985) Laboratori es Tech n i cal A n ew on the man d ate for Docu men t at i on Wri ters Proceed i n g s psych ol og i cal i mportan ce of ti me in a di spl ay a ti me- sh ari n g readabi l i ty of movi n g text memory for on compu ter H u man Factors, R C , an d compl ex sen ten ces Qu arter/y J ou rnal of 38 Compu ter- au g men ted R C , 27, di sti n cti on s 29- I - 26th Retri eval An n u al of retri eval Meeti n g , H el p of 982, i n formati on H ELP i nformati on for n ovi ce u se 79-82 for n ovi ce u sers of i nteracti ve compu ter 335- 343 STP- 356- 86 Rev , Mi croel ectron i cs an d Compu ter Tech n ol og y Work York, to A , J D , for RAN KI N , W L , an d Di al og Man /Di spl ay BARN ES, Sys t em Battel l e mod el s Con feren ce LEMKE, Sept Gu i del i nes of Desi g n , Deu t sch es l nsti tu t Tech n i cal I n terfaces fur Report N ormu n g , TR 986 00 27200, I BM 975 GRI - 85/01 83 7, Compu ter, Pri n ci pl es Compu ter- Ai ded Compu tati on al G , R , Dec Stati on s on of Paci fi c ski l l SCH WAB, T , Proceedi n g s of th e SAARI , N orth west acqu i si ti on Compu ters V E , Desi g n an d h el p Secon d TRI GGS, Faci l i ti es, Laboratori es, In R Lau san n e, syst ems Eu ropean L M , LN G processes Edu cati on , Act i ve in In Ri ch l an d, Lewi s an d et on D ESTEESE al D Tag g 981 , (Ed ) Cog n i ti ve J G , Desi g n Wash i n g ton Swi tzerl an d, Green , Con feren ce an d Vol u me (Ed ) H u man Pri n ci pl es 99352, 985 Compu t ers in 477- 481 Cog n i ti ve Erg on omi cs, Erg on omi cs, Mi n d an d 984 an d VAN DAM , A , Fu n d tal s of I n teracti ve Compu t er Graph i cs, Ad d i son - Wesl ey, Readi n g , 982 G REG ORY, readi ng 30 th e H ypertext, RI DEOU T, T B , Worl d Compu t er, of G RAN D A, New Report an d 20, 985, Di spl ay Appl i cati on s Ed u cati on , [1 5] 31 , 7, 35- 42 Soci ety WI LLI GES, 8, an d B A , Tech n i cal [1 4] an d Desi g n , Mech an i sms: Seman ti c Factors su rvey Part S E Factors E V , 968, Factors, A Pou g h keepsi e, [1 3] di stri bu ted 987 234, EN GEL, u ser A 986, Di al og Screen 985, 8-l affecti ng WI LLI GES, H u man H u man Corporati on , [l an d KM S: ACM , N I CKERSON , R S , 0, Factors CLARK, an d of A M , syst ems [I O] TSOI , H el p an d 969, Psych ol og y, A M , COH I LL, vs Meeti n g , ELKI N D, J I an d Proceedi n g s PI texts An n u al Factors, K H H , COH I LL, for an d ti me the 25-33 Experi men tal PI Di al og E A , of Gu i del i nes cou rse respon se H el p SI G DOC H u man 30, YOD ER, 0071 001 CAKBON ELL, J R , PI on Compu ter BOREN STEI N , N S , PI an d Research , (based 984, 63, D L Commu n i cat i on s M an d POU LTON , Erg on omi cs, 970, E C , 3, Even 427- 434 versu s u n even ri g ht-hand marg i n s an d th e rate of compreh en si on in @ I S0 [I 81 I S0 H u m an Co m pu t e r i n t eract i on [ I 91 H ORTON , W K , [ 20] J OH N SON - LAI RD , P N , Experi men t al [ 21 ] an d an d On - l i n e Wri t i n g 972, H el p 24, Co mmi t t ee On - l i n e TRI D G ELL, Ps ych o l og y, KE ARSLE Y, G , J ers ey, [ 22] Des i g n i n g St an d ard s J M , Gen eral co n s en s u s Do cu men t at i o n Wh e n J oh n n eg at i on is of Wi l ey eas i er co mmi t t ee an d t h an 41 - l 3: 9 ( E ) m em bers So n s , 99 affi rmat i on Qu art erl y J ou rn al of 87- 91 Sys t ems : Des i g n an d I mpl emen t at i on , Abl ex Pu bl i s h i n g Corp , N o rwo o d , New 88 KEI STER, L , an d Pro ceed i n g s of S H N E I D E RM AN B , the H u m an M aki n g Fact ors s of t ware Soci et y 27t h u s er An n u al fri en d l y, an Meet i n g as s es s m en t San t a of M on i ca, d at a Ca: en t ry H u m an perf orman ce Fact ors Soci et y, 83 [ 23] LI M AN OWSKI , J J , 27t h [ 24] An n u al M AG E R S , H u m an [ 25] [ 27] [ 28] An in d ocu men t at i on San t a experi men t al Mi l i t ary Was h i n g t on , Mod e M on i ca, Co m pu t i n g M I L- STD - 472 C M ON K, A , sou n d I n t ern at i on al errors: of E RN O, J , an d M aryl an d Co m pu t er N EAL, A S , PAKI N , Ti m e 977, SE i n t erval s 9, an d bet wee n H el p an d keyst rokes , H u m an Fact ors Soci et y Co m pu t i n g for Pro ceed i n g s Mach i n ery, mi l i t ary of CH /‘ 983 s ys t ems , eq u i pm en t an d 983 some 86, preven t at i ve 2, Proof read i n g Tech n i cal of n o n - prog rammers for req u i remen t s Sept St u d i es , Pro ceed i n g s 983 for As s oci at i on en g i n eeri n g S H N E I D E RM AN , B , i ss u es on - l i n e an al ys i s Sci en ce an d Soci et y, Def en s e, M an - M ach i n e U n i versi t y of of H i st ory Fact ors York: H u m an u s er- cen t red J ou rn al of New Depart men t a H u m an eval u at i on s t an d ard : D C: s ys t em: CA: Sys t ems M OS KE L, S , Fact ors, [ 29] C S , Fact ors faci l i ti es [ 26] On - l i n e M eet i n g an d Report , record s, co m preh en s i o n June an d m e as u res u si n g keyi n g t i n g en t 3 - 27 of t ext on s creen s an d paper 984 fi el d s in d at a en t ry wi t h ski l l ed operat ors, H u m an 63 - 70 WR AY, P , ( 982) Des i g n i n g s creen s for peopl e to use easi l y D at a M an ag em en t , 982 , 20, 6- 41 [ 30] P ARON , t rai n i n g [ 31 ] D , RAM S E Y, [ 33] an d Repo rt SA1 - 79 - RU BI N STEI N , R an d 84 S H N E I D E RM AN , Sh n ei d erman , B , B P , Beh avi ou r ATWOOD , N o Bu rl i n g t on , M A, P RI D G E N , co mpared H R , Tech n i cal [ 32] H U FFM AN , K , m et h o d s H E RS H , H , Sys t em ( Ed i t ors) , M E , I N ORM AN , K , an d H u m an I - DEN Th e m e s s ag e in Fact or: I n c , Des i g n i n g Gu i d el i n es H u m an 985, Co m pu t er Appl i cat i on s d esi g n : in S H N E I D E RM AN , B , Tech n ol og y, Fact ors Sci en ce H u m an Di rect i on s an d i n f ormat i on Co m pu t er CO, Co m pu t e r men u sel ect i on t ree: A Revi ew Sys t e ms Abl ex of the Li t erat u re 79 experi men t al I n t eract i on , a 81 - W Sys t ems : Den ver, an d Learn i n g 4, for Peopl e, resu l t s Pu bl i sh ers, In Di g i t al Bad re, N o rwo o d , Pres s, A , NJ , an d 982, 55- 78 [ 34] S H N E I D E RM AN , Ad d i s o n - Wes l ey [ 35] SLATI N , J , SM I TH , S L , [ 37] SM I TH , S L , Expl ori n g an d Ai r the M A: Force MI T compat i bi l i t y Report Bas e, U s er t each i n g Th e AU CE LLA, A F , Tech n i cal the I n t erface: St rat eg i es for Effect i ve H u m an - Co m pu t e r I n t eract i on 87 an d Cam bri d g e, [ 36] H an s co m Des i g n i n g Pu bl i s h i n g , H ypert ext Co m pu t er Sys t ems B , of Pres s , wi t h 83 wri t i n g 88, wo rd s Des i g n E SD - TR- 42 m an d In Text , 1 l -1 pi ct u res Gu i d el i n es N T/S Co n Te xt an d H yperText : Wri t i n g wi t h an d for the 29 for AD H u m an the Fact ors, U s er A1 73 45, 981 , I n t erf ace U S AF to 23 , 5- Co mpu t e r- Bas e d El ect ron i c Sys t em s I n format i on Di vi si on , M as s ach u s et t s 31 I S0 [38] 9241 =1 3: 998( E) SMI TH , S L Syst ems [39] SN OWBE RRY, STI BI C, 980, [41 ] V , 2, TI N KER, [43] WASON , [44] WATLEY, L , 32 practi cal Desi g n Gu i del i nes Mi tre, SI SSON , of remarks C Th e an d for C T , an d Battel l e Prol on g ed on th e for Bedford Effects N , Man - Mach i n e readi n g texts U n i versi ty Effecti ve Eye of th e hel p Stu di es, U ser I n terface for Compu t er- Based I n formati on Massach u set ts fi el ds 985, u ser- fri endl i ness M S , of pl au si bl e A of 27, 985 Di vi si on , in vi su al deni al compari son Maryl an d, of H u man 22, on navi g ati ng th rou g h hi erarchi cal men u 479- 491 on-l i ne J ou rnal of of ci ted Oh i o J ou rn al Verbal comman d s I n teracti on evoked Factors Col u mbu s research 983, H u man - Compu t er syst ems J ou rnal of i nformati on Sci en ce, Aspect s of Appl i ed Learn i n g B an d Compu t er Psych ol og y, Verbal On- l i ne SH N E I D ERM AN Ad d i son - Wesl ey respon ses an d docu men tati on : in of Men u s Di spl ays an d 43201 - 2693 vi su al 955, Beh avi ou r vs h ard Desi g n i n g Pu bl i shi ng , percepti on: 39, 965, copy, th e 444- 446 4, 7-1 U n pu bl i sh ed U ser I n terface: 987 s ome specu l ati on s Act a 337- 340 GODFREY, of M YERS , t asks movemen t s, 976, Effecti ven ess L B Col ombu s M U LFORD , J , proj ect, WOGALTER, K R J ou rnal CH EVALAZ, G , P C , Psych ol og i ca, [46] few M A , Strateg i es WH I TE, PARKI N SON , an d Eq u i pmen t stu den t [45] A 986 ESD- TR- 86- 278, 277- 283 Mi l i tary [42] K , Report I nternati onal TI J ERI N A, in MOSI ER, J N , Tech n i cal stru ctu res [40] an d @ I S0 S S , Warn i n g s, FON TEN ELLE, H u man Factors, G A , 987, DESAU LN I ERS, D R 29(5) , 599- 61 ROTH STEI N , P R , an d LAU GH ERY, I SO9241 =1 3: 998( E) I CS 80; Descri ptors: Pri ce based 35 80 erg on omi cs, speci fi cati on s, ru l es on 32 @ I S0 offi ce ( i n stru cti on s) , pag es mach i n es, i nstru cti on s compu t er for u se peri pheral equ i pmen t, text processi ng , data termi n al equ i pmen t, di spl ay devi ces,