INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARD 5799 Second edi tion 1 991 08 01 Photography Di iect exposing medical and dental radiographic fi lm/process Systems Determination of ISO Speed and ISO average gradient Photo[.]
I SO I N TE R N ATI ON AL 579 S TAN D AR D S e co n d e d i ti o n 991 -08-01 - P h o to g raph y d e n tal D i i e ct- e xpo si n g rad i o g raph i c D e term i n ati o n m e d i cal fi l m /pro cess of I SO S pe e d S ystem s an d I SO an d - ave rag e g rad i en t - - E n sem bl es P h o to g raph i e m ed i cal e la san s sen si bi l i te - - G cran I SO et et du a Ia fi l m l trai tem en t rad i og raph i e traste m oyen d esti n es d en tai re fi - la rad i o g raph i e D H erm i n afi o n de /S O - R e fe re n ce I SO 79 : n u m be r 991 (E ) I SO 79 : 9 ( E ) Foreword I SO (th e I n tern ati o n al fed erati on of of prepari n g tech n i cal wh i ch I n tern ati o n al tech n i cal represen ted m en tal an d (I E C) n ati on al to S tan d ard I n tern ati o n al I S O/TC Th i s a I SO ed i ti on 579 9: 81 ) , An n exes appro val th e voti n g by at Th e I SO, a ri g h t fo r to be g o vern - take part in th e E l ectro tech n i cal stan d ard i zati on tech n i cal com m i ttees P u bl i cati o n l east I SO su bj ect th e al so wo rk th rou g h o rg an i zati on s, I n tern ati on al by fo r in h as el ectro tech n i cal ad opted ou t 75 % as of an th e are I n ter- m em ber 5799 was prepared by Tech n i cal Co m m i ttee P h oto g raph y secon d (I SO of worl d wi d e vo te S tan d ard 42, carri ed i n terested wi th th e a bo d i es) establ i sh ed l i so n bo d i es req u i res bod y wi th m atters m em ber n orm al l y been in Stan d ard s th e casti n g al l is is m em ber I n tern ati on al cl osel y on I n tern ati on al bod i es h as n on - g o vern m en tal , Stan d ard i zati on ) (I SO m em ber com m i ttee co l l abo rates Co m m i ssi o n ci rcu l ated E sch th at for bo d i es Stan d ard s co m m i ttee on I SO D raft Stan d ard s com m i ttees a wo rk Org an i zati o n n ati o n al A, B, can cel s wh i ch C an d h as D of been th i s an d repl aces tech n i cal l y th e fi rst ed i ti on revi sed I n tern ati on al Stan d ard are fo r i n form ati o n on l y Al l or I SO 991 ri g h ts by an y P e rm i ss i o n reserved m ean s, in wri tl n g I n tern ati on al Case P ri n ted ii In No P ostal e part el e ctro n i e fro m of Swl tzerl an d l CH -1 21 pu bl i cati o n m e ch an i cal , th e Org an kati on 56 th i s or m ay i n cl u d i n g be pu bl i sh er for Stan d ard i z G en eve 20 l reprod u ced ph otocopyi n g atl on Swl tze rl an d or u ti l i z e d an d in m i cro fi l m , an y fo rm wi th ou t I SO 79 : 9 ( E ) l n tro d u cti o n Th i s revi si on si on to Rad i ati o n an d y of ad opt U n i ts rad i ati o n q u i red ch an g i n g i n cl u d es com pati bl e I SO th e u pd ated wi th 5799 h as been pri m ari l y recom m en d ati on an d in M easu rem en ts pl ace th e of Speed fo rm at to cou l o m bs stan t referen ces, th e of of an d oth er th e u se per Th e Speed n ecessi tated I n tern ati o n al th e g ray ki l o g ram as of I n tern ati o n al an d rad i o g raph i c averag e fi l m by th e d eci - Co m m i ssi o n a m easu re r Th i s h as S tan d ard g rad i en t of of X ren ow tabl es Stan d ard s Ill This page intentionally left blank I N TE RN ATI ON AL I SO STAN D ARD P h o to g raph y - rad i o g raph i c fi l m /process S pe e d an d D i re ct- e xpo si n g I SO m e d i cal System s ave rag e - an d 5799: 991 (E ) d e n tal D e te rm i n ati o n of I SO g rad i e n t d e te rm i n i n g S co pe respon se th e i r as a fu n cti on of P h o ton en erg y Th i s I n tern ati o n al d eterm i n i n g en t of th e i cal Stan d ard th e I SO fi l m /pro cess an d scri bed fo r pu rpose a m eth od I SO th i s for averag e th e of exposed so fi I m /pro cess oth er tan to al so in of th e I SO d e- to Speed be an d of obtai n ed co m pared wi th D efi n i ti o n s For th e Th e of Stan d ard s referen ce th i s I n tern ati o n al cati o n , th e d ard s are th e d i cated to bel ow reg i sters to of At th i s M em bers of val i d ti m e val i d an d th e ed i ti on s of I EC wh i ch , provi si o n s of pu bl i - Al l stan - P arti es I n tern ati on al i n vesti g ate cu rren tl y th e were revi si on , on recen t provi si on s co n sti tu te i n d i cated bas e d m ost text, Stan d ard su bj ect en co u rag ed pl yi n g tai n th i s ed i ti o n s ag reem en ts are in to Stan d ard po ssi bi l i ty th e of ap- S tan d ard s an d I SO I n tern ati o n al - 5-1 : 84, P art P h otog raph y : Term s, sym bo l s - D en s i ty an d I SO 5-2 : 85, P art 2: P h otog raph y G eo m etri e in- - 3: P h otog raph y Spectral - an d i m ag e 3 403 7: 979 , cal i brati n g X d o sem eters g am m a an d D en si ty l G y= J /kg of r of tran sferred r in th at to r vo l u m e rel eased m easu re m ateri al to of of th e rad i an t respon se en erg y expo su re, fo r pro cessi n g , m easu rem en t Th e g rad i e n t: two speci fi ed G yl ) : g ray, rad i ati on ti cl es in an d th o se sl o pe P o i n ts of th e on abs o rbe d Th e kg of r i m parts ch arg ed a strai g h t line sen si tom etri c wh i ch J of d ose of prod u ces i n i ti al X an d /or ch arg ed ki n eti c y par- en erg y to parti cl es S am pl i n g an d d eterm i n i n g tran sm i ssi o n of a m easu rem en ts referen ce rad i ati on s ratem eters an d to 1 43 R or is yi el d ers wi l l Th i s s to rag e it th e sh al l u n d er sto red n orm al l y fo r sh al l u sed be 0, 029 averag e m ad e C /kg to en su re to at a by speci fi ed to th e l en g th wh i ch proper u s- d i fferen t eval u ati on , i n d epen d en t th e g ra- sam pl es o btai n ed d i ti on s P ri o r fo r S everal th e several accord i n g ag e averag e th at resu l ts eval u ati n g reco m m en d ati o n s th e I SO i m po rtan t Stan d ard be an d Speed is averag e peri ed i cal l y sam pl es to I SO req u i re I n tern ati on al fo r eq u i val en t th e pro d u ct, eval u ated tu rers’ i s eq u i val en t m ass q u an ti tati ve d en si ty -1 ) is X- rays) cu rve In m easu rem en ts fo r D en si ty d o se th e wh i ch i n stan ce m e as u re m e n ts co n d i ti o n s an d en erg y, co n d i ti on s ave rag e j oi n i n g si m u l ate I SO A speci fi ed batch es 5-3 : 84, P art is ph oto g raph i c th e th i s I SO th e m n tai n d en si ty - S tan d ard , S tan d ard s n otati on s co n d i ti on s I n tern ati o n al (fo r by en erg y Speed : d i en t - d i vi d ed th e th e I SO Th e rad i ati on m ol ecu l es, wh ere K: ke rm a, i on i zi n g re fe re n ce s fol l o wi n g th rou g h th i s appl y th o se System s N o rm ati ve of d efi n i ti o n s r by of pu rposes fo l l o wi n g Th e provi d e ch aracteri sti cs tan be th an are is m ed - X- rays Stan d ard th at fo r g rad i - oth er d i rectl y S ystem an d u sed pro ced u res m easu rem en t g rad i en t reprod u ci bl y averag e rad i o g raph y I n tern ati on al th e m eth o d s I SO S en si tom etri c fi l m s of an d com bi n ati on s d en tal m am m o g raph y speci fi es S peed th e in th e m an u fac- of ti m e to prod u ct is eval u ati o n s cal i brati o n of I SO 5799 : 991 (E ) eq u i pm en t an d sel ecti n g is to of processes sto ri n g en su re tati ve of an d th e th o se Th e sam pl es fi l m basi c as ch aracteri sti cs obtai n ed by a obj ecti ve d escri bed are targ et in as at th e Th e ti m e 3, th e mm beam of zf: 0, wi th an t are exposed an d M easu rem en ts i m ag es to wh i ch val u es Speed an d are prod u ce are I SO a taken pro cessed o btai n ed u sed to speci fi ed th e sen si to m etri c an d averag e as from th e cu rve el i m i n ate th e affecti n g th e h an d l ed in I SO po ssi bi l i ty of sen si to m etri c com pl ete safel i g h t resu l ts, d arkn ess i l l u m i n ati o n th e tu be fi l trati on th e eq u i val en t to 7, of mm X-ray , l O, O m m of wi th al u m i n i u m l ayer th e is th e obtai n ed fro m between ad j u sted to val u e m axi m u m d i stan ce rate h al f- val u e a be al u m i n i u m eq u i val en t o n e-h al f at sh al l in expo su re al u m i n i u m m i n i m i ze abso rber th e X- ray targ et tat- g et of an d rad i ati o n scattered X- ray as beam s al l fi l m s d u ri n g sh al l be exposi n g wi l l rad i ati on sh al l Fi l m an d be wh en exposi n g col l i m ated th e fi l m , to as test sm al l sh al l th an be exposed in absorpti on l ead h o l d ers of wh i ch th e pro vi d e a fi l m s rad i ati o n speci fi ed Th e screen s) sh al l a wrappi n g fi l m su res be expo sed in th e o ri g i n al of eq u i val en t sh al l su ch S am pl i n g + sh al l OC an d h u ki d i ty I f th e fi l m of be si d e wi th th e packet be be (50 packet th e at 0) % tai n s th e a eq u i l i brated + - tem peratu re wi th d u ri n g two rad i ati on away co n tai n s r at of a an d rel a- to fro m th e R ad i an t backi n g , rad i ati on e n e rg y tu n g sten d u cti o n I SO d i ti o n al g rad e - in ling, th e *) : th e fi l m sh al l th e th e n l aye rs is of pe rm i s si bl e of in a 0, seri es seri es to 2, of expo - of d en si ti es each Th e exposu re exposu re step O/o Th e n ot exceed in g rays, u sed of th e fo r fo r l og q O of , by th e sh al l th e be pl u s an be in- sh al l i o n i zati on en erg y fi I m 4! l eft fog exposu re expo su re rad i an t sh al l base E sch u si n g expo si n g fi l m i n h eren t th e A q u al i ty separate u n exposed for d en si ty toward s be u sed backi n g I SO tan at th e If P rocessi n g sh al l be th e An n e x kV tu be as pl u s C o n d i ti o n i n g a of s am pl e s s pe ci fi e d I i sts be eq u i l i brated + ad - (50 to th e t\n re II Speed Poi n t C L < -s t00 : Y; s: c Base j + I Fog I I -6 I - 5, oo 00 - I 4, OO’ - , oo I ' " g l o Kl ' og l oKs l og l o Fi g u re - M e th o d fo r d e te rm i n i n g I SO K 'og K2 ( i n g rays) S pe e d an d I SO ave rag e g rad i e n t I SO Tabl e - I SO S pe e d s cal e I SO Fro m I SO - - 4, 800 -4, 85 - - - , 76 640 -4, 75 - - 4, 6 500 -4, 65 - 4, 56 400 4, 4, 96 I SO -4, 55 - - 4, 320 -4, 45 4, 36 250 -4, 35 - 4, 26 200 -4, 25 4, 60 -4, - 4, 25 -405 00 - 3, 95 3, 96 3, 86 80 -3, 85 - 3, 76 64 -3, 75 3, 66 50 -3, 65 3, 56 40 -3, 55 3, 46 32 -3, 45 - 3, 36 25 -3, 35 3, 26 20 -3, 25 3, 6 -3, 3, 06 -3, 05 2, 96 - 2, 86 -2, 85 2, 76 2, 75 2, 66 -2, 65 2, 56 th at of Speed 2, 95 of a ari th m eti c m i n ed of a p ro d u ct fro m Si n ce Speed I SO of vari ou s stored , vel opm en t pro d u ct, Sam pl e, averag e sel ected , wh en a speci fi c th e I SO sh al l of as d epen d en t on th ese S peed d i sti n g u i sh ed be l og ari th m s, tested co n d i ti on s, q u o ti n g as batch es an d is based on l og , &, th e pro d u ct I SO th e wh en D e n tal S pe e d 7, o abo ve exposu re be - I SO S pe e d s cal e ratI g e l ) ‘ - - - - - T- S I d eter- speci fi ed sh ou l d from an d d e- to 4, o 4, O to 28, 28, O 56, 56, O i n d i cated to to 1 2, O val u es ) (S) 000 Tabl e Th e S pe e d TO -5, 05 S pe e d 79 : 9 ( E ) Th e e xci u d e d fi l m s u pper limit fro m th at of e ach ran g e I SO S pe e d ran g e s h al l be -7 I Th e S peed form u l a Th e of Speed tabl e of g i ven d en tal in g rou p -6 fi l m s fro m l etter is is th e th en cal cu l ated averag e o btai n ed u si n g val u e from of th e th e Ks u se I SO (E) 579 9: 99 I SO averag e g rad i en t d eterm i n ati o n Tabl e I SO ave rag e g rad i e n t - I SO l og , & Th e averag e ri ved from g rad i en ts, th e G, g i ven in tabl e are - - is th e , 75 l o g , &, = d en si ty wh i ch is l og , & - l o g , &, of 0, 25 th e P oi n t above on base th e pl u s fog d en - I >, th e d en si ty wh i ch is of 2, 0 th e P oi n t above on base th e pl u s cu rve fog d en - si ty; K1 is th e K is th e wi th In so m e rad i og raph s to pri ate base d ard , it S h ows I SO asso ci ated in a be m ay rou n d i n g be be as g rad i en t l og , &, cl ose to u se be to I SO averag e g rad i en t of a I SO averag e ‘ g u i sh ed fro m based l og , &, wh en th i s en t on - g rad i en t th at be of 77 i s averag e obtai n ed tabl e a th e a vari o u s sto red , prod u ct from of an d Stan d ard wi th pro d u ct, di - d i sti n - sh al l of as I SO Th e by of speci fi ed is u se of be cal i brati o n to for in en su re of th e th e averag e erro r g rad i en t in eq u i pm en t an d fi l m sh al Speed l og , & l ess th & is + - XD 00 0, 91 2, o 0, 75 0, 82 272 0, 67 0, 74 295 0, 61 0, 66 278 0, 54 0, 60 90 , 47 0, 53 95 , 41 , 46 41 0, 37 , 40 4, m arki n g Speed of an d l abe l l i n g d esi g n ati o n a in prod u ct th i s I SO fo r d eterm i n ed I n tern ati o n al Speed X-ray I SO an d d i rect th en tabl e by th e Stan d ard d en oted exposu re in m eth od sh ou l d th e be form I SO d eterm i n ed by tech n i q u es averag e an d l ess be th an % g rad i e n t g rad i en t speci fi ed expressed d esi g n ated on I SO fo rm I SO G en eral of in d e s i g n ati o n a pro d u ct th i s th e I n tern ati on al scal e averag e of tabl e g rad i en t an d Stan d ard , 3, sh ou l d d en oted in be th e ? ? 2, d eterSi n ce pro cesses I ave rag e m eth od I SO in- ad eq u i ate +0, 05 - an d Th e Speed d epen d en t to val u es n ot th e m eth o d s referred to from wi th as in th i s th i s “M ed i cal ” speci fi - S tan d ard by fol l o wi n g S tan d ard s val u es I n tern ati o n al n ot pro cess val u es o btai n ed th e are th e I n tern ati o n al o th er th at on processi n g q u o ti n g th o se in g rad i en t al so th e wh en su g g ested d escri bed bu t i m ag e, speci fi ed is averag e fi l m g i ven com parabl e it I SO th e th e be o btai n ed are reaso n an d on d evel op sh ou l d m eth od s 0, 83 d esi g n ated cati o n d eterm i n i n g , 02 Speed u sed Th e 0, 93 in g rad i - Accu racy vo l ved 76 d escri bed on l y ,1 prod u ct averag e rou n d i n g val u e as averag e batch es tested proper averag e 94 , 03 I SO Th e exam pl e, Th e , 31 wh i ch prod u ct speci fi c ,1 u sed ari th m eti c fo r sel ected , of a th e l og , & I n tern ati on al m i n ed of , 48 P ro d u ct th e Th e , 32 , 25 S tan - I SO 7 W , 66 , 50 u n l ess an sh al l by m eth o d appro- an d I n tern ati on al to of ad van tag eo u s are th i s , 84 , 49 u n i form m o re , 00 H owever, in referred averag e of , 67 m easu rem en t m ay d en si ti es ran g e case between d en si ty th e u sed ?? d en si ty fo g d en si ty g rad i en t speci fi ed l o g , &, th e (as l evel fo g pl u s as fro m asso ci ated g rays, th e averag e wh ere can n o t g rad i en t rectl y l i m i ted pl u s d eterm i n ed g rays, in wh ere d en si ty Si tu ati on above kerm a, exam pl e, base a r an th e in D, is For above in kerm a, appl i cati on s speci m en s) , cl o se r D, ; wi th G To cu rve si ty; is w, K, I SO wh ere D - Fro m D z- D , m , , K, scal e d e- eq u ati o n G - g rad i e n t ave rag e s cal e u sed For in S tan d ard th i s th e be I SO An n ex 5799 : 991 (E ) A ( i n fo rm ati ve ) Cal i brati o n N BS P aram eters Ad d e d H VLI ) fi l trati o n (m m te ch n i q u e kV H 40 50 4, H 50 60 4, mm Al + 0, l O mm Pb 492 H 60 00 4, O mm Al + 0, 61 mm Cu 690 mm Al + 0, 26 mm Cu Al ) 23 _- - - - - -M 50 50 02 mm Al M 60 60 51 mm Al 00 00 M 5, O mm N OTE on a g ro u p - 60 Respon se 60 I at pl o t of h al f- val u e (H or M) , 68 Al 570 - S Fo th e d e s i re d l aye r I ch aracte ri s ti cs ag n s t ch am be r 4, (55 kV, re s po n s e 5, on l y mm if mm Al Al ad d e d i n te rpo l ati o n s 298 I fi l trati o n , are 3, m ad e mm Al u si n g H VL) tan rad i ati o n s be fro m -1 ) H VL: H al f- val u e l aye r - I d e te rm i n e d th e S am e I SO 79 : 9 ( E ) An n ex IB (i n fo rm ati ve ) I m pro vem en t To i m prove th e X-rad i ati on , th e th e fol l owi n g repro d u ci bi l i ty i o n i zati on of of th e repro d u ci bi l i ty m easu rem en t ch am ber u sed sh al l m easu rem en t essen ti al of an d fu ffi l ing ) an i on i zati on ati on kn own en erg y in ch am ber respo n se as a ran g e per fu n cti on in sh al l unit of be u sed expo su re P h o ton wh en is en erg y, over certai n th e c) a u ri n g th e i o n i zati o n sh al l m on i tor perm i t q u esti o n ; precau ti on s apparatu s be cu rren ts, taken in wh en parti cu l ar, el ectro n i e an d co n d i ti on s m ad e for fo r n o i se, al ways backg ro u n d or vari ati o n s d ri ft in of appl y rad i - m easu r- atm o sph eri c an d in ) l evel s, be X- rays co n d i ti o n s; vari - sm al l Satu rati o n co rrecti o n s ati o n req u i rem en ts: th at of m easit is ch am ber appl i cati o n exposu re rate sh o u l d of be co rrecti o n s u sed fo r in Ord er fl u ctu ati on s to I SO An n ex 79 : 9 ( E ) C (i n fo rm ati ve ) Scattered Th e m eth od rad i ati o n pen d i n g for on i ts pri m ary So u rce from fi l m , be th e em pl oyed tered d eterm i n i n g tri bu ti n g rad i ati o n to o ri g i n is th e to of th an th e d eterm i n e to th e exten t expo su re Wh ere l ess u se th e th e th e of o n e-ten th th e exposu re i ts Sq u are co n tri bu ti o n of scattered m ay d i am eter i n verse a test as rad i ati o n m easu rem en t If d is th e d i stan ce vary, d e- S u re rate of th e Zero d i stan ce d i stan ce P, l aw to of m ay scat- fol l o ws: resu l ti n g co m pl y (exposu re tan ce sh al l x n *) yi el d s fro m wi th rate n ot from ag n st th e th e th i s x be th e d So u rce, (exposu re pri m ary val u e m o re th an x th e % n o rm al g reater (expo- q raph d on l y S tan d ard , fo r th e th e rate rad i ati o n I n tern ati o n al d*) pl ot E xtrapol ati n g ) In th e Ord er actu al test th an to val u e, d i sP I SO 5799: 991 (E) An n ex D ( i n fo rm ati ve ) U n i ts DA R ad i ati o n of m easu rem en t effect esu R= 0, 001 Th e effect pressed of in prod u ced For X by th e exam pl e, per an d term s of rad i ati o n th e rel ease R ki l og ram wi l l of on n u m ber of , 61 Th i s tan ch arg ed el ectron s rel ease r m atter of per x is be g r ex1 - parti cl es unit 29 ( m ass 1 el ectron s eq u i val en t to esu x 0, 01 29 2, 82 x 0- 6) x g I O’ el ectron s X l esu 2, 58 x Th e I O-4 ) x(%$E $) x C/kg Sam e effect tan al so be m easu red in term s , 602 of x I O- - ” J - X th e am o u n t th e ch arg ed (kerm a) of x j ou l es rel eased g rays (1 In th i s d ose, J /kg in , 61 I O-3 per = term s J en erg y eq u ati on s eq u i val en t to Th e unit am ou n t of r Absorbed expressed bel o w 1 4, a al l of in of is fo r m ass 01 el ectro n s Stan d ard , is g i ven in rel eased re- en erg y is al so R or it tan , 29 exposu re, in g rays be sh own C/kg of u se th at of 6, 242 l C= Li kewi se, in th e R is eq u i val en t fo l l owi n g to 8, 73 in esu R = x Gy (J - kg - of r 1 el ectron s 2, 082 x 09 el ectron s prod u ces , 602 x esu in 01 el ectron s , 00 29 per g ki l o g ram of (or r) th e Gy is eV = , 602 x I O-1 erg s = , 602 x I O-1 J r x I O- Gy eV el ectro n as + 0, t< eV is prod u ce th e an en erg y i on pai r req u i red in r for an Cl ] cal cu l ati on s: D [1 ] B i bl i o g raph y I n tern ati o n al Com m i ssi o n M easu rem em t en erg y [Z] N CRP req u i red Repo rt P rotecti o n d ati o n s of P ro te cti o n g u st IO O- ex- 3 , 85 seen x in abso rbed By 73 > r r d esi g n ated d ose eV g rays I n tern ati on al or x ki l o g ram G y) of en erg y created rel ease 8, 73 pressed ki n eti c parti cl es To q u i res i n i ti al 985 an d th e an d 979 to N o , on Repo rt prod u ce 82 , SI Rad i ati o n Nu an N ati o n al C o u n ci l M e as u rem e n ts , i on U n i ts M e as u rem e n ts , 31 , U n i ts Averag e pai r in Rad i ati o n R eco m m en on R ad i ati o n i ssu ed Au - ‘) This page intentionally leff blank I SO 5799 : 91 U DC (E ) 771 7: 78 3 : 6 D e scri pto rs: m e d i cal P ri ce on based rad i og raph y, d en ti stry, ph otog raph i c fi l m , rad i og raph i c fi l m , se n s i ti vi ty (ph otog r- aph y) pag es - - - - - VP