Designation D7270 − 07 (Reapproved 2013) Standard Guide for Environmental and Performance Verification of Factory Applied Liquid Coatings1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7270; th[.]
Designation: D7270 − 07 (Reapproved 2013) Standard Guide for Environmental and Performance Verification of FactoryApplied Liquid Coatings1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on Magnetic Basis Metals D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached Organic Coatings D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials D1735 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings Using Water Fog Apparatus D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings D2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact) D3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test D3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test D3792 Test Method for Water Content of Coatings by Direct Injection Into a Gas Chromatograph D3960 Practice for Determining Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings D4017 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materials by Karl Fischer Method D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser D4457 Test Method for Determination of Dichloromethane and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in Paints and Coatings by Direct Injection into a Gas Chromatograph D5402 Practice for Assessing the Solvent Resistance of Organic Coatings Using Solvent Rubs D5767 Test Methods for Instrumental Measurement of Distinctness-of-Image Gloss of Coating Surfaces D6133 Test Method for Acetone, p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride, Methyl Acetate or t-Butyl Acetate Content of Solventborne and Waterborne Paints, Coatings, Resins, and Raw Materials by Direct Injection Into a Gas Chromatograph D6438 Test Method for Acetone, Methyl Acetate, and Parachlorobenzotrifluoride Content of Paints, and Coatings by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography Scope 1.1 This guide provides a generic testing procedure to verify the air pollution-prevention characteristics and basic properties of liquid coatings applied to metal, plastic, wood, or composite substrates in a factory/manufacturing environment Thus it may be used to evaluate these liquid coatings to verify their volatile organic compound (VOC) and organic hazardous air pollutant (HAP) content as well as basic performance properties 1.2 This guide is adapted from a procedure used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish third party verification of the physical properties and performance of coatings that have potential to reduce air emissions The data from the verification testing is available on the internet at the EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program website (http://www.epa.gov/etv/centers/center6.html) under the “P2 Innovative Coatings and Coating Equipment Pilot.” 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard The values given in parentheses are for information only 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus B499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknesses This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D01.55 on Factory Applied Coatings on Preformed Products Current edition approved June 1, 2013 Published July 2013 Originally approved in 2007 Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7270 – 07 DOI: 10.1520/ D7270-07R13 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States D7270 − 07 (2013) offer the ability to test processes and products on representative commercial equipment The coating application equipment in the test facility should be available for the pilot-scale testing performed in this guide (for example, surface pretreatment, powder coating, electrocoating, wet spray, and conventional forced-air and infrared ovens, as applicable) Layouts of an example of an approved test facility are shown in Appendix X1, Figs X1.1 and X1.2, respectively Examples of the various testing laboratories and their representative equipment holdings that are relevant to the approved test facility verification projects are listed in Table X1.1 D6695 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings D6886 Test Method for Determination of the Weight Percent Individual Volatile Organic Compounds in Waterborne Air-Dry Coatings by Gas Chromatography 2.2 EPA Methods3 EPA Method 24 Surface Coatings (Determination of Volatile Matter Content, Water Content, Density, Volume Solids, and Weight Solids of Surface Coatings) EPA Method 311 HAPS in Paints and Coatings (Analysis of Hazardous Air Pollutant Compounds in Paints and Coatings by Direct Injection Into a Gas Chromatograph) 4.2 A test plan, referred to as a Testing and Quality Assurance Protocol (T/QAP), will be established to provide the testing details that are dependent upon the specific liquid coating being tested Some general guidelines and procedures can be applied to each T/QAP These include: 4.2.1 A detailed description of each part of the test will be provided The selection of tests to be performed, test details, evaluation methods and acceptance criteria are defined by the end use requirements of the coating These details should be incorporated into a test plan that is unique to each coating This will include a detailed design of experiments and a schematic diagram of testing to be performed 4.2.2 Critical and noncritical factors will be listed Noncritical factors will remain constant throughout the testing Critical factors will be listed as control (process) factors or response (coating product quality) factors 4.2.3 The T/QAP will identify the testing site 4.2.4 Regardless of where the testing is performed, the approved test facility will ensure that the integrity of thirdparty testing is maintained 4.2.5 Regardless of where the testing is performed, the Quality Assurance (QA) portion of the guide will be strictly adhered to 4.2.6 A statistically significant number of samples will be analyzed for each critical response factor (see Table 1) Variances (or standard deviations) of each critical response factor will be reported for all results Significance and Use 3.1 The primary objective of this verification guide is to determine the “air pollution-prevention potential” (possible reduction in VOC or HAP emissions) of factory-applied liquid coatings 3.2 The overall objective of this guide is to verify the above pollution-prevention characteristics and basic performance characteristics of liquid coating technologies Use of this guide can increase acceptance of more environmentally friendly technologies for product finishing with an accompanying reduction in emissions to the atmosphere The specific objectives of this guide are to (1) quantify the VOC and HAP content of liquid coatings and (2) verify the basic quality and durability performance of these coatings 3.3 The primary criteria for verification of liquid coatings will be: 3.3.1 Confirm that use of the coating will significantly reduce VOC and HAP content or emissions (or both) during application or cure, or both 3.3.2 Confirm that the coating can provide an acceptable finish (appearance, hardness, flexibility, etc.) for the intended end use 3.4 The test results from this guide can provide to potential users the best data available to determine whether the coating will provide a pollution-prevention benefit while meeting the finish quality requirements for its intended use This guide intends to supply end users with unbiased technical data to assist them in this decision-making process 4.3 The test facility will be selected and must meet the standards of the individual T/QAP and the test facility’s Quality Management Plan (QMP) Example QMPs can be found at the ETV Website (http://epa.gov/etv) Testing personnel will document all critical and noncritical control factors and qualitative noncritical control factors 3.5 The quantitative air pollution-prevention potential depends on a multitude of factors; therefore, the liquid coatings are to be applied in accordance with the coating vendor’s instructions and the resulting verification data reflect only the specific conditions of the test To quantify the environmental benefit (air pollution-prevention potential), a test to quantify the VOC or HAP emissions from the new liquid coatings will be conducted and compared to data for existing coatings typically used in the target industry Procedure 5.1 Test Approach—The following approach for verification of coating performance will be used in the test protocol: 5.1.1 Determine the performance parameters to be verified 5.1.2 Choose a standard test panel (and possibly other items) that will enable thorough testing of coating performance 5.1.3 Select the test coating and the optimum equipment settings for application and curing based on information furnished by the coating manufacturer 5.1.4 Complete the verification test 5.1.5 Analyze the results using a statistically valid test program that efficiently accomplishes the required objectives Testing Site 4.1 To accelerate the transition of environmentally friendly processes to the manufacturing base, the test facility should US EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), TTN EMC Webmaster (C304-03), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711(website, www.epa.gov/ ttn/emc) D7270 − 07 (2013) TABLE Critical Response Factors (5 Panels per Test) Critical Response Factor Measurement Location Frequency Total Number of Data Points Environmental Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content of liquid coating Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) Content of liquid coating See 5.9 See 5.9 Gloss ColorA Quality/Durability (Mandatory) From B499 (magnetic) Entire test panel and entire rack Quality/Durability (Optional) From D523 From D1729 ColorA From D2244 Distinctness of Image (DOI)B From D5767 Test Method B AdhesionC From D3359 Dry Film Thickness (DFT) Visual Appearance C Pencil Hardness From D3363 Salt Spray From B117 Impact From D2794 Flexibility (Mandrel Bend) From D522 MEK Rub From D5402 Humidity Resistance Artificial Weathering Resistance Abrasion Resistance From D1735 From D6695D From D4060 samples from liquid coating lot to be used during test samples from liquid coating lot to be used during test points on standard test panel per run standard test panel per run and per test 45 points on standard test panel per run randomly selected panel per run, test per panel randomly selected panel per run, test per panel randomly selected panel per run, tests per panel randomly selected panel per run, test per panel randomly selected panel per run, test per panel randomly selected panel per run, test per panel randomly selected panel per run, test per panel randomly selected panel per run, test per panel randomly selected panel per run, test per panel sample per test samples per test sample per test 15 5 15 5 5 5 15 A Both color analyses with the same panel Except that the sliding combed shutter is replaced by a rotating eight-bladed disk The adhesion and pencil hardness tests will be performed on the same panel as the DFT test D Practice D6695 provides a description of procedures for operating the artificial weathering device It does not indicate the duration of exposure or the physical property tests required to determine accelerated weathering resistance These will be specified in the test plan for each liquid coating B C pollution) over coatings currently in use in the liquid coating’s target industry It should be considered as an “innovative coating.” 5.4.2 The coating vendor will supply its test coating and respective specifications for the verification test program The coating vendor will also supply a sufficient amount of coating material to complete the verification tests, the exact preparation instructions, and the application parameters The application procedures and conditions must by representative of real world processes in the target industry 5.2 Verification Test Objectives—The objectives of the verification tests performed using this guide are to determine the VOC and HAP content and to verify the basic quality and durability characteristics of selected liquid coatings In addition, the VOC and HAP emissions generated during the curing of the coating may be checked using an agreed upon method for determining those emissions The coated test panels will be checked for dry film thickness (DFT), visual appearance, and at least three of the following performance attributes: gloss, color, distinctness-of-image (DOI), adhesion, corrosion resistance, impact resistance, flexibility, hardness, humidity resistance, weather resistance, wear resistance, and resistance to methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) The tests may be selected based on the end use of the coating 5.5 Standard Coating Application Apparatus: 5.5.1 This guide outlines the default application apparatus to be used for liquid coating verification tests The default application method atomizes the liquid coating via automated spray application equipment The information contained in this guide describes a standard apparatus setup for verification tests conducted at the test facility 5.5.2 The coating vendor will determine the operating parameters of the spray equipment (for example, input air pressure, gun-to-target distance, horizontal gun speed, flash time, and dwell time) 5.5.3 Panel pretreatment is specific to the substrate material and will be specified by the liquid coating vendor If panels are not purchased in a pretreated condition, pretreatment will be performed at the approved test facility The pretreatment 5.3 Standard Test Panel—The actual test panels may be fabricated from steel, stainless steel, glass, plastic, alloys, wood, composite, or other substrate based on the liquid coating vendor’s recommendations for the target industry The default standard test panels will be cold-rolled steel, 30.5 cm (12 in.) long and 10.2 cm (4 in.) wide with a 0.6-cm (0.25-in.) hole in one end so that it may be suspended from a hook Other shapes (parts) may be treated and tested as required to complete the verification 5.4 Coating Specification: 5.4.1 The liquid coating submitted for verification testing should provide an environmental benefit (that is, reduced air D7270 − 07 (2013) definitions will be used for critical control factors, noncritical control factors, and critical response factors 5.6.1.1 Critical control factor—A factor that is varied in a controlled manner within a design of experiments matrix to determine its effect on a particular outcome of a system 5.6.1.2 Noncritical factors—Factors remaining relatively constant or are randomized throughout the testing 5.6.1.3 Critical response factors—The measured outcomes of each combination of critical and noncritical control factors used in the design of experiments 5.6.2 In the case of the verification testing of a coating, there is only one critical control factor, and that is the coating itself All other processing factors are noncritical control factors; therefore, the multiple runs and sample measurements within each run for each critical response factor will be used to determine the amount of variation expected for each critical response factor For example, for each coating application, parameters associated with pretreatment would remain constant, and, thus, be noncritical control factors; however, a parameter, such as adhesion, would be identified as a critical response factor and could vary from run to run 5.6.3 Table and Table identify the factors to be monitored during testing, as well as their acceptance criteria (where appropriate), data quality indicators, measurement locations, and measurement frequencies The values in the Total Numbers column are based on the default test scenarios 5.6.4 Qualitative, noncritical control factors used in the verification tests include: 5.6.4.1 Equipment preparation from coating vendor, 5.6.4.2 Flash time between coats from coating vendor, 5.6.4.3 Number of passes from coating vendor, 5.6.4.4 Spray pattern from coating vendor, and 5.6.4.5 Target DFT from coating vendor sequence depends on the substrate material Following is a procedure typical for a metal substrate: 5.5.3.1 Apply alkaline cleaning solution, followed by a deionized (DI) water rinse 5.5.3.2 Apply zinc phosphate chemicals or other recommended treatment, followed by a DI water rinse 5.5.3.3 Apply a non-chromate or other recommended sealer rinse, followed by a DI water rinse 5.5.3.4 Dry panels in a dryoff oven or allow to air-dry, as specified by the coating vendor 5.5.4 One random test panel will be removed for pretreatment analysis for each verification test 5.5.5 In the default test scenario, standard test panels (8) will be fixtured on each of five racks to minimize movement during spraying Fixturing consists of a flat bar that connects all the hooks The bar will minimize side-to-side rotation of the panels A second bar is oriented near the bottom of the panels to prevent the bottom of the panels from moving away from the spray gun The test panels will be transported to the spray booth by an overhead conveyor A mechanical stop mechanism will align the racks of test panels in the proper position relative to the spraying mechanism Once the racks are in position, a programmable logic controller (PLC) for the spraying mechanism will activate the motors that drive the linear motion translators The translators will move both horizontally and vertically, enabling the application equipment to treat an area approximately 1.4 by 1.4 m (4.5 by 4.5 ft) The panels will be automatically sprayed using a specified vertical overlap of the spray pattern The PLC will also trigger the pneumatic spray gun or a pneumatically actuated cylinder that compresses the trigger of a manual spray gun During dwell time between passes, paint flow will be interrupted to minimize paint usage Once the spray application is complete, the PLC will release the mechanical stop that maintains the position of the rack, enabling the overhead conveyor to move the next rack into position 5.5.6 Before each test, a set of dummy panels will be coated to ensure that the equipment parameters are set correctly The input air pressure will be monitored throughout the test, and the air pressure at the cap and air horns (if applicable) will be measured using a verified test cap before each run The paint usage will be determined through gravimetric means or by the use of an in-line flow meter, as appropriate 5.5.7 The equipment setup and operation should be checked and verified by the test facility and the liquid coatings vendor 5.5.8 The pressure drop across the spraybooth filters will be checked before each run and at the end of the test The pressure drop is monitored in the event that the filter bank system malfunctions A pressure drop across the filter bank greater than cm (0.4 in.) of water shall indicate that the system requires service 5.7 Design of Experiment: 5.7.1 This test plan will verify the performance of liquid coatings submitted for this purpose A mean value and variance (or standard deviation) will be reported for each critical response factor If a liquid coating vendor makes a claim about a particular coating characteristic, the owner of the coating will be asked to submit a confidence limit and specification limit (acceptable quality limit) for that claim for verification purposes If the owner does not submit a confidence and specification limit, a default 95 % confidence limit will be applied 5.7.2 Any claims made by the coating vendor regarding particular coating characteristics will be used in the design of experiments The appropriate number of test panels to be coated and analyzed will be based on the confidence limit, specification limit, and the appropriate statistical test to be applied to the results (that is, Student’s T-test, Chi Square test, or F-test) Each verification test will consist of five runs with one rack of eight panels in a single row per run The statistical analyses for all response factors will be carried out using statistical software 5.7.3 Before the verification test, setup panels will be coated to ensure that the equipment parameters are correct In an example of verification testing, one panel will be used for pretreatment analysis, and forty panels will be coated to determine the air pollution prevention benefit and performance 5.6 Critical and Noncritical Factors: 5.6.1 In a designed experiment, critical and noncritical control factors must be identified In this context, the term “critical” does not convey the importance of a particular factor Rather, this term displays its relationship within the design of experiments For the purposes of this guide, the following D7270 − 07 (2013) TABLE Noncritical Control Factors Noncritical Factor Application method, Manufacturer/model Input air pressure, gun/pot Items involved in testing Pretreatment weight Surface area of each panel coated Ambient factory Relative humidity Ambient factory temperature Spray booth relative humidity Spray booth temperature Spray booth air velocity Distance to panels Temperature of panels, as coated Horizontal gun traverse speed Vertical drop between passes Dwell time between passes Density of applied coating % Solids of applied coating Coating temperature, as applied Coating viscosity, as applied Paint flow rate Total paint flow Oven temperature Oven cure time A Set Points/Acceptance Criteria Measurement Location Frequency Total Number of Data Points per Test From coating provider Factory floor continuous N/A From coating provider Standard test panels (material TBDA ) TBD, g/m2 TBD, (cm2 or in2) < 60 % RH 21.1 – 26.7°C < 60 % RH 21.1 – 26.7°C 0.2 – 0.5 m/s (40 – 100 ft/min) TBDA (cm or in) 21.1 – 26.7°C From coating vendor From coating vendor From coating vendor From coating vendor From coating vendor From coating vendor From coating vendor From coating vendor From coating vendor From coating vendor From coating vendor Factory floor N/A Random uncoated panel Top and right edge of panel In the factory In the factory Inside the spray booth Inside the spray booth Inside the spray booth continuous see default scenario in 5.5 standard test panel per test N/A 40 panels 1 standard test panel once each run once each run once each run once each run once per test 5 5 once per test once per run once per test once per test once per test sample each run sample each run sample each run before and after run once each run once each run continuous once each run 1 5 10 5 N/A Factory floor Factory floor Factory floor Factory floor Factory floor Sample from coating Sample from coating Sample from coating Sample from coating Factory floor Factory floor Factory floor Factory floor pot pot pot pot TBD = to be determined 5.9.2 Bulk analytical tests shall be performed to assess the quantity of VOCs contained in the paint using EPA Method 24 and the quantity of organic HAPs using EPA Method 311 EPA Method 24 requires separate measurements of total volatiles, water content (for waterborne coatings) and exempt solvents (if appropriate) to determine the total VOC content in the coating The total volatile matter contained within the liquid coating is determined via gravimetric analysis using Test Method D2369 For waterborne coatings, either Test Method D3792 or D4017 is used to determine the water content of the coating If the coating contains “exempt solvents,” the amount of exempt solvents is determined by gas chromatography using Test Methods D4457, D6133, or D6438, or combinations thereof The total VOC content is then calculated, in accordance with EPA Method 24, by subtracting the weight of water and of exempt solvents from the total volatile matter The result is expressed as the weight fraction of VOC Alternative VOC expressions and calculations are outlined in Practice D3960 Identification and quantification of the individual species of VOCs or organic HAPs contained in the paint may be determined using the direct-injection gas chromatographic procedure described in EPA Method 311 The total weight fraction organic HAP is obtained by summing the individual organic HAPs These analytical tests of the coating may be conducted at an off-site laboratory characteristics Specifically, the standard test panels coated during the verification test will be analyzed for their chemical and physical properties as well as appearance 5.7.4 The coating vendor may supply additional test parts to be coated during each verification test run Fixturing of parts will be determined after parts are submitted by the coating vendor 5.8 Performance Testing: 5.8.1 The liquid coating vendor will provide the demonstration test facility with coating specifications and appropriate equipment settings 5.8.2 All testing shall be conducted on the coated standard panels All such tests shall be performed in accordance with ASTM International procedures and will provide insight to the chemical and physical properties of the coatings A comparison will be made from panel to panel, rack to rack, and run to run 5.9 Determination of VOCs and Organic HAPs: 5.9.1 The VOC and organic HAP content of the liquid coatings shall be determined by laboratory methods as described in 5.9.2 To assist in VOC/HAP determinations and assessments, the vendor will be required to submit material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and coating composition information, including the following: (a) Total volatile matter (b) Coating density (c) Solids content (d) Water content (as appropriate) (e) EPA-exempt solvents content (f) Total VOC content (g) Specific VOC or organic HAP identification (h) Density of cured coating NOTE 1—EPA Method 24 should not be used for determining the VOC content of waterborne coatings that contain very low VOC levels This is due to the inherent increased imprecision in the determination of the VOC content as the weight percent of water increases or VOC content decreases, or both For these coatings, a direct measurement method, such as Test Method D6886, should be used D7270 − 07 (2013) 5.9.3 VOC or organic HAP emissions during curing may be an environmental concern However, no industry-accepted standard is currently available to measure such emissions reliably Keywords 6.1 coatings; ETV; exempt solvents; HAP content; low VOC or HAP emissions; organic finishing processes; technology verification; VOC content APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) X1 EXAMPLE FACTORY TESTING SITE AND LABORATORY FACILITIES X1.1.3 In the event that a particular demonstration or laboratory analysis cannot be performed at the demonstration test facility, arrangements will be made to ensure that the requirements of the Testing and Quality Assurance Plan (T/ QAP) and all associated Quality Assurance (QA) procedures are completed X1.1 Demonstration Factory Testing Site X1.1.1 The following example of a demonstration test facility offers the ability to test processes and products on full-scale, commercial equipment The coating equipment in the demonstration factory may be available for the pilot-scale testing performed in this project Layouts of a demonstration test facility and the organic finishing line are shown in Figs X1.1 and X1.2, respectively X1.1.2 It is not necessary for all the coating equipment described in the demonstration factory to be available in order to complete the testing requirements FIG X1.1 Example of a Demonstration Factory Layout D7270 − 07 (2013) FIG X1.2 Example of a Demonstration Factory Organic Finishing Line TABLE X1.1 Example Testing Laboratories and Representative Laboratory Equipment Holdings Laboratory Environmental testing Destructive and nondestructive evaluation Materials and mechanical testing Calibration laboratory Focus Laboratory Equipment 1) Identification and Gas Chromatograph/Mass quantification of Spectrometer biological, organic, and Sequential ICP inorganic chemicals and Graphite Furnace pollutants to all media Autotitrator 2) Industrial process P-E Headspace GC/ECD/FID control chemical TOC/Flashpoint/pH/Conductivity analysis Flow Injection Analyzer Evaluation of product Optically stimulated electron emission and process performance X-Ray/magnetic/eddy current and surface cleanliness thickness guage Salt spray corrosion chamber Microhardness/tensile/fatigue/ wear Measurement of service Electron microscopes and processing material Image Analysis System and mechanical Light optical microscopes properties EDAX energy dispersive spectrometer MTS machines Hardness testers Impact testers Calibration of Signal calibrator (milliamps, equipment, sensors, and millivolts) components to Dry block calibrator nationally traceable (temperature) standards Pressure calibrator Digital multimeter (voltage) ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org) Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/