Designation D6596 − 00 (Reapproved 2016) Standard Practice for Ampulization and Storage of Gasoline and Related Hydrocarbon Materials1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6596; the nu[.]
Designation: D6596 − 00 (Reapproved 2016) Standard Practice for Ampulization and Storage of Gasoline and Related Hydrocarbon Materials1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6596; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval 2.2 ISO Standards:3 ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connection with Reference Materials ISO Guide 31 Contents of Certificates of Reference Materials ISO Guide 35 Certification of Reference Materials – General and Statistical Principles ISO/REMCO N280 Homogeneity Testing Procedure for the Evaluation of Interlaboratory Test Samples 2.3 Government Standard:4 29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication Scope 1.1 This practice covers a general guide for the ampulization and storage of gasoline and related hydrocarbon mixtures that are to be used as calibration standards or reference materials This practice addresses materials, solutions, or mixtures, which may contain volatile components This practice is not intended to address the ampulization of highly viscous liquids, materials that are solid at room temperature, or materials that have high percentages of dissolved gases that cannot be handled under reasonable cooling temperatures and at normal atmospheric pressure without losses of these volatile components Terminology 1.2 This practice is applicable to automated ampule filling and sealing machines as well as to manual ampule filling devices, such as pipettes and hand-operated liquid dispensers 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV)—a value that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientific principles; (2) an assigned value, based on experimental work of some national or international organization, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientific or engineering group 3.1.2 ampule—a glass vessel for the storage of liquid materials, possessing a long narrow neck for the purpose of providing a flame-sealed closure 3.1.3 headspace—the unfilled capacity of an ampule that allows for physical expansion due to temperature and pressure changes of the filled material while maintaining the integrity of the package 3.1.4 homogeneity—the uniformity of the characteristics of the packaged material across the entire packaging run determined for the purpose of demonstrating the suitability of the batch for its intended purpose 3.1.4.1 Discussion—There are two homogeneity testing cases; one in which the material is ampulized as a reference material at the time of ampulization, and one in which the 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard No other units of measurement are included in this standard 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 D6362 Practice for Certificates of Reference Materials for Water Analysis E826 Practice for Testing Homogeneity of a Metal Lot or Batch in Solid Form by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.04.0A on Preparation of Standard Hydrocarbon Blends Current edition approved Oct 1, 2016 Published November 2016 Originally approved in 2000 Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6596 – 00 (2011) DOI: 10.1520/D6596-00R16 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org Available from U.S Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:// www.access.gpo.gov Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States D6596 − 00 (2016) may negatively impact the quality, consistency, and value of the ampulized material as an RM material is not (1) reference material at time of ampulization—The material to be ampulized is a reference material that has accepted true or consensus values Ampulization of a reference material would require homogeneity testing in order to assess the variability caused by the ampulization process on the true or consensus values for the reference material (2) not a reference material at time of ampulization—The material to be ampulized is not a reference material at the time of ampulization but is intended to have characterization and assignment of true or consensus values at some future date Rigid homogeneity testing is not required on such a material at the time of ampulization since the true or consensus values have not yet been determined However, ampules must be retained at the beginning, middle, and end of the ampulization process It is recommended that qualitative testing be done on at least one sample from each of the beginning, middle, and end of the ampulization process The remaining ampules should then be retained for future homogeneity testing to determine quantitative or consensus values 4.3 Confidence in the homogeneity of the ampulized product can only be established through homogeneity testing, which involves the sampling, analysis, and statistical treatment of data from randomly selected ampules obtained from the beginning, middle, and end of the ampulized lot Determination of ampulization homogeneity requires that the order in which the ampules have been filled and sealed be maintained Homogeneity testing reveals the variability of the product introduced during the ampulization process Homogeneity results must be within acceptable limits of the ARV or consensus value for the RM 4.4 Ampulization does not necessarily guarantee sample stability or indefinite shelf life of the RM Initial homogeneity data establish reference values for future tests of sample stability and determination of shelf life Significance and Use 5.1 Ampulization is desirable in order to minimize variability and maximize the integrity of calibration standards or RMs, or both, being used in calibration of analytical instruments and in validation of analytical test methods in round-robin or interlaboratory cross-check programs This practice is intended to be used when the highest degree of confidence in integrity of a material is desired 3.1.5 reference material (RM)—a material or substance of which one or more properties are sufficiently well established to enable the material to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a method, or the assignment of values to similar materials 3.1.6 shelf life—the period of time, under specified storage conditions, for which the RM will possess the same properties or true values, within established acceptance limits 5.2 This practice is intended to be used when it is desirable to maintain the long term storage of gasoline and related liquid hydrocarbon RMs, controls, or calibration standards for retain or repository purposes 3.1.7 stability testing—tests required to demonstrate the chemical stability of the ampulized RM for the purpose of determining the shelf life of the RM 5.3 This practice may not be applicable to materials that contain high percentages of dissolved gases, or to highly viscous materials, due to the difficulty involved in transferring such materials without encountering losses of components or ensuring sample homogeneity Summary of Practice 4.1 The physical and chemical characteristics (for example, volatility, reactivity, flammability, and so forth) of a gasoline or related hydrocarbon mixture is first assessed to determine the appropriate procedures for sample handling, sample transfer, and ampulization Then a uniform quantity of gasoline or hydrocarbon mixture is dispensed into suitably sized glass ampules (purged with an inert gas), and the ampules are flame-sealed with a torch A number of ampules from throughout the filling and sealing process are selected and tested by appropriate test methods to determine homogeneity across the lot Additional ampules are retained for later testing to determine stability and shelf life Procedure 6.1 Manual Ampule Filling and Sealing: 6.1.1 Apparatus—Devices used for manual filling of ampules include glass pipettes as well as other types of commercially available hand-operated, mechanical, liquid-dispensing devices 6.1.2 Storage of Bulk Material—Bulk gasoline and similar liquid hydrocarbon materials must be adequately sealed and stored to prevent loss of volatile components prior to ampulization Refrigerated storage in sealed metal drums, barrels, or amber glass containers is recommended 6.1.3 Compatibility of Materials/Sources of Contamination: 6.1.3.1 Materials that come in contact with the bulk RM and its vapors during dispensing must be compatible with the gasoline or hydrocarbon material Glass pipettes are recommended Plastic or rubber materials containing phthalates or other types of plasticizers must be avoided 6.1.3.2 Any part of the dispensing device that comes in contact with the material, including glass pipettes, hand dispensers, and any necessary connection hardware, must be cleaned prior to packaging a different material Recommended 4.2 This practice addresses the common difficulties associated with the ampulization and storage of gasoline and similar liquid hydrocarbon materials, which may contain volatile components The process of ampulization, whether performed using manual or automated equipment, involves the same fundamental issues, namely, assessment of the characteristics of the material to be ampulized, sources of contamination, sampling of the bulk container, volume dispensing accuracy, inert atmosphere blanketing, flame sealing, sequential ampule labeling, packaging homogeneity sampling, and homogeneity testing Failure to adequately consider any of the above issues D6596 − 00 (2016) 6.1.6.3 If using graduated pipettes, introduce a sufficient volume of material to the ampule to meet the minimum dispensing volume requirements for packaging the RM Note that the final dispensed volume at room temperature will be affected by the bulk material temperature at the time of dispensing Therefore, for consistent volume dispensing, the temperature of the bulk material must be known and must be kept constant during the entire dispensing process 6.1.6.4 If other types of nongraduated, manual, filling devices are being used, they must be calibrated Using Class A glassware or pipettes, measure into an ampule a volume of room temperature water equal to the volume of RM to be dispensed Mark the level on the ampule 6.1.6.5 Make adjustments to the manual dispensing device until 50 consecutive ampules are consistently filled to the predetermined mark on the ampule 6.1.6.6 Once volume dispensing adjustments have been completed, begin filling ampules from the bulk supply, keeping the filled ampules cold by placing them immediately into a container that is at a temperature of approximately –20 °C This may be achieved by using crushed dry ice 6.1.6.7 The ampules should be sealed as soon as possible after filling to avoid loss of volatile components If ampules are being manually sealed, a two person operation, in which one person dispenses the material and a second person seals the ampules, is suggested 6.1.6.8 Periodically inspect filled and sealed ampules to ensure that the fill volume is maintained throughout the packaging run 6.1.7 Ampule Sealing: 6.1.7.1 Ampules may be flame-sealed by hand, using a suitable torch The flame used must be hot enough to quickly soften the neck of the ampule Propane/air or natural gas/air flames are sufficient for most applications Hydrogen/oxygen flames may be required for sealing large, thick-walled glass ampules 6.1.7.2 The ampule should be kept cold through the sealing process 6.1.7.3 To facilitate sealing, the torch should be mounted on a stand on a bench top such that both hands can be free to perform the actual sealing process 6.1.7.4 Wearing gloves, hold the ampule by the bottom in one hand and by the neck tip in the other Alternatively, large tongs may be used to hold the neck in order to minimize the risk The ampule neck is placed into the flame, constantly rotating to ensure uniform heating of the glass Focus the flame midway between the open end and the breakmark on the ampule The flame should never contact the contents of the ampule or the direct open end of the ampule (Warning—For safety reasons, if the material being ampulized is flammable, it is recommended that the volume being ampulized be minimized.) 6.1.7.5 After several seconds of exposure to the flame, the glass should begin to soften Once the glass is softened, the neck may be pulled away from the ampule while still in the flame, until the glass draws down and forms a seal The top of the ampule should be polished by rotating it in the flame until a smooth seal is obtained cleaning procedures involve soaking parts in soapy water, rinsing with clean water, followed by methanol or other suitable solvent, followed by drying under a stream of clean nitrogen 6.1.4 Assessment of Material to Be Ampulized: 6.1.4.1 Volatility—Prior to packaging, materials containing highly volatile components must be cooled sufficiently to minimize volatile losses during ampulization Failure to sufficiently cool the material also may result in difficulty in obtaining effective ampule sealing The material must not be cooled to temperatures below which the composition of the RM would be affected (for example, producing precipitation or solidification) Gasoline may be cooled to –20°C without incurring compositional changes The bulk material must be kept cold during the filling process 6.1.4.2 Reactivity—Consideration should be given to the chemical reactivity of the RM being packaged Gasoline samples containing olefins and diolefins should be packaged under an inert atmosphere blanket of nitrogen, argon, or other suitable gas Ampules should be flushed with inert gas immediately prior to dispensing of the gasoline Use of amber glass ampules will minimize photo-oxidation 6.1.4.3 Odors—Odorous materials such as gasoline should be packaged in a well-ventilated area The bulk material should be kept adequately sealed during the ampulization process to minimize loss of volatiles 6.1.4.4 Flammability—Ampule sealing requires use of a flame hot enough to melt glass Care must be taken in ampulization of highly flammable materials since ampule contents could ignite Ampules must be kept cold through the sealing step However, care should be taken to avoid, as much as possible, condensation of water inside the ampule Ampulization is best carried out when the room humidity is low 6.1.5 Sampling of the Bulk Container: 6.1.5.1 After bringing the bulk container temperature down to the working temperature, withdraw a minimum of three samples from each bulk container, using clean manual pipettes Immediately dispense the material into crimp top chromatography vials, seal, and label These samples will be designated as representative of the bulk material and will be used to establish reference values for the homogeneity testing 6.1.5.2 Some vial closures are not suitable for hydrocarbon analyses, such as uncoated silicone rubber Only TFEfluorocarbon-coated closures should be used In addition, the vials should be analyzed as soon as is practical, since no crimped vial is completely leak free 6.1.6 Adjusting Dispensing Volume: 6.1.6.1 Typically, it is more important to provide a minimum dispensed volume in the ampule rather than to provide an accurately determined volume of RM The minimum dispensing volume for packaging the RM must be known ahead of time 6.1.6.2 Introduce an inert atmosphere into the ampule by purging the ampule for a few seconds with nitrogen or other inert gas immediately prior to filling A disposable glass dropper connected to a gas source using rubber tubing provides a convenient way of purging the ampule D6596 − 00 (2016) 6.1.7.6 The seal should be inspected and should be smooth and free of any carbon deposits The thickness of the seal should be comparable to the thickness of the ampule wall If the RM contains volatile materials, sealing may be difficult if the material is not sufficiently cooled Some problems encountered include thin seals or bubbles, formed due to pressure from volatile components, and carbon formation at the seal These problems usually can be eliminated by further cooling of the ampules For gasoline, a temperature of –20 °C usually is sufficient to avoid such difficulties under an inert atmosphere blanket of nitrogen, argon, or other suitable gas Ampules should be flushed with inert gas immediately prior to dispensing of the gasoline Use of amber glass ampules will minimize photo-oxidation 6.2.4.3 Odors—Odorous materials such as gasoline should be packaged in a well-ventilated area The bulk material should be kept adequately sealed during the ampulization process to minimize loss of volatiles 6.2.4.4 Flammability—Ampule sealing requires use of a flame hot enough to melt glass Care must be taken in ampulization of highly flammable materials or ampule contents could ignite Dosing needle dripping of flammable materials may result in ignition 6.2.5 Sampling of the Bulk Container: 6.2.5.1 After bringing the bulk container temperature down to the working temperature, withdraw a minimum of three samples from each bulk container, using clean manual pipettes Immediately dispense the material into crimp top chromatography vials, seal, and label These samples will be designated as representative of the bulk material and will be used to establish reference values for the homogeneity testing 6.2.5.2 Place the end of the pump transfer line tubing into the bulk container and secure it A vent line should be connected to the bulk container to avoid transfer problems due to vacuum buildup during the pumping process and to minimize odors 6.2.6 Adjusting Filling/Sealing Parameters: 6.2.6.1 Automated filling and sealing machines typically have the capability of automatically introducing a purge gas into the ampule prior to filling Make sure that the appropriate inert gas supply is in place and that a sufficient volume of gas will completely flush the ampule container prior to filling (at least 1.5 ampule volumes) 6.2.6.2 Adjust the dosing needle (fill heads) dispensing height so that filling occurs from the bottom of the ampule up 6.2.6.3 Set the fill/seal rate at a sufficient speed such that the temperature of the dispensed RM does not increase by more than °C over the bulk temperature during the filling process 6.2.6.4 Adjust the liquid dispensing volume in accordance with the filling device instruction manual Typically, it is more important to provide a minimum dispensed volume into the ampule rather than to provide an accurately determined volume of RM The minimum dispensing volume for packaging the RM must be known ahead of time 6.2.6.5 Dispensed volume will be affected by the temperature of the bulk material Therefore, for consistent volume dispensing, the temperature of the bulk material must be known and must be kept constant during the entire dispensing process The temperature must be specified for volume measurements 6.2.6.6 Using Class A glassware or pipettes, verify the consistency of the dispensed volume by measuring into an ampule a volume of room temperature water equal to the volume of RM to be dispensed Mark the level on the ampule 6.2.6.7 Make adjustments to the dispensing device until ten consecutive ampules are consistently filled to the predetermined mark on the ampule 6.2 Automated Ampule Filling and Sealing: 6.2.1 Apparatus—Various commercial devices are available for automated filling and sealing of ampules These devices typically consist of a pump, liquid transfer lines, dispensing or dosing needles, sealing torch, and an ampule conveying mechanism 6.2.2 Storage of Bulk Material—Bulk gasoline and similar liquid hydrocarbon materials must be adequately sealed and stored to prevent loss of volatile components prior to ampulization Refrigerated storage in sealed metal drums, barrels, or amber glass containers is recommended 6.2.3 Compatibility of Materials/Sources of Contamination: 6.2.3.1 Tubing used to transfer the bulk material to automated dispensing devices must be compatible with the gasoline or hydrocarbon material Plastic or rubber tubing containing phthalates or other types of plasticizers must be avoided TFE-fluorocarbon tubing is highly recommended To avoid cross-contamination, the transfer tubing must be replaced after every RM 6.2.3.2 Any part of the dispensing apparatus that comes in contact with the RM, including pumps, dosing needles, and connection hardware, must be cleaned prior to packaging a different material Recommended cleaning procedures involve soaking removable parts in soapy water, followed by rinsing with water, followed by methanol or other suitable solvent, followed by drying under a stream of clean nitrogen 6.2.4 Assessment of Material to Be Ampulized: 6.2.4.1 Volatility—Prior to packaging, materials containing highly volatile components must be cooled sufficiently to minimize volatile losses during ampulization Failure to sufficiently cool the material also may result in difficulty in obtaining effective ampule sealing The material must not be cooled to temperatures below which the composition of the RM would be affected (for example, producing precipitation or solidification) Gasoline may be cooled to –20 °C without incurring compositional changes The bulk material must be kept cold during the filling process Provisions should be made to maintain constant temperature throughout the transfer tubing lines As the bulk container is emptied and the headspace is correspondingly increased, differential vaporization can change the bulk concentration, enriching the high boilers (less volatile components) and depleting the low boilers (more volatile components) Care must therefore be taken to complete the ampulization process as expeditiously as is reasonably possible 6.2.4.2 Reactivity—Consideration should be given to the chemical reactivity of the RM being packaged Gasoline samples containing olefins and diolefins should be packaged D6596 − 00 (2016) 6.4.2.3 Preliminary Test for Homogeneity (Optional) (see ISO/REMCO N280) The preliminary assessment of the homogeneity of a prospective RM can be performed after homogenization as an integral part of the preparation process The number of samples taken and the corresponding replicate determinations should be such that the appropriate statistical test would be capable of detecting the possible existence of inhomogeneity at a predetermined level 6.2.6.8 The flame used for sealing must be hot enough to quickly soften the neck of the ampule Propane/air or natural gas/air flames are sufficient for most applications Hydrogen/ oxygen flames may be required for sealing large, thick-walled, glass ampules 6.2.6.9 The seal should be inspected and should be smooth and free of any carbon deposits The thickness of the seal should be comparable to the thickness of the ampule wall If the RM contains volatile materials, sealing may be difficult if the material is not sufficiently cooled Some problems encountered include thin seals or bubbles, formed due to pressure from volatile components, and carbon formation at the seal These problems usually can be eliminated by further cooling of the ampules For gasoline, a temperature of –20 °C usually is sufficient to avoid such difficulties 6.2.6.10 Ampules should only be filled to a maximum of 80 % capacity since the dispensing volume at –20 °C will expand once the material warms to room temperature 6.2.6.11 Once volume dispensing and sealing adjustments have been completed, begin filling ampules from the bulk supply NOTE 1—Practice E826 gives one detailed procedure for determining homogeneity of bulk material This practice is specialized to the case of testing homogeneity of metals, in either solid or powdered form For most RM certification programs, an appropriate preliminary test for homogeneity can be obtained by applying a straightforward adaptation of Practice E826 6.4.3 Homogeneity Testing: 6.4.3.1 Homogeneity across the lot is established through replicate analysis of the homogeneity samples The measurement system used must be calibrated with sufficient standards and blanks in the target range to meet acceptability criteria 6.4.3.2 A sample of the RM obtained from the bulk material is used as the reference for determining homogeneity This bulk sample must be analyzed for the analyte or analytes of interest, using a calibration protocol that ensures that the specified accuracy and precision specifications are achieved 6.4.3.3 Homogeneity samples are analyzed using the appropriate analytical protocol and the data compiled ISO Guide 35 offers statistical procedures for evaluating packaging homogeneity The grand mean for an analyte, group of analytes, or value is calculated from the mean for all measurements The grand mean must lie within an acceptable percentage of the TV or consensus value The means of the measurements determinations for each set of three or more samples must lie within an acceptable percentage of the grand mean 6.4.3.4 The pooled standard deviation (sp) of the early, middle, and late samples is calculated as: 6.3 Ampule Labeling: 6.3.1 Ampules should be sequentially labeled in order to assess packaging homogeneity If sequential labeling is not possible, the lot must be physically fractionated This involves sequestering fractions of the batch (for example, thirds, quarters, and so forth) immediately after they are filled and sealed Should packaging homogeneity testing show unacceptable variability across the entire lot, it may be possible to salvage specific fractions of the lot 6.3.2 Labels may be applied to the ampules using automated labeling equipment or manually Information that should be placed on the label is listed in 7.2 6.3.3 If ampules cannot be sequentially labeled, the ampules collected from each fraction must be kept sequestered until the packaging homogeneity has been determined to be acceptable (if applicable) sp 6.4 Packaging Homogeneity (Optional): 6.4.1 Any ampulization process can introduce variation into the finished product as a result of a number of variables mentioned earlier Determination of packaging homogeneity provides an added level of confidence in the consistency of the ampulization process ISO Guides 30, 31, and 35 offer guidance on criteria and procedures for determining homogeneity If packaging homogeneity is chosen, the following steps can be followed 6.4.2 Homogeneity Sampling: 6.4.2.1 The samples should be taken at regions where physical differences are expected to occur Random sampling should only be adopted when cases of physical differences are unknown or believed to be absent (see ISO/REMCO N280) 6.4.2.2 After ampulization is complete, at least nine samples (or % of the lot, whichever is the greater) are to be selected from the lot: three from among the first ampules filled, three from the middle of the process, and three from among the last ampules filled These ampules are to be used for determining packaging homogeneity for the lot Œ ~ n E !~ s E ! ~ n M !~ s M ! ~ n L !~ s L ! ~ n E 1n M 1n L ! (1) where: nE, nM, and nL = the respective number of ampules analyzed from the early, middle, and late portion of the packaging run, and sE, sM, and sL = the respective standard deviations The pooled standard deviation must be within acceptable limits (x %) of the grand mean 6.4.3.5 In addition, the grand mean for each analyte, group of analytes, or value must fall within acceptable limits (x %) of the TV or consensus value 6.4.3.6 An example of homogeneity testing may be found in Appendix X1 6.5 Stability Testing: 6.5.1 Ampules from each packaging lot must be retained for determining stability and shelf life of the RM Ampules for stability testing must be stored under the same conditions as the ampulized product A randomly selected sample should be analyzed on the six month, the one year and the two year D6596 − 00 (2016) 7.2 The product label should be physically attached to the ampule and minimally should contain the following information: 7.2.1 Product name 7.2.2 Part number (if applicable) 7.2.3 Product lot or batch number 7.2.4 Date of ampulization or certification date (if applicable) 7.2.5 Recommended storage conditions 7.2.6 Hazard warnings or codes anniversaries of the storage commencement The mean measurement for the sample must fall within acceptable limits (x %) of the TV or consensus value of the RM 6.5.2 Alternative aggravated stability testing (see Practice D6362) can be used to predict instability of an analyte, group of analytes, or value, but should not to be used in place of a routine stability testing program The test is based on an assumption that the rate of chemical decomposition doubles for every 10 °C increase in temperature Aggravated stability testing is accomplished by storing the RM at a temperature higher than the normal storage temperature in accordance with the following equation: 6.6 Multilaboratory Studies to Establish Acceptance Criteria—In most cases, RMs will have been characterized through formal evaluation studies involving interlaboratory cross-check programs or round-robin studies Acceptance criteria for the method analytes will be determined using these data and should be updated with data from additional studies as such studies become available 7.3 A certificate shall be supplied with the ampulized RM as described in ISO Guide 31 The certificate minimally should contain the following information: 7.3.1 Product name 7.3.2 Part number (if applicable) 7.3.3 Product lot or batch number 7.3.4 List of analytes, groups of analytes or values, and concentrations (if applicable) 7.3.5 Acceptance limits (if applicable) 7.3.6 Date of ampulization or certification date (if applicable) 7.3.7 Recommended storage conditions 7.3.8 Expiration date (if applicable) 7.3.9 Hazard warnings or codes 7.3.10 Method for which RM is applicable 7.3.11 Handling, storage, and user instructions Packaging Keywords 7.1 Ampulized RMs should be packaged in accordance with and meet all appropriate state and federal requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1200 for labeling, packaging, and shipping of hazardous materials 8.1 ampulization; gasoline; homogeneity; hydrocarbons; reference materials; storage ∆T t t' 10 (2) where: t = stability time at normal storage temperature, days, t' = stability time at aggravated (higher) temperature, days, and ∆T = difference in temperature (°C) between normal and aggravated storage temperatures Example: An 11.25 day aggravated stability test at 64 °C is theoretically equivalent to a two year (720 day) stability time at °C (that is, 70 = 11.25 × 2(64-4/10)) APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) X1 HOMOGENEITY TESTING two separate procedures for testing homogeneity of reference materials X1.1 The variability in sample analysis is dependent upon the precision of the test method and the homogeneity of the material tested As it relates to reference materials, homogeneity includes both variations in the bulk of the standard before packaging, and variation in final packaged units However, as it relates to certification, homogeneity is limited to analysis and demonstration of uniformity of final packaged units The homogeneity of the bulk material may be established by using a modification of Practice E826 Similarly, ISO/REMCO has developed a separate homogeneity testing procedure for the evaluation of interlaboratory test samples This procedure is presented in ISO/REMCO N280 ISO Guide 35 also contains X1.2 The following procedure is designed to establish homogeneity based upon the analysis of replicates taken from several portions of the packaging run X1.2.1 Sampling—To perform the analysis of homogeneity, random replicate samples are taken from distinct portions of the packaging run from the first to last packaged container The number of samples taken and the number of portions of the run sampled should be selected by the supplier to maximize the amount of data available within reasonable cost constraints D6596 − 00 (2016) However, at least three samples from at least each third of the packaging run should be analyzed It should be noted that increasing sample sizes improve the possibility of establishing homogeneity Samples should be analyzed in random order 5 Critical F0 (0.05) 3 Total Sample s (N) 15 30 4 12 20 40 4.07 3.27 2.87 3.48 2.87 2.58 X1.2.2.2 If the calculated value of F is less than the critical value, then it can be stated that the reference material is homogeneous at a 95 % confidence interval If the calculated F value for the data set is greater than the critical value of F0, then the standard cannot be said to be homogeneous at the 95 % level Reference materials that fail the F test for homogeneity should be investigated by the manufacturer to determine the cause of failure, and cannot be certified as homogeneous by this Practice X1.2.2 Data Analysis: X1.2.2.1 The data developed is analyzed by an analysis of variance procedure to consider whether the variation between sections of the packaging run is consistent with variation within the sections of the run The resulting F value is compared to the critical value F0, based upon a 0.05 significance level, and (a-1), (N-a) degrees of freedom, where a is the number of sections tested and N is the total number of samples taken Typical values of F0 are shown below for combinations of a and N: Sections (a) 15 25 50 X1.2.3 Statement of Homogeneity: X1.2.3.1 If the data set shows that the standard is homogeneous based upon the F test, then the certificate of analysis may state that: This material has been demonstrated to be homogeneous based upon analysis by the method used for certification at the 95 % confidence level X1.2.3.2 If the data fail to show that the material is homogeneous, then no statement of homogeneity can be made using this procedure 5.15 3.89 3.35 ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); 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