Designation D1914 − 95 (Reapproved 2014) Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1914;[.]
Designation: D1914 − 95 (Reapproved 2014) Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval Scope System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System 1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities Significance and Use 3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement 1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the International 3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10 3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control Current edition approved Sept 1, 2014 Published September 2014 Originally approved in 1961 Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D1914 – 95 (2010) DOI: 10.1520/D1914-95R14 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website 3.4 The factors in Table are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system 3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States D1914 − 95 (2014) TABLE Conversion Units Multiply By To Obtain Temperature Degrees Fahrenheit (F) + 459.72 Degrees Fahrenheit (F) − 32 Degrees Celsius (C) + 273.15 Degrees Celsius (C) + 17.78 Degrees Rankine (R) − 459.72 Kelvins (K) − 273.15 Dynes per square centimetre Pounds per square inch absolute (psia) Pounds per square inch gage (psig) Inches of water (at 4°C) Inches of mercury (at 0°C) Millimetres of mercury (at 0°C) Centimetres of mercury (at 0°C) Atmosphere (normal) Bars Pascals Grams per cubic centimetre Pounds per cubic foot Gases in Gas: Parts per million by volume (ppm(v)) ⁄ 1.8 1 Degrees Fahrenheit Absolute or Rankine (R) Degrees Celsius (C) Kelvins (K) Degrees Fahrenheit (F) Degrees Fahrenheit (F) Degrees Celsius (C) Pressure 1.4504 × 10− 10.197 × 10− × 10−6 0.1 70.307 51.715 144 6894.8 70.307 51.715 27.673 6894.8 0.03614 0.07355 0.57818 25.399 2490.8 249.2 0.49116 13.595 345.31 3.3864 × 104 3386.4 0.01934 1.3595 1333.2 133.32 1.3332 × 104 135.95 27.845 1333.2 760 1.0133 14.696 29.921 1033.2 1.0133 × 106 1.0132 × 105 14.504 1.0197 × 104 1.000 × 106 750.06 0.98692 105 10 1.4504 × 10−4 4.0128 × 10−3 2.9530 × 10−4 7.5007 × 10−3 9.8692 × 10−6 10−5 Density Pounds per square inch Grams per square centimetre Bars Pascals Grams per square centimetre absolute Millimetres of mercury absolute Pounds per square foot absolute Pounds per square inch gage + 14.696 Pascals Grams per square centimetre Millimetres of mercury at 0°C Inches of water at 4°C Pounds per square inch absolute − 14.696 Pascals Pounds per square inch Inches of mercury Ounces per square inch Kilograms per square metre Dynes per square centimetre Pascals Pounds per square inch Inches of water at 4°C Kilograms per square metre Dynes per square centimetre Pascals Pounds per square inch Grams per square centimetre Dynes per square centimetre Pascals Dynes per square centimetre Kilograms per square metre Pounds per square foot Pascals Millimetres of mercury at 0°C Bars Pounds per square inch Inches of mercury at 0°C Grams per square centimetre Dynes per square centimetre Pascals Pounds per square inch Kilograms per square metre Dynes per square centimetre Millimetres of mercury (0°C) Atmospheres Pascals Dynes per square centimetre Pounds per square inch absolute Inches of water (at 4°C) Inches of mercury (at 0°C) Millimetre of mercury (at 0°C) Atmosphere (normal) Bars 59 0.03613 8.3452 62.428 0.01602 5.7870 × 10− Concentration (See also Section 4.) Grams per millilitre Pounds per cubic inch Pounds per gallon (U.S.) Pounds per cubic foot Grams per cubic centimetre Pounds per cubic inch 1 × 10−4 Micromoles of gas per mole of gas Percent by volume D1914 − 95 (2014) TABLE Multiply Continued By To Obtain Molecular weight/24 450 × 10−3 10 000 1000 × 106 × 10−3 × 10−6 Milligrams of substance per litre of air (at 25°C and 101.3 kPa pressure) Partial pressure of one constituent Total pressure of mixture Parts per million by volume Parts per million by volume Milligrams per cubic metre Micrograms per cubic metre Milligrams per litre Milligrams per litre × 103 × 106 × 10−3 × 10−6 1.0012 2.2883 2.8317 × 104 × 106 × 10−6 0.02832 35.314 Milligrams per cubic metre Micrograms per cubic metre Milligrams per litre Milligrams per litre Grams per cubic metre Grams per cubic metre Particles per cubic foot Particles per cubic metre Particles per cubic centimetre Particles per cubic foot Millions of particles per cubic metre 1 Moles per litre Milligrams per litre (where specific gravity of dispersion medium is 1.00) −6 × 10 Parts per billion by volume (ppb(v)) One percent by volume Milligrams per litre Milligrams per cubic metre Micrograms per cubic metre Liquid and Solid Particles in Gas: Milligrams per litre Milligrams per cubic metre Micrograms per cubic metre Ounces per thousand cubic feet Grains per cubic foot Particles per cubic centimetre Particles per cubic metre Millions of particles per cubic foot Gases, Liquids, and Solids in Liquids: Gram molecular weight per litre Parts per million by weight Angstrom units Nanometres Micrometres Millimetres Centimetres Metres Kilometres Inches (U.S.) Feet (U.S.) Yards (U.S.) Miles (nautical) Miles (U.S statute) Square millimetres Square centimetres Length × 10−10 3.9370 × 10− × 10−4 × 10−8 0.1 × 10−9 × 10−7 10 3.9370 × 10− × 10−6 × 10−4 × 104 0.03937 1000 0.39370 × 104 × 107 × 108 6.2137 × 10− 1.0936 39.370 × 109 × 1010 0.53961 0.62137 1093.6 3280.8 0.02778 2.5400 2.5400 × 103 0.30480 30.480 5.6818 × 10− 0.91440 91.440 1.1516 2026.8 1.8533 320 0.86836 1.6094 1609.4 Area 0.00155 × 10−6 0.01 1.2732 1.1960 × 10− Metres Inches Micrometres Centimetres Nanometres Metres Centimetres Angstrom units Inches Metres Centimetres Angstrom units Inches (U.S.) Micrometres Inches (U.S.) Micrometres Nanometres Angstrom units Miles (statute) Yards (U.S.) Inches (U.S.) Nanometres Angstrom units Miles (nautical) Miles (statute) Yards Feet Yards Centimetres Angstrom units Metres Centimetres Miles Metres Centimetres Statute miles Yards Kilometres Rods Nautical miles Kilometres Metres Square inches Square metres Square centimetres Circular millimetres Square yards D1914 − 95 (2014) TABLE Multiply Square kilometres Square inches (U.S.) Square feet (U.S.) Square miles Cubic millimetres Millilitres Litres Cubic metres Gallons (U.S.) Cubic inches (U.S.) Cubic feet (U.S.) Cubic centimetres Continued By To Obtain 0.00108 0.15500 × 10−4 100 0.38610 1.1960 × 106 1.0764 × 107 × 106 247.10 0.00694 0.00077 6.4516 × 10− 6.4516 645.16 3.5870 × 10− 0.11111 144 0.09290 929.03 2.2957 × 10− 640 3.0976 × 106 2.7878 × 107 2.5900 2.5900 × 106 Volume 6.1023 × 10− × 10−9 0.001 0.03381 0.06102 0.001 0.00131 0.26418 0.03532 33.815 61.025 0.00100 1000 1.3079 35.314 264.17 6.1023 × 104 1000 × 106 × 109 0.00495 0.13368 128 231 0.00378 3.7854 3785.4 3785.4 2.1433 × 10− 5.7870 × 10− 0.00433 0.55410 1.6387 × 10− 0.01639 16.387 16.387 1.6387 × 104 0.03704 7.4810 1728.0 0.02832 28.316 2.8316 × 104 1.3079 × 10− 3.5314 × 10− 2.6417 × 10− 0.03381 Square feet Square inches Square metres Square millimetres Square miles (U.S.) Square yards Square feet Square metres Acres (U.S.) Square feet Square yards Square metres Square centimetres Square millimetres Square miles Square yards Square inches Square metres Square centimetres Acres Acres Square yards Square feet Square kilometres Square metres Cubic inches Cubic metres Cubic centimetres Ounces (fluid, U.S.) Cubic inches Litres Cubic centimetres Cubic yards Gallons (U.S.) Cubic feet Ounces (fluid, U.S.) Cubic inches Cubic metres Cubic centimetres Cubic yards (U.S.) Cubic feet (U.S.) Gallons (U.S.) Cubic inches Litres Cubic centimetres Cubic millimetres Cubic yards Cubic feet Ounces (fluid) Cubic inches Cubic metres Litres Millilitres Cubic centimetres Cubic yards Cubic feet Gallons (U.S.) Ounces (fluid) Cubic metres Litres Millilitres Cubic centimetres Cubic millimetres Cubic yards Gallons (U.S.) Cubic inches Cubic metres Litres Cubic centimetres Millilitres Cubic yards Cubic feet (U.S.) Gallons (U.S.) Ounces (fluid, U.S.) D1914 − 95 (2014) TABLE Multiply Seconds (mean solar) Minutes (mean solar) Hours (mean solar) Days (mean solar) Weeks (mean solar)A Months (mean calendar)A Years (calendar)A Feet per second Feet per minute Centimetres per second Miles per hour Metres per minute Kilometres per hour Milligrams Micrograms Grams Kilograms Grains Continued By To Obtain 0.06102 × 10−6 1000 Cubic inches Cubic metres Cubic millimetres Time 1.1574 × 10− 2.7778 × 10−4 0.01667 9.9206 × 10−5 6.9445 × 10− 0.01667 0.00595 0.04167 3600 1440 8.6400 × 104 168 1.0080 × 104 6.0480 × 105 30.42 730 4.3800 × 104 2.628 × 106 8760 5.256 × 105 Velocity 0.01136 0.68182 1.0973 18.288 30.480 0.00508 0.01136 0.01667 0.01829 0.30480 0.50800 3.7282 × 10− 0.02237 0.03281 0.03600 0.60000 1.9685 0.01667 1.4667 1.6093 26.822 44.704 88 0.03728 0.05468 0.06 1.6667 3.2808 0.27778 0.62137 0.91134 16.667 27.778 54.681 Mass (or Weight) 2.2046 × 10− 3.5274 × 10− 0.01543 × 10−6 × 10−6 0.00220 0.03527 15.432 × 106 0.00110 2.2046 35.274 1.5432 × 104 1.4286 × 10− 0.00229 Days Hours Minutes Weeks Days Hours Weeks Days Seconds Minutes Seconds Hours Minutes Seconds Days Hours Minutes Seconds Hours Minutes Miles per minute Miles per hour Kilometres per hour Metres per minute Centimetres per second Metres per second Miles per hour Feet per second Kilometres per hour Metres per minute Centimetres per second Miles per minute Miles per hour Feet per second Kilometres per hour Metres per minute Feet per minute Miles per minute Feet per second Kilometres per hour Metres per minute Centimetres per second Feet per minute Miles per hour Feet per second Kilometres per hour Centimetres per second Feet per minute Metres per second Miles per hour Feet per second Metres per minute Centimetres per second Feet per minute Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Grains Kilograms Grams Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Grains Micrograms Tons (short) Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Grains Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) D1914 − 95 (2014) TABLE Multiply Ounces (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Tons (short, U.S.) A Continued By To Obtain 0.06480 64.799 3.1250 × 10− 0.06250 437.50 28.350 × 10−4 16 7000 0.45359 453.59 2000 3.200 × 104 907.19 Grams Milligrams Tons (short) Pounds (avoirdupois) Grains Grams Tons (short) Ounces (avoirdupois) Grains Kilograms Grams Pounds (avoirdupois) Ounces (avoirdupois) Kilograms For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356 Conversion for Gases and Vapors Sieve Number versus Particle Size 4.1 To convert concentrations of gases and vapors from parts per million by volume to milligrams per litre and vice versa at any condition of temperature and pressure, the following formulas will be found useful: 5.1 The following are excerpts from Specification E11 For complete information on this subject, refer to Specification E11 Concentration, ppm~ v ! Sieve Opening (2) ~ C mol wt 298 P ! / ~ 24 450 T 101.3! where: C1 = C2 = T = P = in µm 80 100 120 140 170 200 230 270 325 400 0.0070 0059 0049 0041 0035 0029 0025 0021 0017 0015 180 150 125 106 90 75 63 53 45 38 (1) ~ C 24 450 T 101.3! / ~ mol wt 298 P ! Concentration, mg/litre5 Sieve Number concentration, mg/L, concentration, ppm(v), absolute temperature, K, and absolute pressure of the sampled air stream, kPa Keywords 6.1 area; concentration; conversions; density; length; mass; pressure; sieves; temperature; time; units; velocity; volume; weight NOTE 1—It is usually necessary to convert the measured air flow to the temperature and pressure of the sampled air stream ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org) Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/