01 1 1 Origin of Petroleum 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering HCMUT 1 Origin of Petroleum 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering HCMUT 2 W[.]
Origin of Petroleum 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT When we talk about beginning or origin of petroleum, there come two basic aspects about how petroleum formed deep in the earth's strata Two major theories involved in the origin of petroleum are organic theories and inorganic theories 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT INORGANIC THEORIES REGARDING ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM When we come to inorganic theories there are further two hypothesis involved in it • Deep Seated Terrestrial Hypothesis • Extraterrestrial Hypothesis 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT DEEP SEATED TERRESTRIAL HYPOTHESIS: A Russian scientist, Dmitri Mendele'ev who is well known for the development of periodic table postulated the inorganic theory in 1877 regarding the deposits of petroleum in the earth's strata all over the world Mendele'ev explained the deposits of petroleum in the earth is due to metallic carbides at high temperatures deep in the Earth reacted with water to form acetylene (C2H2) Heavier hydrocarbons are formed due to the condensation of acetylene By manually setting these conditions in the laboratory, this process can be easily performed 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT DEEP SEATED TERRESTRIAL HYPOTHESIS: This hypothesis was further modified in 1860 by Berthelot and then by Mendele'ev himself in 1902 They formed the new theory that methane is produced as a result of presence of iron carbide that react with percolating water in the mantle of the earth The failure of this theory was that evidence of iron carbide were nor found in the mantle 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT EXTRATERRESTRIAL HYPOTHESIS: Sokoloff proposed a cosmic theory regarding the origin of petroleum in 1890 He believed that the hydrocarbons were precipitated as rain from original nebular matter from which the solar system was formed The hydrocarbons were then ejected from earth's interior onto surface rocks In 20th Century interest in this inorganic theory developed due the discoveries of carbonaceous chondrites (meteorites) and that atmospheres containing methane exists for some celestial bodies such as Saturn, Titan and Jupiter The methane was only developed as a result of inorganic reactions The hypothesis was made that the original atmosphere of earth contained methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor that leads in the creation of an oily, waxy surface layer that may have been resulted in the production of variety of prebiotic compounds including the precursors of life as a result of photochemical reactions (UV radiation) 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT EXTRATERRESTRIAL HYPOTHESIS: The discovery of meteorite called carbonaceous chondrites by Mueller in 1963, also created interest in an inorganic mechanism for developing organic compounds Chondritic meteorites contains greater than 6% organic matter (not graphite) and traces of various hydrocarbons including amino acids The support for an inorganic origin is that the hydrocarbons methane, ethane, acetylene, and benzene have repeatedly been made from inorganic sources More interest was created due to congealed magma that has been found on the Kola Peninsula in Russia (Petersil'ye, 1962) containing gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons (90% methane, traces of ethane, propane, (isobutane) Paraffinic hydrocarbons have also been found in other igneous rocks (Evans, Morton, and Cooper, 1964) 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT FAILURE OF INORGANIC HYPOTHESIS: If the organic compound in chondritic meteorites is the result of a truly inorganic origin or was in an original parent material which was organically created there was lack of evidence Similar case was with other celestial bodies Yet there is mounting evidence for an organic nature but not field evidence to prove that inorganic processes have occurred in nature If an inorganic origin is the primary method of the development of hydrocarbons then there should be large amounts of hydrocarbons emitted from volcanoes, congealed magma, and other igneous rocks Gaseous hydrocarbons have been recorded (White and Waring, 1963) emitting from volcanoes, with methane (CH4) the most common Usually volumes are below 1%, but recorded as high as 15% Petroleum accumulations are only restricted to sedimentary rocks Petroleum seeps are absent in igneous and metamorphic rock 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT CONCLUSION OF INORGANIC HYPOTHESIS: Hence we concluded that the occurrence of accumulated is low and rare, yet unquestioned occurrence of indigenous magmatic oil Gas chromatography shows the availability of organic matter in shales adjacent to the petroleum reservoir Thus most petroleum deep in the earth's strata is formed as a result of thermal maturation of organic matter 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT ORGANIC THEORY INVOLVED IN THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM To support the organic theory there are vast reasons: The relation between carbon and hydrogen organic matter When we come to organic matercontains hydrocarbons, this brought a major break through in the development of the theory for origin of petroleum and the hydro carbons from living organisms are deposited in the sediments with minor or no change When the chemical characteristics of petroleum reservoirs were observed, nitrogen and porphyrins (chlorophyll derivatives in plants, blood derivatives in animals) were found in all organic matter Presence of porphyrins indicated that during the formation process anaerobic conditions must have developed because porphyrins easily oxidized and decompose under aerobic conditions In addition to this low Oxygen content also suggest a reducing environment and making high probabilty of origin of petroleum that is originated within an anaerobic and reducing environment 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 10 ORGANIC THEORY INVOLVED IN THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM When physical characteristics of the reservoir were observed, all petroleum occurring in sediments suggest that they were due to marine (sea) origin And the petroleum contained in non-marine sediments might be due to the migration from marine source materials located nearby Temperatures in the deeper petroleum reservoirs rarely exceed 300°F (141°C) But never exceeded 392°F (200°C) where porphyrins are present because poryphyrins are destroyed above this temperature This suggests that the origin of petroleum is a lowtemperature phenomenon More recent oil discoveries in Pliocene sediments suggests that time requirements for the development may be less than 1MM years However, in past physical conditions on the Earth may differ as today Therefore, it might have taken much more time for the development of petroleum 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 11 ORGANIC THEORY INVOLVED IN THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 12 SUMMARY FOR THE ORGANIC HYPOTHESIS OF THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM After so many relations found between the the organic theory and origin of petroleum, organic theory was accepted and was the turn over for oil and gas industry As they began to fully develop and geologists were exploring for new deposits Simply the carbon and hydrogen are involved in the organic theory that is the major constituent for the formation of oil and gas It describes that hydrocarbons were derived from early marine life living on the Earth during the primarily marine plankton Although plankton are microscopic, but over 95% living matter in oceans are plankton The Sun's energy provides energy for all living things including plankton and other forms of marine life 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 13 SUMMARY FOR THE ORGANIC HYPOTHESIS OF THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM As these early living organisms died, their remains were captured by the processes of erosion and sedimentation 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 14 SUMMARY FOR THE ORGANIC HYPOTHESIS OF THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM Successive Layers of organic rich mud and silt covered preceding layers of organic rich sediments and over time created layers on the sea floor rich in the fossil remains of previous life 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 15 SUMMARY FOR THE ORGANIC HYPOTHESIS OF THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM Thermal processes including decay, heat and pressure slowly resulted the organic matter into oil and gas After millions of years the organic rich sediments were converted into layers of rocks After more geologic time the layers were deformed and uplifted, the liquid petroleum flowed upward through porous rock until it became trapped and could flow no further forming the oil and gas reservoirs 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 16 SUMMARY FOR THE ORGANIC HYPOTHESIS OF THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM The chemistry of the hydrocarbons we found in the end product of oil and gas is somewhat different from those we find in living things The basic formula for the creation of petroleum is: Petroleum End Product = ([Raw Material + Accumulation + Transformation + Migration] + Geologic Time) 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 17 CONCLUSION OF ORGANIC HYPOTHESIS The Organic Theory of the petroleum clarifies that it is the product of altered organic material derived from the microscopic plant and animal life, which are carried in great volumes by streams and are deposited under deltaic, lacustrine and marine conditions with finely divided clastic sediments As deposition of the organic material takes place in these environments, burial and protection by clay and silt accompany it This prevents decomposition of the organic material and allows it to accumulate Conversion of the organic material is called catagenesis It is assisted by pressure caused by burial, temperature and thermal alteration and degradation These factors result from depth, some bacterial action in a closed nonoxidising chemical system, radioactivity and catalysis Temperature, as thermogenic activity, appears to be the most important criterion, with assistance other factors as applicable 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 18 CONCLUSION OF ORGANIC HYPOTHESIS Accumulation of organic and clastic material on a sea or lake bottom is accompanied by bacterial action If there is abundant oxygen, aerobic bacteria act upon the organic matter and destroy it Plant and animal remains contain abundant carbon and hydrogen, which are fundamental elements in petroleum Shale and some carbonates contain organic material that bears hydrocarbons of types similar to those in petroleum These rocks are not reservoir rocks and could be considered ultimately to be source beds The hydrocarbons are of the same type as those found in living plants and animals and consist of asphalt, kerogen and liquid forms The best source rocks are considered to be organically rich, black coloured shales, deposited in a non-oxidising, quiet marine environment 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 19 8/25/2015 Thai Ba Ngoc – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 20