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2008:505-546 147 Walsh SB, Shirley DG, Wrong OM, Unwin RJ Urinary acidification assessed by simultaneous furosemide and fludrocortisone treatment: an alternative to ammonium chloride Kidney Int 2007;71: 1310-1316 148 Rodriguez-Soriano J, Ubetagoyena M, Vallo A Transtubular potassium concentration gradient: a useful test to estimate renal aldosterone bio-activity in infants and children Pediatr Nephrol 1990;4: 105-110 e5 Abstract: Acute kidney injury (AKI) and progressive renal dysfunction are common in critically ill children Precise and accurate estimates of renal function are crucial for understanding how both direct and indirect effects of AKI associate with patient outcome To date, serum creatinine has been the focal point of diagnostics related to renal function In this chapter, we review the available historical standards relating glomerular filtration to creatinine Subsequently, limitations of creatinine-based estimations of renal function are discussed as well as the need for integration of novel diagnostics Only with a combination approach—incorporating tests of filtration (creatinine based) with tubular reserve (urine output)—and novel diagnostics reflective of tubular injury related to different aspects of timing, location, and mechanism in the context of a patient can a refined and sophisticated phenotype of renal function be created Key words: acute kidney injury, glomerular filtration rate, Schwartz formula, biomarkers, risk stratification, renal reserve ... dysfunction in adults and children—a meta-analysis Clin Biochem 2007;40:383-391 77 Morgan C, Senthilselvan A, Bamforth F, et al Correlation between cystatin C- and renal scan-determined glomerular... the prediction of outcome in acute kidney injury Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33(1):13-24 140 Kamel KS, Ethier JH, Richardson RM, et al Urine electrolytes and osmolality: when and how to use them Am J... To date, serum creatinine has been the focal point of diagnostics related to renal function In this chapter, we review the available historical standards relating glomerular filtration to creatinine