678 SECTION V Pediatric Critical Care Pulmonary a prolonged low cardiac output state or sudden cardiac arrest prior to ECMO, the ability to assess neurologic function once ECMO is instituted is vitall[.]
678 S E C T I O N V Pediatric Critical Care: Pulmonary a prolonged low cardiac output state or sudden cardiac arrest prior to ECMO, the ability to assess neurologic function once ECMO is instituted is vitally important Paralysis and sedation should be minimized until a neurologic examination can occur This information is especially important in patients who are being considered for transplantation Long-Term Neurologic Implications Since motor function deteriorates over time and problems with executive functioning and academic achievement are usually seen at school age and beyond, the question arises as to whether ECMO survivors “grow into their deficits.” This question cannot be answered from the currently available literature Prolonged follow-up addressing these issues is of utmost importance to optimize participation in society as ECMO survivors age into adulthood A proposal for domains that should be addressed during follow-up with ECMO survivors is offered in Table 56.8 Whereas most outcome research has been performed in ECMO survivors who have received VA ECMO cannulation, the impact of VV support, which is becoming more frequent in all age groups, on outcome requires further investigation In one study, univariable analysis—but not multivariable analysis—showed that neonatal VA ECMO was associated with lower intelligence at school Further development of this area is vital to the cost-benefit analysis of using ECMO on pediatric patients and evaluating their subsequent quality of life Similar issues with long-term outcomes in adult ECMO survivors also exist.171,172 Future of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation The current extension of ECLS systems to older pediatric and adult patients in a variety of clinical settings highlights the changes that have occurred in the ECLS environment Progress in renal replacement, liver support, plasmapheresis, and the development of new cardiac support devices applicable to pediatrics also may expand the use of ECMO or related techniques overall.53 Additionally, the development of small, portable systems for cardiopulmonary resuscitation may herald a new age of extracorporeal support Technical advances in ECLS equipment continue to make such support safer and more efficient VV ECMO techniques have been refined and used successfully in patients from neonatal to adult age groups Single-cannula, double-lumen catheters for VV ECMO may obviate the risks of arterial cannulation and offer the benefit of requiring only one surgical site for venous access Artificial lungs for pediatric patients and artificial placenta to support premature infants are also near clinical evaluation.173 Research and technological improvements may decrease the risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications As advances in medical science may make the need for ECLS obsolete or a component of standard practice, research into ways to make it safer and more efficient should continue Key References Hill JD, Gibbon Jr JH Development of the first successful heart lung machine Ann Thoracic Surg 1982;34:337 Kolobow T, Bowman RL Construction and evaluation of an alveolar membrane artificial heart-lung Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1963;9:238-243 Short BL, Pearson GD Neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a review J Intensive Care Med 1986;1:48 Chen YS, Lin JW, Yu HY, et al Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with assisted extracorporeal life-support versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study and propensity analysis Lancet 2008;372(9638):554-561 Lequier L, Horton SB, McMullan DM, Bartlett RH Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuitry Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 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