133CHAPTER 15 Ultrasonography in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Hayes J, Borges B, Armstrong D, et al Accuracy of manual palpation vs ultrasound for identifying the L3 L4 intervertebral space level[.]
CHAPTER 15 Ultrasonography in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Hayes J, Borges B, Armstrong D, et al Accuracy of manual palpation vs ultrasound for identifying the L3-L4 intervertebral space level in children Paediatr Anaesth 2014;24:510-515 Holmes JF, Kelley KM, Wootton-Gorges SL, et al Effect of abdominal ultrasound on clinical care, outcomes, and resource use among children with blunt torso trauma: a randomized clinical trial JAMA 2017;317:2290-2296 Kantor DB, Su E, Milliren CE, et al Ultrasound guidance and other determinants of successful peripheral artery catheterization in critically ill children Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016;17:1124-1130 Kosiak W, Swieton D, Piskunowicz M Sonographic inferior vena cava/ aorta diameter index, a new approach to the body fluid status assessment in children and young adults in emergency ultrasound—preliminary study Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:320-325 Kutty S, Attebery JE, Yeager EM, et al Transthoracic echocardiography in pediatric intensive care Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014;15:329-335 Le A, Hoehn ME, Smith ME, et al Bedside sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter as a predictor of increased intracranial pressure in children Ann Emerg Med 2009;53:785-791 Lichtenstein DA, Mauriat P Lung ultrasound in the critically ill neonate Curr Pediatr Rev 2012;8:217-223 Lichtenstein DA Ultrasound examination of the lungs in the intensive care unit Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009;10:693-698 Miller SG, Brook MM, Tacy TA Reliability of two-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of clinically significant abnormal hemidiaphragm motion in pediatric cardiothoracic patients: comparison with fluoroscopy Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006;7:441-444 Neal JT, Chen A 2090707 The effect of bedside ultrasound (US) assistance on the proportion of successful infant lumbar punctures in a pediatric emergency department: a randomized controlled trial Ultrasound Med Biol 2015;41:S60-S61 Ng L, Khine H, Taragin BH, et al Does bedside sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter correlate with central venous pressure in the assessment of intravascular volume in children? Pediatr Emerg Care 2013;29:337-341 133 Panebianco NL, Fredette JM, Szyld D, et al What you see (sonographically) is what you get: vein and patient characteristics associated with successful ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous placement in patients with difficult access Acad Emerg Med 2009;16:1298-1303 Pershad J, Myers S, Plouman C, et al Bedside limited echocardiography by the emergency physician is accurate during evaluation of the critically ill patient Pediatrics 2004;114:e667-e671 Ranjit S, Aram G, Kissoon N, et al Multimodal monitoring for hemodynamic categorization and management of pediatric septic shock Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014;15:e17-e26 Riggs BJ, Trimboli-Heidler C, Spaeder MC, et al The use of ophthalmic ultrasonography to identify retinal injuries associated with abusive head trauma Ann Emerg Med 2016;67:620-624 Shime N, Hosokawa K, MacLaren G Ultrasound imaging reduces failure rates of percutaneous central venous catheterization in children Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;16:718-725 Spurney CF, Sable CA, Berger JT, et al Use of a hand-carried ultrasound device by critical care physicians for the diagnosis of pericardial effusions, decreased cardiac function, and left ventricular enlargement in pediatric patients J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:313-319 Steffen K, Thompson WR, Pustavoitau A, et al Return of viable cardiac function following sonographic cardiac standstill in pediatric cardiac arrest Pediatr Emerg Care 2017;33(1):58-59 Stengel D, Rademacher G, Ekkernkamp A, et al Emergency ultrasoundbased algorithms for diagnosing blunt abdominal trauma Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;65:CD004446 Tsung JW, Blaivas M Feasibility of correlating the pulse check with focused point-of-care echocardiography during pediatric cardiac arrest: a case series Resuscitation 2008;77:264-269 Warkentine FH, Clyde Pierce M, Lorenz D, et al The anatomic relationship of femoral vein to femoral artery in euvolemic pediatric patients by ultrasonography: implications for pediatric femoral central venous access Acad Emerg Med 2008;15:426-430 The full reference list for this chapter is available at ExpertConsult.com e1 References Prabhu SJ, Kanal K, Bhargava P, et al Ultrasound artifacts: classification, applied physics with illustrations, and imaging appearances Ultrasound Q 2014;30:145-157 Brass P, Hellmich M, Kolodziej L, et al Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;1:CD006962 Brass P, Hellmich M, Kolodziej L, et al Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for subclavian or femoral vein catheterization Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;1:CD011447 Rabindranath KS, Kumar E, Shail R, et al Ultrasound use for the placement of haemodialysis catheters Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;27:CD005279 Dodge KL, Lynch CA, Moore CL, et al Use of ultrasound guidance improves central venous catheter insertion success rates among junior residents J Ultrasound Med 2012;31:1519-1526 de Souza TH, Brandão MB, Nadal JAH, et al Ultrasound guidance for pediatric central venous catheterization: a meta-analysis Pediatrics 2018; 142:e2018;1719 Shime N, Hosokawa K, MacLaren G Ultrasound imaging reduces failure rates of percutaneous central venous catheterization in children Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;16:718-725 Bodenham AR Ultrasound-guided subclavian vein catheterization: beyond just the jugular vein Crit Care Med 2011;39:1819-1820 Gualtieri E, Deppe SA, Sipperly ME, et al Subclavian venous catheterization: greater success rate for less experienced operators using ultrasound guidance Crit Care Med 1995;23:692-697 10 Czarnik T, Gawda R, Perkowski T, et al Supraclavicular approach is an easy and safe method of subclavian vein catheterization even in mechanically ventilated patients: analysis of 370 attempts Anesthesiology 2009;111:334-339 11 Kocum A, Sener M, Calıskan E, et al An alternative central venous route for cardiac surgery: supraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011; 25:1018-1023 12 Lu W-H, Yao M-L, Hsieh K-S, et al Supraclavicular versus infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization in infants J Chin Med Assoc 2006;69:153-156 13 Rhondali O, Attof R, Combet S, et al Ultrasound-guided subclavian vein cannulation in infants: supraclavicular approach Paediatr Anaesth 2011;21:1136-1141 14 Aouad MT, Kanazi GE, Abdallah FW, et al Femoral vein cannulation performed by residents: a comparison between ultrasoundguided and landmark technique in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery Anesth Analg 2010;111:724-728 15 Iwashima S, Ishikawa T, Ohzeki T Ultrasound-guided versus landmark-guided femoral vein access in pediatric cardiac catheterization Pediatr Cardiol 2008;29:339-342 16 Froehlich CD, Rigby MR, Rosenberg ES, et al Ultrasound-guided central venous catheter placement decreases complications and decreases placement attempts compared with the landmark technique in patients in a pediatric intensive care unit Crit Care Med 2009; 37:1090-1096 17 Akingbola OA, Nielsen J, Hopkins RL, et al Femoral vein size in newborns and infants: preliminary investigation Crit Care 2000;4:120-123 18 Hopkins JW, Warkentine F, Gracely E, et al The anatomic relationship between the common femoral artery and common femoral vein in frog leg position versus straight leg position in pediatric patients Acad Emerg Med 2009;16:579-584 19 Warkentine FH, Clyde Pierce M, Lorenz D, et al The anatomic relationship of femoral vein to femoral artery in euvolemic pediatric patients by ultrasonography: implications for pediatric femoral central venous access Acad Emerg Med 2008;15:426-430 20 Pittiruti M, Biasucci DG, La Greca A, et al How to make the axillary vein larger? Effect of 90° abduction of the arm to facilitate ultrasound-guided axillary vein puncture J Crit Care 2016;33: 38-41 21 Hanada S, Van Winkle MT, Subramani S, et al Dynamic ultrasound-guided short-axis needle tip navigation technique vs landmark technique for difficult saphenous vein access in children: a randomised study Anaesthesia 2017;72:1508-1515 22 Otani T, Morikawa Y, Hayakawa I, et al Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous access placement for children in the emergency department Eur J Pediatr 2018;177:1443-1449 23 Panebianco NL, Fredette JM, Szyld D, et al What you see (sonographically) is what you get: vein and patient characteristics associated with successful ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous placement in patients with difficult access Acad Emerg Med 2009; 16:1298-1303 24 Takeshita J, Yoshida T, Nakajima Y, et al Superiority of dynamic needle tip positioning for ultrasound-guided peripheral venous catheterization in patients younger than years old: a randomized controlled trial Pediatr Crit Care Med 2019; Publish Ahead of 2019;20(9):e410-e414 25 Fields JM, Dean AJ, Todman RW, et al The effect of vessel depth, diameter, and location on ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter longevity Am J Emerg Med 2012;30:1134-1140 26 Shiloh AL, Savel RH, Paulin LM, et al Ultrasound-guided catheterization of the radial artery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Chest 2011; 139:524-529 Kantor DB, Su E, Milliren CE, et al Ultrasound guidance and other determinants of successful peripheral artery catheterization in critically ill children Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016;17: 1124-1130 28 Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, et al A novel method for ultrasound-guided radial arterial catheterization in pediatric patients Anesth Analg 2014;118:1019-1026 29 Fleming SE, Kim JH Ultrasound-guided umbilical catheter insertion in neonates J Perinatol 2011;31:344-349 30 George L, Waldman JD, Cohen ML, et al Umbilical vascular catheters: localization by two-dimensional echocardio/aortography Pediatr Cardiol 1982;2:237-243 31 Katheria AC, Fleming SE, Kim JH A randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripherally inserted central catheters compared with standard radiograph in neonates J Perinatol 2013;33: 791-794 32 Matsushima K, Frankel HL Bedside ultrasound can safely eliminate the need for chest radiographs after central venous catheter placement: CVC sono in the surgical ICU (SICU) J Surg Res 2010;163:155-161 33 Marano L, Izzo G, Esposito G, et al Peripherally inserted central catheter tip position: a novel empirical-ultrasonographical index in a modern surgical oncology department Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21: 656-661 34 Vezzani A, Brusasco C, Palermo S, et al Ultrasound localization of central vein catheter and detection of postprocedural pneumothorax: an alternative to chest radiography Crit Care Med 2010;38: 533-538 35 Horowitz R, Gossett JG, Bailitz J, et al The FLUSH study—flush the line and ultrasound the heart: ultrasonographic confirmation of central femoral venous line placement Ann Emerg Med 2014;63: 678-683 36 Wen M, Stock K, Heemann U, et al Agitated saline bubble-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography: a novel method to visualize the position of central venous catheter Crit Care Med 2014; 42:e231-3 37 Helgeson SA, Fritz AV, Tatari MM, et al Reducing Iatrogenic pneumothoraces: using real-time ultrasound guidance for pleural procedures Crit Care Med 2019;47:903-909 38 Hayes J, Borges B, Armstrong D, et al Accuracy of manual palpation vs ultrasound for identifying the L3-L4 intervertebral space level in children Paediatr Anaesth 2014;24:510-515 39 Neal JT, Chen A 2090707 The effect of bedside ultrasound (US) assistance on the proportion of successful infant lumbar punctures in a pediatric emergency department: a randomized controlled trial Ultrasound Med and Biol 2015;41:S60-S61 e2 40 Peterson MA, Pisupati D, Heyming TW, et al Ultrasound for routine lumbar puncture Acad Emerg Med 2014;21:130-136 41 Trinavarat P, Riccabona M Potential of ultrasound in the pediatric chest Eur J Radiol 2014;83:1507-1518 42 Lichtenstein DA, Mauriat P Lung Ultrasound in the Critically Ill Neonate Curr Pediatr Rev 2012;8:217-223 43 Lichtenstein DA Ultrasound examination of the lungs in the intensive care unit Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009;10:693-698 44 Basile V, Di Mauro A, Scalini E, et al Lung ultrasound: a useful tool in diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis BMC Pediatr 2015;15:63 45 Cattarossi L Lung ultrasound: its role in neonatology and pediatrics Early Hum Dev 2013;89(suppl 1):S17-S19 46 Rodriguez Fanjul J, Balcells C, Aldecoa-Bilbao V, et al Lung Ultrasound as a Predictor of Mechanical Ventilation in Neonates Older than 32 Weeks Neonatology 2016;110:198-203 47 Lichtenstein D, Mezière G, Biderman P, et al The “lung point”: an ultrasound sign specific to pneumothorax Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1434-1440 48 Raimondi F, Rodriguez Fanjul J, Aversa S, et al Lung ultrasound for diagnosing pneumothorax in the critically ill neonate J Pediatr 2016;175:74-78.e1 49 Hsieh K-S, Lee C-L, Lin C-C, et al Secondary confirmation of endotracheal tube position by ultrasound image Crit Care Med 2004;32:S374-7 50 Galicinao J, Bush AJ, Godambe SA Use of bedside ultrasonography for endotracheal tube placement in pediatric patients: a feasibility study Pediatrics 2007;120:1297-1303 51 Dennington D, Vali P, Finer NN, Kim JH Ultrasound confirmation of endotracheal tube position in neonates 2012;102:185-189 https:// www.karger.com/Article/FullText/338585 52 Tessaro MO, Salant EP, Arroyo AC, et al Tracheal rapid ultrasound saline test (T.R.U.S.T.) for confirming correct endotracheal tube depth in children Resuscitation 2015;89:8-12 53 Dalesio NM, Kattail D, Ishman SL, et al Ultrasound use in the pediatric airway: the time has come A A Case Rep 2014;2:23-26 54 Kunovsky P, Gibson GA, Pollock JC, et al Management of postoperative paralysis of diaphragm in infants and children Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1993;7:342-346 55 Miller SG, Brook MM, Tacy TA Reliability of two-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of clinically significant abnormal hemidiaphragm motion in pediatric cardiothoracic patients: Comparison with fluoroscopy Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006;7:441-444 56 Sanchez de Toledo J, Munoz R, Landsittel D, et al Diagnosis of abnormal diaphragm motion after cardiothoracic surgery: ultrasound performed by a cardiac intensivist vs fluoroscopy Congenit Heart Dis 2010; 5:565-572 57 Gil-Juanmiquel L, Gratacós M, Castilla-Fernández Y, et al Bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of abnormal diaphragmatic motion in children after heart surgery Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017;18: 159-164 58 Epelman M, Navarro OM, Daneman A, et al M-mode sonography of diaphragmatic motion: description of technique and experience in 278 pediatric patients Pediatr Radiol 2005;35:661-667 59 Glau CL, Conlon TW, Himebauch AS, et al Progressive diaphragm atrophy in pediatric acute respiratory failure Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018;19:406-411 60 Faingold R, Daneman A, Tomlinson G, et al Necrotizing enterocolitis: assessment of bowel viability with color Doppler US Radiology 2005;235:587-594 61 Kim H-Y, Kim I-O, Kim WS, et al Bowel sonography in sepsis with pathological correlation: an experimental study Pediatr Radiol 2011;41:237-243 62 Kim W-Y, Kim WS, Kim I-O, et al Sonographic evaluation of neonates with early-stage necrotizing enterocolitis Pediatr Radiol 2005;35:1056-1061 63 Ma OJ, Mateer JR, Ogata M, et al Prospective analysis of a rapid trauma ultrasound examination performed by emergency physicians J Trauma 1995;38:879-885 64 Rozycki GS, Ochsner MG, Schmidt JA, et al A prospective study of surgeon-performed ultrasound as the primary adjuvant modality for injured patient assessment J Trauma/ 1995;39:492-498; discussion 498-500 65 Rozycki GS, Ballard RB, Feliciano DV, et al Surgeon-performed ultrasound for the assessment of truncal injuries: lessons learned from 1540 patients Ann Surg 1998;228:557-567 66 Fox JC, Boysen M, Gharahbaghian L, et al Test characteristics of focused assessment of sonography for trauma for clinically significant abdominal free fluid in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma Acad Emerg Med 2011;18:477-482 67 Holmes JF, Kelley KM, Wootton-Gorges SL, et al Effect of abdominal ultrasound on clinical care, outcomes, and resource use among children with blunt torso trauma: a randomized clinical trial JAMA 2017;317:2290-2296 68 Stengel D, Rademacher G, Ekkernkamp A, et al Emergency ultrasound-based algorithms for diagnosing blunt abdominal trauma Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;65:CD004446 69 Stengel D, Leisterer J, Ferrada P, et al Point-of-care ultrasonography for diagnosing thoracoabdominal injuries in patients with blunt trauma Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;12:CD012669 70 Kong H-Y, Chen F, He Y, et al Intrarenal resistance index for the assessment of acute renal injury in a rat liver transplantation model BMC Nephrol 2013;14:55 71 Le Dorze M, Bouglé A, Deruddre S, et al Renal Doppler ultrasound: a new tool to assess renal perfusion in critical illness Shock 2012;37:360-365 72 Dewitte A, Coquin J, Meyssignac B, et al Doppler resistive index to reflect regulation of renal vascular tone during sepsis and acute kidney injury Crit Care 2012;16:R165 73 Theodoraki K, Theodorakis I, Chatzimichael K, et al Ultrasonographic evaluation of abdominal organs after cardiac surgery J Surg Res 2015;194:351-360 74 Darmon M, Schortgen F, Vargas F, et al Diagnostic accuracy of Doppler renal resistive index for reversibility of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients Intensive Care Med 2011;37:68-76 75 Guinot P-G, Bernard E, Abou Arab O, et al Doppler-based renal resistive index can assess progression of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013;27:890-896 76 Bossard G, Bourgoin P, Corbeau JJ, et al Early detection of postoperative acute kidney injury by Doppler renal resistive index in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Br J Anaesth 2011;107:891-898 77 Yang P-L, Wong DT, Dai S-B, et al The feasibility of measuring renal blood flow using transesophageal echocardiography in patients undergoing cardiac surgery Anesth Analg 2009;108:1418-1424 78 Marty P, Szatjnic S, Ferre F, et al Doppler renal resistive index for early detection of acute kidney injury after major orthopaedic surgery: a prospective observational study Eur J Anaesthesiol 2015;32:37-43 79 Kutty S, Attebery JE, Yeager EM, et al Transthoracic echocardiography in pediatric intensive care: impact on medical and surgical management Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15:329-335 80 Ranjit S, Aram G, Kissoon N, et al Multimodal monitoring for hemodynamic categorization and management of pediatric septic shock: a pilot observational study Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15:e17-e26 81 Bouferrache K, Amiel J-B, Chimot L, et al Initial resuscitation guided by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommendations and early echocardiographic assessment of hemodynamics in intensive care unit septic patients: a pilot study Crit Care Med 2012;40: 2821-2827 82 Kosiak W, Swieton D, Piskunowicz M Sonographic inferior vena cava/aorta diameter index, a new approach to the body fluid status assessment in children and young adults in emergency ultrasound-preliminary study Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:320-325 83 Haciomeroglu P, Ozkaya O, Gunal N, et al Venous collapsibility index changes in children on dialysis Nephrology (Carlton) 2007;12:135-139 e3 84 Gan H, Cannesson M, Chandler JR, et al Predicting fluid responsiveness in children: a systematic review Anesth Analg 2013; 117:1380-1392 85 Barbier C, Loubières Y, Schmit C, et al Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients Intensive Care Med 2004;30:1740-1746 86 Feissel M, Michard F, Faller J-P, et al The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy Intensive Care Med 2004;30:1834-1837 87 Lin EE, Chen AE, Panebianco N, et al Effect of inhalational anesthetics and positive-pressure ventilation on ultrasound assessment of the great vessels: a prospective study at a children’s hospital Anesthesiology 2016;124:870-877 88 Ng L, Khine H, Taragin BH, et al Does bedside sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter correlate with central venous pressure in the assessment of intravascular volume in children? Pediatr Emerg Care 2013;29:337-341 89 Marik PE, Cavallazzi R Does the central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? An updated meta-analysis and a plea for some common sense Crit Care Med 2013;41:1774-1781 90 Byon H-J, Lim C-W, Lee J-H, et al Prediction of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated children undergoing neurosurgery Br J Anaesth 2013;110:586-591 91 Durand P, Chevret L, Essouri S, et al Respiratory variations in aortic blood flow predict fluid responsiveness in ventilated children Intensive Care Med 2008;34:888-894 92 Singh S, Wann LS, Schuchard GH, et al Right ventricular and right atrial collapse in patients with cardiac tamponade—a combined echocardiographic and hemodynamic study Circulation 1984;70:966-971 93 Chiang HT, Lin M Pericardiocentesis guided by two-dimensional contrast echocardiography Echocardiography 1993;10:465-469 94 Law MA, Borasino S, Kalra Y, et al Novel, long-axis in-plane ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis for postoperative pericardial effusion drainage Pediatr Cardiol 2016;37:1328-1333 95 Fitch MT, Nicks BA, Pariyadath M, et al Videos in clinical medicine Emergency pericardiocentesis N Engl J Med 2012; 366:e17 96 Pershad J, Myers S, Plouman C, et al Bedside limited echocardiography by the emergency physician is accurate during evaluation of the critically ill patient Pediatrics 2004;114:e667-e671 97 Spurney CF, Sable CA, Berger JT, et al Use of a hand-carried ultrasound device by critical care physicians for the diagnosis of pericardial effusions, decreased cardiac function, and left ventricular enlargement in pediatric patients J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:313-319 98 Engle SJ, DiSessa TG, Perloff JK, et al Mitral valve E point to ventricular septal separation in infants and children Am J Cardiol 1983;52:1084-1087 99 Matzer L, Cortada X, Ferrer P, et al Widened E point septal separation in a normal pediatric population Chest 1985;87:73-75 100 Koestenberger M, Nagel B, Ravekes W, et al Left ventricular longaxis function: reference values of the mitral annular plane systolic excursion in 558 healthy children and calculation of z-score values Am Heart J 2012;164:125-131 101 Otto CM The Practice of Clinical Echocardiography ed Elsevier; 2007 102 Tsung JW, Blaivas M Feasibility of correlating the pulse check with focused point-of-care echocardiography during pediatric cardiac arrest: a case series Resuscitation 2008;77:264-269 103 Breitkreutz R, Price S, Steiger HV, et al Focused echocardiographic evaluation in life support and peri-resuscitation of emergency patients: a prospective trial Resuscitation 2010;81:1527-1533 104 Clattenburg EJ, Wroe P, Brown S, et al Point-of-care ultrasound use in patients with cardiac arrest is associated prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation pauses: a prospective cohort study Resuscitation 2018; 122:65-68 105 Huis In ‘t Veld MA, Allison MG, Bostick DS, et al Ultrasound use during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with delays in chest compressions Resuscitation 2017;119:95-98 106 Cha S, Gottschalk A, Su E, et al Use of point-of-care ultrasonography in simulation-based advanced cardiac life support scenarios J Anesth Perioper Med 2018;5:53-60 107 Teran F, Dean AJ, Centeno C, et al Evaluation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using transesophageal echocardiography in the emergency department Resuscitation 2019;137:140-147 108 Blyth L, Atkinson P, Gadd K, et al Bedside focused echocardiography as predictor of survival in cardiac arrest patients: a systematic review Acad Emerg Med 2012;19:1119-1126 109 Salen P, Melniker L, Chooljian C, et al Does the presence or absence of sonographically identified cardiac activity predict resuscitation outcomes of cardiac arrest patients? Am J Emerg Med 2005;23:459-462 110 Steffen K, Thompson WR, Pustavoitau A, et al Return of viable cardiac function after sonographic cardiac standstill in pediatric cardiac arrest Pediatr Emerg Care 2017;33:58-59 111 Hu K, Gupta N, Teran F, et al Variability in interpretation of cardiac standstill among physician sonographers Ann Emerg Med 2018;71:193-198 112 Su E, Dalesio N, Pustavoitau A Point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric anesthesiology and critical care medicine Can J Anaesth 2018;65:485-498 113 Le A, Hoehn ME, Smith ME, et al Bedside sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter as a predictor of increased intracranial pressure in children Ann Emerg Med 2009;53:785-791 114 Riggs BJ, Trimboli-Heidler C, Spaeder MC, et al The use of ophthalmic ultrasonography to identify retinal injuries associated with abusive head trauma Ann Emerg Med 2016;67:620-624 115 Expert Round Table on Ultrasound in ICU: International expert statement on training standards for critical care ultrasonography Intensive Care Med 2011;37:1077-1083 116 From the Ultrasound Certification Task Force on behalf of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, Pustavoitau A, Blaivas M, Brown SM, et al Recommendations for Achieving and Maintaining Competence and Credentialing in Critical Care Ultrasound with Focused Cardiac Ultrasound and Advanced Critical Care Echocardiography http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/Documents/Critical%20 Care%20Ultrasound.pdf 117 American College of Emergency Physicians American College of Emergency Physicians ACEP emergency ultrasound guidelines-2001 Ann Emerg Med 2001;38:470-481 118 Frankel HL, Kirkpatrick AW, Elbarbary M, et al Guidelines for the appropriate use of bedside general and cardiac ultrasonography in the evaluation of critically ill patients-Part I: general ultrasonography Crit Care Med 2015;43:2479-2502 119 Levitov A, Frankel HL, Blaivas M, et al Guidelines for the appropriate use of bedside general and cardiac ultrasonography in the evaluation of critically ill patients-Part II: cardiac ultrasonography Crit Care Med 2016;44:1206-1227 120 Conlon TW, Himebauch AS, Fitzgerald JC, et al Implementation of a pediatric critical care focused bedside ultrasound training program in a large academic PICU Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015;16:219-226 121 Conlon TW, Kantor DB, Su ER, et al Diagnostic bedside ultrasound program development in pediatric critical care medicine: results of a national survey Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018;19:e561-e568 122 Nguyen J, Amirnovin R, Ramanathan R, et al The state of pointof-care ultrasonography use and training in neonatal-perinatal medicine and pediatric critical care medicine fellowship programs J Perinatol 2016;36:972-976