113CHAPTER 14 Pediatric Vascular Access and Centeses studies to consider are glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, acid fast bacilli smear and culture, cytology, and triglycerides Corresponding ser[.]
CHAPTER 14 Pediatric Vascular Access and Centeses studies to consider are glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, acid-fast bacilli smear and culture, cytology, and triglycerides Corresponding serum chemistries should be obtained for comparison Analysis of the serum-to-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is useful for differentiating between ascites resulting from portal hypertension or other etiologies, as it is an indirect measurement of portal pressure SAAG of 1.1 g/dL or greater correlates with portal hypertension with 97% accuracy.162 Summary Needle aspiration of ascitic fluid is a safe procedure when performed with appropriate precautionary measures Analysis of ascitic fluid obtained by paracentesis is useful in the evaluation of patients with new-onset ascites, with existing ascites and clinical deterioration, and in cases of suspected bacterial peritonitis Large-volume therapeutic paracentesis or continuous drainage via a small-caliber catheter placed at the time of paracentesis (such as with tube thoracostomy) improves respiratory dynamics and reduces complications secondary to abdominal compartment syndrome Key References Barnett CF, Vaduganathan M, Lan G, Butler J, Gheorghiade M Critical reappraisal of pulmonary artery catheterization and invasive hemodynamic assessment in acute heart failure Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013;11(4):417-424 Cousins TR, O’Donnell JM Arterial cannulation: a critical review AANA J 2004;72(4):267-271 Froehlich CD, Rigby MR, Rosenberg ES, et al Ultrasound-guided central venous catheter placement decreases complications and decreases 113 placement attempts compared with the landmark technique in patients in a pediatric intensive care unit Crit Care Med 2009;37(3): 1090-1096 Giefer MJ, Murray KF, Colletti RB Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of pediatric ascites J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52(5):503-513 Goligher EC, Leis JA, Fowler RA, Pinto R, Adhikari NK, Ferguson ND Utility and safety of draining pleural effusions in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis Crit Care 2011;15(1):R46 Noonan PJ, Hanson SJ, Simpson PM, et al Comparison of complication rates of central venous catheters versus peripherally inserted central venous catheters in pediatric patients Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018;19(12):1097-1105 Practice guidelines for central venous access 2020: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on central venous access Anesthesiology 2020;132(1):8-43 Shen KR, Bribriesco A, Crabtree T, et al The American Association for Thoracic Surgery consensus guidelines for the management of empyema J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017;153(6):e129-e146 Vayre F, Lardoux H, Pezzano M, Bourdarias JP, Dubourg O Subxiphoid pericardiocentesis guided by contrast two-dimensional echocardiography in cardiac tamponade: experience of 110 consecutive patients Eur J Echocardiogr 2000;1(1):66-71 Voigt J, Waltzman M, Lottenberg L Intraosseous vascular access for inhospital emergency use: a systematic clinical review of the literature and analysis Pediatr Emerg Care 2012;28(2):185-199 Yamaguchi RS, Noritomi DT, Degaspare NV, et al Peripherally inserted central catheters are associated with lower risk of bloodstream infection compared with central venous catheters in paediatric intensive care patients: a propensity-adjusted analysis Intensive Care Med 2017;43(8):1097-1104 The full reference list for this chapter is available at ExpertConsult.com e1 References de Caen AR, Kleinman ME, Chameides L, et al Part 10: Paediatric basic and advanced life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations Resuscitation 2010; 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