822 opportunities for pediatric palliative care Pediatrics 2004;114(3) e361–6 6 Jonsen AR The god squad and the origins of trans plantation ethics and policy J Law Med Ethics 2007;35(2) 238–40 7 Fried[.]
822 o pportunities for pediatric palliative care Pediatrics 2004;114(3):e361–6 Jonsen AR. The god squad and the origins of transplantation ethics and policy J Law Med Ethics 2007;35(2):238–40 Friedman EA. Book review N Engl J Med 1993;328(16):1204–5 Alexander S. They decide who lives, who dies Life 1962:102–25 Levine C “The Seattle ‘god committee’: a cautionary tale,” [Internet] Health Affairs Blog 2009 10 Gordon EJ. Haunted by the “God Committee”: reciprocity does no justice to eliminating social disparities Am J Bioeth 2004;4(4):23–5; discussion W35-7 11 Rettig RA. Special treatment–the story of Medicare’s ESRD entitlement N Engl J Med 2011;364(7):596–8 12 Ross W. God panels and the history of hemodialysis in America: a cautionary tale Virtual Mentor 2012;14(11):890–6 13 Goldberg AM, Simmerling M, Frader JE. Why nondocumented residents should have access to kidney transplantation: arguments for lifting the federal ban on reimbursement Transplantation 2007;83(1):17–20 14 Kopelman LM. Using the best interests standard to generate actual duties AJOB Prim Res 2013;4(2):11–4 15 A.C v Manitoba (Director of Child and Family Services) SCC; 2009 16 Assembly UNG. Convention on the rights of the child 1989 17 Diekema DS. Parental refusals of medical treatment: the harm principle as threshold for state intervention Theor Med Bioeth 2004;25(4):243–64 18 Ross LF. Children, families and health care decisions Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998 19 Tsai TC, Liu SI, Tsai JD, Chou LH. Psychosocial effects on caregivers for children on chronic peritoneal dialysis Kidney Int 2006;70(11):1983–7 20 Laakkonen H, Taskinen S, Ronnholm K, Holmberg C, Sandberg S. Parent-child and spousal relationships in families with a young child with end-stage renal disease Pediatr Nephrol 2014;29(2):289–95 21 Wightman A, Zimmerman CT, Neul S, Lepere K, Cedars K, Opel D. Caregiver experience in pediatric dialysis Pediatrics 2019;143(2):e20182102 22 Veatch RM. Abandoning informed consent Hast Cent Rep 1995;25(2):5–12 23 Rhodes R, Holzman IR. Is the best interest standard good for pediatrics? Pediatrics 2014;134(Suppl 2):S121–9 24 Fuchs VR. Who shall live? Health, economics and social choice Singapore: World Scientific Publishing; 2011 25 Hofmann B. Is there a technological imperative in health care? Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2002;18(3):675–89 A Wightman et al 26 Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of biomedical ethics 8th ed New York City: Oxford University Press; 2012 480 p 27 (RPA) RPA. Shared decision making in the appropriate initiation of and withdrawal from dialysis 2nd ed Rockville: RPA; 2010 28 Wilkinson D, Savulescu J. A costly separation between withdrawing and withholding treatment in intensive care Bioethics 2014;28(3):127–37 29 Solomon MZ, Sellers DE, Heller KS, Dokken DL, Levetown M, Rushton C, et al New and lingering controversies in pediatric end-of-life care Pediatrics 2005;116(4):872–83 30 Chung GS, Yoon JD, Rasinski KA, Curlin FA. US physicians’ opinions about distinctions between withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining treatment J Relig Health 2016;55(5):1596–606 31 Rebagliato M, Cuttini M, Broggin L, Berbik I, de Vonderweid U, Hansen G, et al Neonatal end-of-life decision making: Physicians’ attitudes and relationship with self-reported practices in 10 European countries JAMA 2000;284(19):2451–9 32 Sprung CL, Paruk F, Kissoon N, Hartog CS, Lipman J, Du B, et al The Durban world congress ethics round table conference report: I. Differences between withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatments J Crit Care 2014;29(6):890–5 33 Feltman DM, Du H, Leuthner SR. Survey of neonatologists’ attitudes toward limiting life-sustaining treatments in the neonatal intensive care unit J Perinatol: official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2012;32(11):886–92 34 Ladin K, Pandya R, Kannam A, Loke R, Oskoui T, Perrone RD, et al Discussing conservative management with older patients with CKD: an interview study of nephrologists Am J Kidney Dis 2018;71(5):627–35 35 Fox RC, Swazey JP. The courage to fail : a social view of organ transplants and dialysis Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1974 p xviii, 395 p 36 Derse AR. Limitation of treatment at the end-of- life: withholding and withdrawal Clin Geriatr Med 2005;21(1):223–38 xi 37 Wightman A. Management dilemmas in pediatric nephrology: time-limited trials of dialysis therapy Pediatr Nephrol 2017;32(4):615–20 38 Buchak L. Why high-risk, non-expected-utility- maximising gambles can be rational and beneficial: the case of HIV cure studies J Med Ethics 2017;43(2):90–5 39 Orentlicher D. Matters of life and death : making moral theory work in medical ethics and the law Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2001 p viii, 234 p 40 Levine DZ, Truog RD. Discontinuing immunosuppression in a child with a renal transplant: are there limits to withdrawing life support? Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38(4):901–15 41 Rachels J. Active and passive euthanasia N Engl J Med 1975;292(2):78–80 42 Ethical Decision-Making in Pediatric Dialysis 42 Zurowska AM, Fischbach M, Watson AR, Edefonti A, Stefanidis CJ, European Paediatric Dialysis Working Group Clinical practice recommendations for the care of infants with stage chronic kidney disease (CKD5) Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28(9):1739–48 43 Feudtner C, Mott AR. Expanding the envelope of care Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012;166(8):772–3 44 Thumfart J, Bethe D, Wagner S, Pommer W, Rheinlander C, Muller D. A survey demonstrates limited palliative care structures in paediatric nephrology from the perspective of a multidisciplinary healthcare team Acta Paediatr 2018;108(7):1350–6 45 American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics Guidelines on foregoing life-sustaining medical treatment Pediatrics 1994;93(3):532–6 46 Committee on Hospital Care and Institute for Patient- and Family-Centered Care Patient- and family-centered care and the pediatrician’s role Pediatrics 2012;129(2):394–404 47 Charles C, Gafni A, Whelan T. Decision-making in the physician-patient encounter: revisiting the shared treatment decision-making model Soc Sci Med 1999;49(5):651–61 48 Association AM. AMA Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 2.20 – withholding or withdrawing life- sustaining medical treatment 1996 Available from: http://www.ama-a ssn.org/ama/pub/physician- resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion220.page? 49 Germain MJ, Cohen LM, Davison SN. Withholding and withdrawal from dialysis: what we know about how our patients die Semin Dial 2007;20(3):195–9 50 Murtagh SN. Conservative management of end- stage renal disease In: Chambers JE, Brown E, editors Supportive care for the renal patient Oxford: Oxford Press; 2004 p. 255–64 51 Linder E, Burguet A, Nobili F, Vieux R. Neonatal renal replacement therapy: an ethical reflection for a crucial decision Arch Pediatr 2018;25(6):371–7 52 Dionne JM, d’Agincourt-Canning L. Sustaining life or prolonging dying? Appropriate choice of conservative care for children in end-stage renal disease: an ethical framework Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30(10):1761–9 53 Thumfart J, Reindl T, Rheinlaender C, Muller D. Supportive palliative care should be integrated into routine care for paediatric patients with life-limiting kidney disease Acta Paediatr 2018;107(3):403–7 54 Helft PR, Siegler M, Lantos J. The rise and fall of the futility movement N Engl J Med 2000;343(4):293–6 55 Schneiderman LJ, Jecker NS, Jonsen AR. Medical futility: its meaning and ethical implications Ann Intern Med 1990;112(12):949–54 56 American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Bell EF. The initiation or withdrawal of treatment for high-risk newborns Pediatrics 1995;96(2):362–3 57 Sachdeva RC, Jefferson LS, Coss-Bu J, Brody BA. Resource consumption and the extent of futile 823 care among patients in a pediatric intensive care unit setting J Pediatr 1996;128(6):742–7 58 Lantos JD, Mokalla M, Meadow W. Resource allocation in neonatal and medical ICUs Epidemiology and rationing at the extremes of life Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156(1):185–9 59 Kahneman D. Thinking, fast and slow 1st ed New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 2011 p. 499 60 Luyckx VA, Miljeteig I, Ejigu AM, Moosa MR. Ethical challenges in the provision of dialysis in resource-constrained environments Semin Nephrol 2017;37(3):273–86 61 Olowu WA. Renal failure in Nigerian children: factors limiting access to dialysis Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18(12):1249–54 62 Feehally J, Couser W, Dupuis S, Finkelstein F, Harden P, Harris D, et al Nephrology in developing countries: the ISN’s story Lancet 2014;383(9925):1271–2 63 Couser WG, Remuzzi G, Mendis S, Tonelli M. The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major noncommunicable diseases Kidney Int 2011;80(12):1258–70 64 Smoyer WE, Finkelstein FO, McCulloch MI, Carter M, Brusselmans A, Feehally J “Saving Young Lives” with acute kidney injury: the challenge of acute dialysis in low-resource settings Kidney Int 2016;89(2):254–6 65 Scherer JS, Holley JL. The role of time-limited trials in dialysis decision making in critically ill patients Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;11(2):344–53 66 Quill TE, Holloway R. Time-limited trials near the end of life JAMA 2011;306(13):1483–4 67 Rees L. Renal replacement therapies in neonates: issues and ethics Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2017;22(2):104–8 68 Lantos JD. Ethical problems in decision making in the neonatal ICU. N Engl J Med 2018;379(19):1851–60 69 Mehler K, Gottschalk I, Burgmaier K, Volland R, Buscher AK, Feldkotter M, et al Prenatal parental decision-making and postnatal outcome in renal oligohydramnios Pediatr Nephrol 2018;33(4):651–9 70 Loos S, Kemper MJ. Causes of renal oligohydramnios: impact on prenatal counseling and postnatal outcome Pediatr Nephrol 2018;33(4):541–5 71 Hogan J, Dourthe ME, Blondiaux E, Jouannic JM, Garel C, Ulinski T. Renal outcome in children with antenatal diagnosis of severe CAKUT. Pediatr Nephrol 2012;27(3):497–502 72 Vidal E, Edefonti A, Murer L, Gianoglio B, Maringhini S, Pecoraro C, et al Peritoneal dialysis in infants: the experience of the Italian Registry of Paediatric Chronic Dialysis Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27(1):388–95 73 United States Renal Data System (USRDS) annual data report: end-stage renal disease in the United States Bethesda 2018 74 Sanderson KR, Yu Y, Dai H, Willig LK, Warady BA. Outcomes of infants receiving chronic p eritoneal 824 dialysis: an analysis of the USRDS registry Pediatr Nephrol 2019;34(1):155–62 75 Geary DF. Attitudes of pediatric nephrologists to management of end-stage renal disease in infants J Pediatr 1998;133(1):154–6 76 Teh JC, Frieling ML, Sienna JL, Geary DF. Attitudes of caregivers to management of end-stage renal disease in infants Perit Dial Int 2011;31(4):459–65 77 Zurowska AM, Fischbach M, Watson AR, Edefonti A, Stefanidis CJ. Clinical practice recommendations for the care of infants with stage chronic kidney disease (CKD5) Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28(9):1739–48 78 Lantos JD, Warady BA. The evolving ethics of infant dialysis Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28(10):1943–7 79 Lantos JD. Tell parents the truth, but tell it slant Pediatrics 2018;142(Suppl 3):S199–s204 80 Aksu N, Yavascan O, Anil M, Kara OD, Bal A, Anil AB. Chronic peritoneal dialysis in children with special needs or social disadvantage or both: contraindications are not always contraindications Perit Dial Int 2012;32(4):424–30 81 Wightman A, Kett J. Has neonatal dialysis become morally obligatory? Lessons from Baby Doe Acta Paediatr 2015;104(8):748–50 82 Schmidt BMW, Sugianto RI, Thurn D, Azukaitis K, Bayazit AK, Canpolat N, et al Early effects of renal replacement therapy on cardiovascular comorbidity in children with end-stage kidney disease: findings from the 4C-T study Transplantation 2018;102(3):484–92 83 Wightman A, Bradford MC, Smith J. Health-related quality of life changes following renal transplantation in children Pediatr Transplant 2019;23(2):e13333 84 Weber S, Tonshoff B. Recurrence of focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis in children after renal transplantation: clinical and genetic aspects Transplantation 2005;80(1 Suppl):S128–34 85 Kamin DS, Freiberger D, Daly KP, Oliva M, Helfand L, Haynes K, et al What is the role of developmental disability in patient selection for pediatric solid organ transplantation? Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg 2016;16(3):767–72 86 Knoll G, Cockfield S, Blydt-Hansen T, Baran D, Kiberd B, Landsberg D, et al Canadian Society of Transplantation consensus guidelines on eligibility for kidney transplantation CMAJ 2005;173(10):1181–4 87 Van Biesen W, Vanholder R, Vanderhaegen B, Lameire N, Wanner C, Wiecek A, et al Renal replacement therapy for refugees with end-stage kidney A Wightman et al disease: an international survey of the nephrological community Kidney Int Suppl 2016;6(2):35–41 88 Canada Go Interim Federal Health Program: Summary of coverage 2018 [updated 2018-1012 Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/ immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/refugees/ help-w ithin-c anada/health-c are/interim-f ederal- health-program/coverage-summary.html 89 The Lancet Haematology The undocumented struggle with emergency-only dialysis Lancet Haematol 2018;5(9):e378 90 Sutherland L. Renal refugees Am J Kidney Dis 2018;72(4):A13–a4 91 Mawad D. Dialysis for Syrian refugees at risk due to funds shortage UNHCR USA2018 [cited 2019 March 28] Available from: https://www.unhcr.org/ news/stories/2018/3/5abcfae24/dialysis-s yrian- refugees-risk-due-funds-shortage.html 92 Cervantes L, Richardson S, Raghavan R, Hou N, Hasnain-Wynia R, Wynia MK, et al Clinicians’ perspectives on providing emergency-only hemodialysis to undocumented immigrants: a qualitative study perspectives on providing emergency hemodialysis to undocumented immigrants Ann Intern Med 2018;169(2):78–86 93 Sheikh-Hamad D, Paiuk E, Wright AJ, Kleinmann C, Khosla U, Shandera WX. Care for immigrants with end-stage renal disease in Houston: a comparison of two practices Tex Med 2007;103(4):54–8 94 Sher SJ, Aftab W, Moorthi RN, Moe SM, Weaver CS, Messina FC, et al Healthcare outcomes in undocumented immigrants undergoing two emergency dialysis approaches Clin Nephrol 2017;88(10):181–92 95 Anderson RJ. Why we should care for the undocumented Virtual Mentor 2008;10(4):245–8 96 King LP. Why we can’t turn our backs Virtual Mentor 2008;10(4):191–4 97 Wightman A, Diekema D. Should an undocumented immigrant receive a heart transplant? AMA J Ethics 2015;17(10):909–13 98 Schowalter JE, Ferholt JB, Mann NM. The adolescent patient’s decision to die Pediatrics 1973;51(1):97–103 99 Ross LF. Against the tide: arguments against respecting a minor’s refusal of efficacious life-saving treatment Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2009;18(3):302–15; discussion 15–22 100 Tate T, Goldberg A, Wightman A, Warady BA, Lantos JD. Controversy about dialysis for an adolescent Pediatrics 2017;140(1):e20170327 Part VIII Special Indications, Techniques and Applications Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Children and Adolescents 43 Emma Heydari Ulrich, David Selewski, and Michael Zappitelli Introduction Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury In the past 15 years, understanding of acute kidney injury (AKI) has replaced past perceptions of acute renal failure, reflecting a growing appreciation of AKI as a dynamic, graded pathologic process associated with significant morbidity and mortality Significant effort is being made to increase knowledge of AKI pathophysiology and develop predictive models and biomarkers to advance treatments and improve outcomes In parallel, renal support therapy (RST) has expanded from a “last resort” treatment to an important tool to prevent AKI complications and improve kidney outcomes The last decade has also been marked by improved RST technology for small patients Definition of AKI E H Ulrich Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children’s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada e-mail: eheydari@ualberta.ca D Selewski (*) Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA e-mail: selewski@musc.edu M Zappitelli Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Toronto Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Until recently, a major obstacle to understanding pediatric AKI epidemiology was the lack of a standardized definition Since 2005, several definitions have been proposed, based on acute serum creatinine (SCr) rise and urine output (UO) decrease to grade AKI severity [1] Development of these simple, categorical definitions led to a surge of AKI epidemiological studies, initially in adults and more recently in children [2–4] The most recent and internationally accepted AKI definition is that of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) AKI work group (2012) [5] (Table 43.1) Initially developed for use in adults, the KDIGO definition incorporates pediatric-specific criteria There is also a modified neonatal version (Chap 44) [3, 6] The KDIGO definition has been applied and shown to have strong associations with clinical outcomes, including mortality, in many pediatric populations, including the multinational Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney Injury, Renal Angina and Epidemiology (AWARE) study in critically ill children [2] The AWARE study highlighted that both the SCr and UO components of the KDIGO definition are important and should be monitored closely in at-risk patients A major limitation of these definitions remains the low sensitivity and specificity of SCr and UO measures [5] SCr concentration is affected by muscle © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 B A Warady et al (eds.), Pediatric Dialysis, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66861-7_43 827 E H Ulrich et al 828 Table 43.1 KDIGO definition of acute kidney injury in children [5] KDIGO Serum creatinine criteria Stage ≥1.5–1.9× baseline rise within 7 days OR ≥26.5 μmol/L (≥0.3 mg/dL) rise within 48 h ≥2.0–2.9× baseline ≥3.0× baseline OR Serum creatinine ≥353.7 μmol/L (≥4.0 mg/dL) OR In patients