483 28 Mahan JD, Warady BA Assessment and treatment of short stature in pediatric patients with chronic kid ney disease a consensus statement Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21(7) 917–30 29 Fischbach M, Terzic J[.]
26 Nutritional Assessment and Prescription for Children Receiving Maintenance Dialysis 28 Mahan JD, Warady BA. Assessment and treatment of short stature in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21(7):917–30 29 Fischbach M, Terzic J, Menouer S, Dheu C, Seuge L, Zalosczic A. Daily on line haemodiafiltration promotes catch-up growth in children on chronic dialysis Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;25(3):867–73 30 Kari JA, Gonzalez C, Ledermann SE, Shaw V, Rees L. Outcome and growth of infants with severe chronic renal failure Kidney Int 2000;57(4):1681–7 31 Norman LJ, Coleman JE, Macdonald IA, Tomsett AM, Watson AR. Nutrition and growth in relation to severity of renal disease in children Pediatr Nephrol 2000;15(3–4):259–65 32 Salas P, Pinto V, Rodriguez J, Zambrano MJ, Mericq V. Growth retardation in children with kidney disease Int J Endocrinol 2013;2013:1–8 33 Coleman JE, Norman LJ, Watson AR. Provision of dietetic care in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis J Ren Nutr 1999;9(3):145–8 34 Gunal AI. How to determine ‘dry weight’? Kidney Int Suppl 2013;3(4):377–9 35 Candan C, Sever L, Civilibal M, Caliskan S, Arisoy N. Blood volume monitoring to adjust dry weight in hypertensive pediatric hemodialysis patients Pediatr Nephrol 2008;24(3):581–7 36 Michael M, Brewer ED, Goldstein SL. Blood volume monitoring to achieve target weight in pediatric hemodialysis patients Pediatr Nephrol 2004;19(4):432–7 37 The WHO Child Growth Standards [Internet] World Health Organization World Health Organization; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 23] Available from: https:// www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/en/ 38 Beer SS, Bunting KD, Canada N, Rich S, Spoede E, Turybury K, editors Texas Children’s Hospital pediatric nutrition reference guide 2016, 11th ed Texas Children’s Hospital Nutrition Committee 39 World Health Organization, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development 2008 WHO Anthropometry Training Module http://www.who int/childgrowth/training/module_b_measuring_ growth.pdf Accessed October 21, 2018 40 Forman MR, Zhu Y, Hernandez LM, Himes JH, Dong Y, Danish RK, et al Arm span and ulnar length are reliable and accurate estimates of recumbent length and height in a multiethnic population of infants and children under years of age J Nutr 2014;144(9):1480–7 41 Haapala H, Peterson MD, Daunter A, Hurvitz EA. Agreement between actual height and estimated height using segmental limb lengths for individuals with cerebral palsy Am J Phys Rehab 2015;94(7):539–46 42 Tanner JM, Goldstein H, Whitehouse RH. Standards for Childrens height at ages 2-9 years allowing for height of parents Arch Dis Child 1970;45(244):755–62 43 Gao T, Leonard MB, Zemel B, Kalkwarf HJ, Foster BJ. Interpretation of body mass index in children with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7(4):558–64 483 44 Rashid R, Neill E, Smith W, King D, Beattie TJ, Murphy A, et al Body composition and nutritional intake in children with chronic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21(11):1730–8 45 Foster BJ, Kalkwarf HJ, Shults J, Zemel BS, Wetzsteon RJ, Thayu M, et al Association of Chronic Kidney Disease with muscle deficits in children J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;22(2):377–86 46 Garcia De Alba Verduzco J, Fabiola Hurtado Lopez E, Ponton Vazquez C, de la Torre Serrano A, Romero Velarde E, Manuel Vasquez Garibay E. Factors associated with anthropometric indicators of nutritional status in children with chronic kidney disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and after kidney transplant J Ren Nutr 2018;28(5):352–8 47 Sgambat K, Roem J, Mitsnefes M, Portale AA, Furth S, Warady B, et al Waist-to-height ratio, body mass index, and cardiovascular risk profile in children with chronic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol 2018;33(9):1577–83 48 Butler MG, Lee J, Manzardo AM, Gold J-A, Miller JL, Kimonis V, et al Growth charts for non-growth hormone treated Prader-Willi Syndrome Pediatrics 2014;135(1) 49 Zemel BS, Pipan M, Stallings VA, Hall W, Schadt K, Freedman DS, et al Growth charts for children with Down Syndrome in the United States Pediatrics 2015;136(5) 50 Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (2009) Plotting Preterm Infants, https://www.rcpch ac.uk/sites/default/files/Plotting_preterm_infants pdf accessed on December 15, 2018 51 Coleman JE, Edefonti A, Watson AR 2003 Pediatric ISPD guidelines: assessment of growth and nutritional status in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis https://www.ispd.org/media/pdf/hoca.pdf Accessed July 31, 2018 52 Mastrangelo A, Paglialonga F, Edefonti A. Assessment of nutritional status in children with chronic kidney disease and on dialysis Pediatr Nephrol 2013;29(8):1349–58 53 Eng CSY, Bhowruth D, Mayes M, Stronach L, Blaauw M, Barber A, et al Assessing the hydration status of children with chronic kidney disease and on dialysis: a comparison of techniques Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017;33(5):847–55 54 Addo OY, Himes JH, Zemel BS. Reference ranges for midupper arm circumference, upper arm muscle area, and upper arm fat area in US children and adolescents aged 1–20 y Am J Clin Nutr 2016;105(1):111–20 55 Modi P, Nasrin S, Hawes M, Glavis-Bloom J, Alam NH, Hossain MI, et al Midupper arm circumference outperforms weight-based measures of nutritional status in children with diarrhea J Nutr 2015;145(7):1582–7 56 Pontón-Vázquez C, Vásquez-Garibay EM, Hurtado- López EF, Serrano ADLT, García GP, Romero- Velarde E. Dietary intake, nutritional status, and body composition in children with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis or peritoneal Dialysis J Ren Nutr 2017;27(3):207–15 484 57 Apostolou A, Printza N, Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Dotis J, Papachristou F. Nutrition assessment of children with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease – a single center study Hippokratia 2014;18(3):212–6 58 Canpolat N, Caliskan S, Sever L, Tasdemir M, Ekmekci OB, Pehlivan G, et al Malnutrition and its association with inflammation and vascular disease in children on maintenance dialysis Pediatr Nephrol 2013;28(11):2149–56 59 Vega MW, Srivaths PR. Air displacement plethysmography versus bioelectrical impedance to determine body composition in pediatric hemodialysis patients J Ren Nutr 2017;27(6):439–44 60 Secker DJ, Jeejeebhoy KN. Subjective global nutritional assessment for children Am Clin Nutr 2007;85(4):1083–9 61 Steiber A, Leon JB, Secker D, Mccarthy M, Mccann L, Serra M, et al Multicenter study of the validity and reliability of subjective global assessment in the hemodialysis population J Ren Nutr 2007;17(5):336–42 62 Yang J, Lynch KF, Uusitalo UM, Foterek K, Hummel S, Silvis K, et al Factors associated with longitudinal food record compliance in a paediatric cohort study Public Health Nutr 2015;19(05):804–13 63 Mcpherson R, Hoelscher DM, Alexander M, Scanlon KS, Serdula MK. Dietary assessment methods among school-aged children: validity and reliability Prev Med 2000;31(2) 64 Martin CK, Nicklas T, Gunturk B, Correa JB, Allen HR, Champagne C. Measuring food intake with digital photography J Hum Nutr Diet 2013;27:72–81 65 Collins CE, Watson J, Burrows T. Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents in the context of overweight and obesity Int J Obes 2009;34(7):1103–15 66 Berkowitz SA, Fabreau GE. Food insecurity: what is the Clinician’s role? CMAJ 2015;187(14):1031–2 67 Hager ER, Quigg AM, Black MM, et al Development and validity of a 2-item screen to identify families at risk for food insecurity Pediatrics 2010;126(1):e26–32 68 Steiber AL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Secker D, Mccarthy M, Sehgal A, Mccann L. Subjective global assessment in chronic kidney disease: a review J Ren Nutr 2004;14(4):191–200 69 Secker DJ, Jeejeebhoy KN. How to perform subjective global nutritional assessment in children J Acad Nutr Diet 2012;112(3) 70 Secker D, Cornelius V, Teh JC. Validation of subjective global (nutritional) assessment (SGNA) in children with CKD. J Ren Nutr 2011;21(2):207 71 Corkins KG. Nutrition-focused physical examination in pediatric patients Nutr Clin Pract 2015;30(2):203–9 72 Corkins KG, Teague EE. Pediatric nutrition assessment Nutr Clin Pract 2016;32(1):40–51 C L Nelms et al 73 Esper DH. Utilization of nutrition-focused physical assessment in identifying micronutrient deficiencies Nutr Clin Pract 2015;30(2):194–202 74 Institute of Medicine (IOM) [Internet] Institute for Healthcare Improvement [cited 2019 Feb 6] Available from: http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/ OtherWebsites/InstituteofMedicine.aspx 75 Battelino N, Rus R, Novljan G. Nutritional requirements in children with chronic kidney disease Clin Nutr ESPEN 2016;14:44–6 76 Aquino TMD, Avesani CM, Brasileiro RS, Carvalhaes JTDA. Resting energy expenditure of children and adolescents undergoing hemodialysis J Ren Nutr 2008;18(3):312–9 77 Anderson CE, Gilbert RD, Elia M. Basal metabolic rate in children with chronic kidney disease and healthy control children Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30(11):1995–2001 78 Health Canada Dietary Reference Intakes Tables [Internet] Canada.ca Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada; 2006 [cited 2019 Feb 6] Available from: https://www.canada.ca/ en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy- eating/dietary-reference-intakes/tables.html 79 Chaturvedi S, Jones C. Protein restriction for children with chronic kidney disease Coch Data Sys Rev 2007;Chaturvedi 2007 80 Salame C, Eaton S, Grimble G, Davenport A. Protein losses and urea nitrogen underestimate total nitrogen losses in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients J Ren Nutr 2018;28(5):317–23 81 Moe SM, Zidehsarai MP, Chambers MA, et al Vegetarian compared with meat dietary protein source and phosphorus homeostasis in chronic kidney disease Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:257–64 82 Tuso P. A plant-based diet, atherogenesis, and coronary artery disease prevention Perm J 2015;19:62–7 83 Tian J, Niu L, An X. Cardiovascular risks in chronic kidney disease pediatric patients (review) Exper Therap Medi 2017;14(5):4615–9 84 Khurana M, Silverstein DM. Etiology and management of dyslipidemia in children with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease Pediatr Nephr 2015;30(12):2073–84 85 Dietary Recommendations for Healthy Children [Internet] About Heart Attacks [cited 2019 Feb 18] Available from: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy- living/healthy-e ating/eat-s mart/nutrition-b asics/ dietary-recommendations-for-healthy-children 86 Heart healthy activity [Internet] Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada [cited 2019 Feb 18] Available from: https://www.heartandstroke.ca/ get-healthy/healthy-kids/heart-healthy-activity 87 Hui WF, Betoko A, Savant JD, et al Assessment of dietary intake of children with chronic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol 2017;32:485–94 88 Kloss L, Meyer JD, Graeve L, Vetter W. Sodium intake and its reduction by food reformulation in the European Union — a review NFS J 2015;1:9–19 26 Nutritional Assessment and Prescription for Children Receiving Maintenance Dialysis 89 Ongan D, Inanc N, Cicek B. Comparing school lunch and canteen foods consumption of children in Kayseri Turkey Pak J Med Sci 2014;30(3):549–53 90 Rodriguez-Soriano J, Arant BS, Brodehl J, Norman ME. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances in children with chronic renal failure Am J Kidney Dis 1986;7(4):268–74 91 Parekh RS, Flynn JT, Smoyer WE, et al Improved growth in young children with severe chronic renal insufficiency who use specified nutritional therapy J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:2418–36 92 Chen W, Ducharme-Smith K, Davis L, et al Dietary sources of energy and nutrient intake among children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol 2017;32:1233–41 93 Beto J, Bansal VK. Hyperkalemia evaluating dietary and nondietary etiology J Ren Nutr 1992;2(1):28–9 94 Taylor JM, Oladitan L, Carlson S, Hamilton- Reeves JM. Renal formulas pretreated with medications alters the nutrient profile Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30:1815–23 95 Le Palma K, Rampolla-Pavlick E, Copelovitch L. Pretreatment of enteral nutrition with sodium polystyrene sulfonate: effective, but beware of high prevalence of electrolyte derangements in clinical practice Clin Kidney J 2018;11(2):166–71 96 Harambat J, Kunzmann K, Azukaitis K, et al Metabolic acidosis is common and associates with disease progression in children with chronic kidney disease Kidney Int 2017;92(6):1507–14 97 Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al Definition, evaluation, and classification of renal osteodystrophy: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Kid Int 2006;69:1945–53 98 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Update Work Group KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) Kidney Int 2017;7(suppl 1):1–59 99 Wesseling-Perry K, Pereira RC, Tseng CH, et al Early skeletal and biochemical alterations in pediatric chronic kidney disease Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:146–52 100 Carrigan A, Klinger A, Choquette SS, et al Contribution of food additives to sodium and phosphorus content of diets rich in processed foods J Ren Nutr 2014;24(1):13–9 101 Taylor JM, Oladitan L, Degnan A, et al Psychosocial factors that create barriers to managing serum phosphorus levels in pediatric dialysis patients: a retrospective analysis J Ren Nutr 2016;26(4):270–5 102 Uribarri J, Calvo MS. Hidden sources of phosphorus in the typical American diet: does it matter in nephrology? Semin Dial 2003;16(3):186–8 103 Portale AA, Wolf M, Juppner H, et al Disordered FGF23 and mineral metabolism in children with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;9(2):344–53 485 104 Wesseling-Perry K, Tsai EW, Ettenger RB, et al Mineral abnormalities and long-term graft function in pediatric renal transplant recipients: a role for FGF- 23? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:3779–84 105 Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, et al Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis N Engl J Med 2000;342:1478–83 106 Hanudel MR, Salusky IB. Treatment of pediatric chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder Curr Osteoporosis Rep 2017;15:198–206 107 Shroff R, Wan M, Nagler EV, et al Clinical practice recommendations for native vitamin D therapy in children with chronic kidney disease stages 2-5 and on dialysis Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017;32:1098–113 108 Fassinger N, Imam A, Klurfeld DM. Serum retinol, retinol-binding protein, and transthyretin in children receiving dialysis J Ren Nutr 2010;20(1):17–22 109 Manichkavasagar B, McArdle AJ, Yadav P, et al Hypervitaminosis A is prevalent in children with CKD and contributes to hypercalcemia Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30:317–25 110 Joyce T, Court Brown F, Wallace D, Reid CJD, Sinha MD. Trace element and vitamin concentrations in paediatric dialysis patients Pediatr Nephrol 2018;33:159–65D 111 Bhat RV, Deshmukh CT. A study of vitamin K status in children on prolonged antibiotic therapy Indian Pediatr 2003;40:36–40 112 Nemeth I, Turi S, Haszon I, Bereczki C. Vitamin E alleviates the oxidative stress of erythropoietin in uremic children on hemodialysis Pediatr Nephrol 2000;14:13–7 113 Zwolinska D, Grzeszczak W, Szczepanska M, Kilis- Pstruslnska K, Szprynger K. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in children on maintenance dialysis Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:705–10 114 Pru C, Eaton J, Kjellstand C. Vitamin C intoxication and hyperoxalemia in chronic hemodialysis patients Nephron 1985;39:112–6 115 Naseri M, Shahri HMM, Horri M, et al Antioxidant vitamins status in children and young adults undergoing dialysis: a single center study Indian J Nephrol 2015;25(4):206–12 116 Kriley M, Warady BA. Vitamin status of pediatric patients receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:1476–9 117 Sabri MR, Tavana EN, Ahmadi A, Gheissari A. Effect of vitamin C on endothelial function of children with chronic renal failure: an experimental study Adv Biomed Res 2015;4:260 118 El Mashad GM, ElSayed HM, Nosair NA. Effect of vitamin C supplementation on lipid profile, serum uric acid, and ascorbic acid in children on hemodialysis Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2016;27:1148–54 119 Filler G, Felder S. Trace elements in dialysis Pediatr Nephrol 2013;29(8):1329–35 486 120 Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Hemmelgarn B, et al Trace elements in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis BMC Med 2009;7:25 121 Spak CJ, Berg U, Ekstrand J. Renal clearance of fluoride in children and adolescents Pediatrics 75(3):575–80 Whitford GM. Fluoride metabolism and excretion in children J Public Health Dent 1999;59(4):224–8 122 Esmaeili M, Rakhshanizadeh F. Serum trace elements in children with end-stage renal disease J Ren Nutr 2019;29(1):48–54 123 Ortac E, Ozkaya O, Saraymen R, et al Low hair selenium and plasma glutathione peroxidase in children with chronic renal failure Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:1739–45 124 Allinovi M, Saleem MA, Burgess O, Armstrong C, Hayes W. Finding covert fluid: methods for detecting volume overload in children on dialysis Pediatr Nephrol 2016;31(12):2327–35 125 Tomson CRV. Advising dialysis patients to restrict fluid intake without restricting sodium intake is not based on evidence and is a waste of time Nephrol Dial Transpl 2001;16(8):1538–42 126 Salusky IB, Fine RN, Nelson P, Blumenkrantz MJ, Kopple JD. Nutritional status of children undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38(4):599–611 127 Paglialonga F, Edefonti A. Nutrition assessment and management in children on peritoneal dialysis Pediatr Nephrol 2008;24(4):721–30 128 Mak RH, Cheung WW, Roberts CT. The growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-I axis in chronic kidney disease Growth Hormon IGF Res 2008;18(1):17–25 129 Weaver DJ, Somers MJG, Martz K, Mitsnefes MM. Clinical outcomes and survival in pediatric patients initiating chronic dialysis: a report of the NAPRTCS registry Pediatr Nephrol 2017;32(12):2319–30 130 Yılmaz D, Sưnmez F, Karakaş S, Yavaşcan Ư, Aksu N, Ưmürlü IK, et al Evaluation of nutritional status in children during predialysis, or treated by peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis J Trop Pediatr 2016;62(3):178–84 131 Ruley EJ, Bock GH, Kerzner B, Abbott AW, Majd M, Chatoor I. Feeding disorders and gastroesophageal reflux in infants with chronic renal failure Pediatr Nephrol 1989;3(4):424–9 132 The World Health Organization’s infant feed ing recommendation [Internet] World Health Organization World Health Organization; 2015 [cited January 19, 2019] Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ infantfeeding_recommendation/en/ 133 Hawkins NM, Coffey S, Lawson MS. Potential Aluminium toxicity in infants fed special infant formula J Pediatr Gast Nutr 1994;19(4):377–81 134 Coleman J. Gastrostomy buttons for nutritional support on chronic dialysis Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13(8):2041–6 C L Nelms et al 135 Rees L, Brandt ML. Tube feeding in children with chronic kidney disease: technical and practical issues Pediatr Nephrol 2009;25(4):699–704 136 Hobbs DJ, Gast TR, Ferguson KB, Bunchman TE, Barletta G-M. Nutritional Management of Hyperkalemic Infants with Chronic Kidney Disease, using adult renal formulas J Ren Nutr 2010;20(2):121–6 137 Thompson K, Flynn J, Okamura D, Zhou L. Pretreatment of formula or expressed breast milk with sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate®) as a treatment for hyperkalemia in infants with acute or chronic renal insufficiency J Ren Nutr 2013;23(5):333–9 138 Evans S, Daly A, Ashmore C, Gokmen-Ozel H, Dileva R, Dumbleton B, et al Nutritional content of modular feeds: how accurate is feed production? Arch Dis Child 2013;98(3):184–8 139 Novak P, Wilson KE, Ausderau K, Cullinane D. The use of Blenderized tube feedings ICAN: Infant Child Adol Nutr 2009;1(1):21–3 140 Nelms CL. Optimizing enteral nutrition for growth in pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Front Pediatr 2018;6 141 Samaan S, Secker D. Oral feeding challenges in infants with chronic kidney disease ICAN: Infant Child Adolesc Nutr 2014;6(3):164–71 142 Warady BA, Kriley M, Belden B, Hellerstein S, Alon U. Nutritional and behavioral aspects of nasogastric tube feeding in infants, receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis Adv Perit Dial 1990;6:265–8 143 Mekahli D, Shaw V, Ledermann SE, Rees L. Long- term outcome of infants with severe chronic kidney disease Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;5(1):10–7 144 Pugh P, Watson A. Transition from gastrostomy to oral feeding following renal transplantation Adv Perit Dial 2006;22:153–7 145 Lum A, Wakefield CE, Donnan B, Burns MA, Fardell JE, Marshall GM. Understanding the school experiences of children and adolescents with serious chronic illness: a systematic meta-review Child Care Health Dev 2017;43(5):645–62 146 Ellyn Satter Institute [Internet] [cited January 19, 2019] Available from: https://www.ellynsatterinstitute.org/ 147 Mak RH, Cheung WW, Zhan JY, Shen Q, Foster BJ. Cachexia and protein-energy wasting in children with chronic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol 2012;27:173–81 148 Seikaly MG, Salhab N, Gipson D, Yiu V, Stablein D. Stature in children with chronic kidney disease: analysis of NAPRTCS database Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:793–9 149 United States Renal Data System 2017 USRDS annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2017 Accessed at: https://www.usrds.org/2017/view/v2_07.aspx on February 11, 2019 26 Nutritional Assessment and Prescription for Children Receiving Maintenance Dialysis 150 Morris A, Love H, van Aar Z, Liles C, Roskell C. The problematic world of following a renal diet outside the home J Ren Care 2015;41(4):253–9 151 Chen K, Didsbury M, Zwieten AV, Howell M, Kim S, Tong A, et al Neurocognitive and educational outcomes in children and adolescents with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018;13(3):387–97 152 Anderson JE. Brain development in adolescents: new research – implications for physicians and parents in regard to medical decisions making Issues L Med 2015;30(2):193–7 153 Ferris MED-GD, Villar-Vilchis MD, Guerrero R, Barajas-Valencia VM, Vander-Schaaf EB, Pomposo AD, et al Self-management and health care transition among adolescents and young adults with chronic kidney disease: medical and psychosocial considerations Adv Chron Kidney Dis 2017;24(6):405–9 154 Raina R, Wang J, Krishnappa V, Ferris M. Pediatric renal transplantation: focus on current transition care and proposal of the “RISE to transition” protocol Ann Transplant 2018;23:45–60 155 Bell LE, Ferris ME, Fenton N, Hooper SR. Health care transition for adolescents with CKD—the journey from pediatric to adult care Adv Chron Kidney Dis 2011;18(5):384–90 156 Spinozzi NS, Nelson P. Nutrition support in the newborn intensive care unit J Ren Nutr 1996;6(4):188–97 157 Misurac J. Chronic kidney disease in the neonate: etiologies, management, and outcomes Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2017;22(2):98–103 158 Ridout E, Melara D, Rottinghaus S, Thureen PJ. Blood urea nitrogen concentration as a marker of amino-acid intolerance in neonates with birthweight less than 1250 g J Perinatol 2004;25(2):130–3 159 Tsang RC, Uauy R. Nutrition of the preterm infant: scientific basis and practical guidelines Cincinnati: Digital Educational Publishing Ltd; 2005 160 Fouque D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J, et al A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein–energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease Kidney Int 2008;74(3):393 161 Nourbakhsh N, Rhee CM, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Protein-energy wasting and uremic failure to thrive in children with chronic kidney disease: they are not small adults Pediatr Nephrol 2014;29(12):2249–52 162 Sylvestre LC, Fonseca KPD, Stinghen AEM, Pereira AM, Meneses RP, Pecoits-Filho R. The malnutrition and inflammation axis in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol 2007;22(6):864–73 163 Abraham AG, Mak RH, Mitsnefes M, White C, Moxey-Mims M, Warady B, et al Protein energy wasting in children with chronic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol 2014;29(7):1231–8 164 Ayestaran FW, Schneider MF, Kaskel FJ, Srivaths PR, Seo-Mayer PW, Moxey-Mims M, et al Perceived appetite and clinical outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol 2016;31(7):1121–7 487 165 Ku E, Glidden DV, Hsu C-Y, Portale AA, Grimes B, Johansen KL. Association of Body Mass Index with patient-centered outcomes in children with ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;27(2):551–8 166 Mak RH. Cachexia in children with chronic kidney disease Curr Opin Supp Pall Care 2016;10(4):293–7 167 Schaefer F, Benner L, Borzych-Duzalka D, et al Global variation of nutritional status in children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis: a longitudinal study of the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network Sci Rep 2019;9:4886 168 Weaver DJ, Mitsnefes M. Cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease Semin Nephrol 2018;38(6):559–69 169 Schaar B, Thys S, Hoppe B. Endurance training during maintenance hemodialysis in pediatric and adolescent patients—theory and best practice suggestions Pediatr Nephrol 2019; https://doi org/10.1007/s00467-018-4182-1 [Epub ahead of print] 170 Clark SL, Denburg MR, Furth SL. Physical activity and screen time in adolescents in the chronic kidney disease in children (CKiD) cohort Pediatr Nephrol 2015;31(5):801–8 171 Haskin O, Sutherland SM, Wong CJ. The effect of intradialytic Intralipid therapy in pediatric hemodialysis patients J Ren Nutr 2017;27(2):132–7 172 Juarez MD. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition in pediatrics Front Pediatr 2018;4 173 Harshman LA, Johnson RJ, Matheson MB, Kogon AJ, Shinnar S, Gerson AC, et al Academic achievement in children with chronic kidney disease: a report from the CKiD cohort Pediatr Nephrol 2018;34(4):689–96 174 Dinh HTT, Bonner A, Clark R, Ramsbotham J, Hines S. The effectiveness of the teach-back method on adherence and self-management in health education for people with chronic disease: a systematic review JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep 2016;14(1):210 175 Sanders KA, Whited A, Martino S. Motivational interviewing for patients with chronic kidney disease Semin Dial 2013;26(2):175–9 176 Asfaw M, Mingle J, Hendricks J, et al Nutrition management after pediatric solid organ transplantation Nutr Clin Pract 2014;29(2):192.200 177 Coelho T, Tredger M, Dhawan A. Current status of immunosuppressive agents for solid organ transplantation in children Pediatr Transplant 2012;16:106–22 178 Food Safety for Transplant Recipients: https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo51931/UCM312793 pdf, USDA, 2011, accessed January 1, 2020 179 Dietary Guidelines 2015–2020: https://health.gov/ dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/appendix-7 / Accessed January 1, 2010 180 National Academies Dietary Reference Intakes Macronutrients: http://www.nationalacademies.org/ hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/ DRI-Tables/8_Macronutrient%20Summary.pdf Accessed January 1, 2020 Controlled Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in Children on Dialysis 27 Bethany J. Foster and Anne Tsampalieros Introduction Growth retardation is common among children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) As a result, adequacy of nutritional intake is a frequent preoccupation of professionals caring for these children While optimized oral intake is preferred, this is not always feasible When oral intake is insufficient to meet requirements for normal growth and development, enteral or, less commonly, parenteral nutritional supplementation is needed Enteral nutrition, via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube, is always preferred over the parenteral route This chapter will review the rationale for nutritional supplementation in pediatric CKD, causes of inadequate intake, indications for enteral and parenteral nutritional supplements, and evidence for the benefits of each method of supplementation We will also consider the advantages and disadvantages of nasogastric versus gastrostomy tube feeding, highlight the potential complications of each, and review the B J Foster (*) Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada e-mail: Bethany.foster@mcgill.ca A Tsampalieros Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada e-mail: atsampalieros@cheo.on.ca challenges of transitioning to full oral feeding after a period of tube feeding Rationale for Nutritional Supplementation in Pediatric CKD Growth impairment, defined as a height-for-age or height velocity-for-age standard deviation score (SDS) of less than −1.88, [1, 2], is a common complication of pediatric CKD. In the period 1992–2001, 40.5% of children undergoing kidney transplant had a height more than 2.0 SD below the average for children of the same age and sex Although this percentage dropped to 32.8% in the interval 2002–2011, growth restriction remains very prevalent [3] Severe (height- for-age SDS height-for-age SDS