978 Care implementation modality selection, 60, 61 ongoing operation, 66 oversight level, 65, 66 patient and family support, 62, 63 patient care plans, 62 patient/family education, 61, 62 quality impr[.]
978 Care implementation modality selection, 60, 61 ongoing operation, 66 oversight level, 65, 66 patient and family support, 62, 63 patient care plans, 62 patient/family education, 61, 62 quality improvement, 65 safety, 65 transfer of care, 63, 65 transition, 63–65 Catheter-related blood stream infections (CRBSI), 106, 402 antimicrobial locks, 416, 417 AVF and AVG infections, 418, 419 catheter design and composition, 416 catheter hubs, 415, 416 catheter replacement, 407–409 clinical management, 405–407 clinical presentation, 404, 405 clinical risk factors, 404 diagnosis, 405 empiric and calculated therapy, 408–411 exit site care, 413–415 exit site infection, 417, 418 guidelines, 412 incidence and epidemiology, 402, 403 microbial colonization and biofilm, 403, 404 pathogenesis and risk factors, 403 staphylococcus colonization, 412, 413 transmissible infections, 419 hepatitis B infection, 419 hepatitis C infection, 420 HIV, 420 prevention and surveillance, 420, 421, 425, 426, 428, 429 tunnel infection, 417, 418 Catheter-to-transfer set connection, 193, 194 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), 56, 83, 669 Central venous catheter (CVC), 325, 379, 380 evaluation and preparation, 332 monitoring and complications, 335, 336 placement and perioperative handling, 332–335 Cerebral edema, 909 Certificate of Added Qualifications (CAQ), 71 Child Health and Illness Profile (CHIP), 786 Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), 786 Children’s Hospital Association (CHA), 82 Chronic haemodialysis (HD), 889 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 11, 157, 158, 384, 385, 489, 509, 541, 793, 806, 829, 957 in developing countries, 50 dialysis initiation Canadian Society of Nephrology guidelines, 122 delayed initiation, 122, 123 early initiation, 122 eGFR, 121 growth failure, 120, 121 hyperkalemia, 118, 119 hyperphosphatemia, 119, 120 Index IDEAL study, 121 indications for, 117, 118 KDIGO guidelines, 121 KDOQI guidelines, 122 malnutrition, 120 uremic symptoms, 118 USRDS, 121 GFR accuracy, 116 CKD-EPI equation, 117 CrCl, 116 definition, 115 eGFR, 116 inulin clearance, 115, 116 serum creatinine, 117 serum protein cystatin C, 117 mode of dialysis, 124 patient monitoring, 117 psychosocial issues, 123 residual kidney function, 123, 124 RRF, 159, 160 selection bias, 123 vein preservation, 326, 327 Chronic kidney disease—mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), 509, 520–521 abnormal bone metabolism, 764 assessment of, 546–548 changes in mineral metabolism, 542–546 cystinosis metabolic bone disease, 553 effects of non-mineral factors, 546 longitudinal growth, 765 management of, 550–553 pediatric dialysis, 550 phosphate and calcium metabolism, 543, 547 Pierson syndrome, 553 primary hyperoxaluria, 553 prognosis, 764 PTH level, 548, 549 ROD, 542 spectrum of renal osteodystrophy, 542 vascular and valvular calcification, 764 CKD-ESRD, 76, 77 CKD-related dyslipidemia, 579 CKiD creatinine equation, 116 Clinical performance measures (CPM), 81 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC), 697 Clinical practice and psychosocial care, 676 Clinical practice guidelines (CPG), 81–83 Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), 102 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 669 Conditions for Coverage (CfC), 83 Congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), 159, 250, 518, 750 Congenital chronic kidney disease, 510 Congestive heart failure, 160 Consolidated Renal Operations in a Web-Enabled Network (CROWNWeb), 86 Contaminants, 446 Continuing nursing education (CNE), 70 Index Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 6, 25, 181, 203, 204, 275, 689 Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH), 846 Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD), 6, 7, 204, 207, 689 Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA), 620 Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), 29, 58, 688, 733, 835, 841, 855, 864, 875, 876, 888, 896 APP, 75 Continuous TPD (CTPD), 208 Continuous venovenous extrarenal therapies (CERT), 914 Continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), 915 Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), 846 Controlled enteral and parenteral nutrition advancing tube feeds, 499 calorie intake, 490 contribution of nutritional intake, 490 enteral feeding, 493–496 enteral tube feeding, 498, 499 gastrointestinal disturbances, 499 growth failure, 490 growth impairment, 489 IDPN, 500, 501 impaired oromotor development, 499–500 indications for supplemental nutritional support, 491 tube feeding, 491 intradialytic parenteral nutrition, 502–503 neurocognitive dysfunction, 490 oral feeding post transplantation, 500 transition to oral feeding, 500 tube feeding gastrostomy tube feeding, 492, 497, 498 indications for, 491 infants, evidence for benefits, 491–492 nasogastric tube feeding, 492, 497 older children, evidence for benefits, 492 weight loss, 490 Convective component (KC), 366 Convective mass transfer, 198 Convective volume, 360 Conventional dialysis, 389 Conventional PDS (cPDS), 230 Coronary heart disease (CHD)., 929 CORR Registry, 750 C-reactive protein (CRP), 230 Creatinine clearance (CrCl), 116, 211 Cystinosis metabolic bone disease, 553 D Darbepoetin alfa, 619, 620 Days of therapy (DOT), 104 Dengue, 883, 884 Dengue shock syndrome, 884 Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 674 Dialysance (D), 731 Dialysate to plasma (D/P) ratios, 199 979 Dialysis demographic data EDTA, 35, 36 IPNA, 36, 37 IPPN, 36 NAPRTCS, 36 USRDS, 36 ESKD incidence of, 39, 40 prevalence, 39, 40 mortality risk, 41–44 primary kidney diagnoses, 40–42 RRT incidence of, 37, 38 treatment modality, 39, 41 Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS), 437 differential diagnosis, 439 idiogenic osmoles, 438 reverse urea effect, 438 treatment, 438 Dialysis Facility Compare (DFC), 87 Dialysis Facility Report (DFR), 86, 87 Dialysis fluid, 196 Dialyzer blood water, 30 dialysate-side clearance, 30, 31 plasma clearance, 30 whole-blood clearance, 29–31 5-Diamond Patient Safety Program, 84 Dietary reference intake (DRI), 383 Diffusion, 19, 20 Diffusive component (KD), 366 Diffusive mass transfer, 20 Diffusive transport, 196, 197 Diphtheria/tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, 636 Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), 70 Dopamine, 888 Dosing adjustment factor (Q), 691 Doxercalciferol, 549 Drug administration and pharmacogenomics absorption, 683, 684 biotransformation/elimination, 684, 685 CPIC, 697 CRRT, 688 CYP2D6, 696, 697 CYP2D9, 696 CYP2D19, 696 dosing strategies, 690–695 drug disposition, 683, 685–687 drug distribution, 684 extensive metabolizers, 696 hemodialysis, 687, 688 intraperitoneal dosing, 689, 690 OCTs, 697 peritoneal dialysis, 688, 689 poor metabolizers, 696 SLC22A1, 697 SLC22A2, 697 warfarin, 696 980 Drug-induced hemolysis, 884 Drug overdose and poisoning acetaminophen, 737, 738 barbiturates, 738 carbamazepine, 738 characteristics, 726 ethylene glycol, 740 extracorporeal clearance dialysance, 731 elimination rate constant, 732 sieving coefficient, 731 volume of distribution of drug, 732 extracorporeal modalities continuous renal replacement therapies, 733 exchange transfusion, 734 IHD, 732, 733 MARS, 734 peritoneal dialysis, 735 SLED, 733 SPAD, 734 TPE, 733, 734 extracorporeal therapy, 735, 737 human exposure cases, 725 lithium, 739 management, 725–727 metformin, 740 methanol, 739, 740 National Poison Data System, 725 in neonates and young infants, 730, 731 pharmacokinetic properties, 728 endogenous clearance, 730 hydro- and lipophilicity, 729 intercompartmental transfer, 730 ionization, 729 molecular weight, 727 protein binding, 728, 729 rebound, 730 toxicokinetics, 730 volume of distribution (Vd), 727, 728 phenytoin, 739 prescription drugs, 725 salicylates, 738 suicidal intent, 725 therapeutic decisions decision-making approach, 735 EXTRIP, 737 PCRRT, 737 toxic substances, 735 valproic acid, 738, 739 Dry weight assessment, 382 Dysfunctional Aquaporin (AQP1), 304 Dyslipidemia, 306, 307 E Electrolyte management, 470, 471 Electronic medical records (EMR), 87 Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS), 230 clinical diagnosis, 771 clinical features, 305 Index definition, 767 diagnosis of, 306, 773 diagnostic marker, 770 drugs, 771 etiology of, 306 incidence, 305, 769 mortality rate, 773 nutritional support, 773 pathological diagnosis, 772 pathophysiology, 767–769 PET, 770 post-transplantation, 771 prevention, 773 prognosis, 306 radiographic examinations, 771 risk factors, 770, 771 signs and symptoms, 305 steroid reduction protocol, 771 treatment, 306, 772, 773 Endogenous intoxication model, 910 Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP), 275 Endothelial cell dysfunction, 591–592 End-stage kidney disease (ESKD), 121, 141, 142, 463, 633, 811, 889, 892 incidence of, 39 initial treatment modality, 747, 748 prevalence, 39, 40 primary kidney disease, 749 End-stage renal disease (ESRD), 389, 553, 559, 793, 936 in children, in developing countries, 50 economic indicators, 47 epidemiology, 48, 49 PDS, 233 treatment schedule, 195 Enteral nutrition, 257, 258 Enteral tube feeding, 498, 499 Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), 304 Erythrocytapheresis, 927, 928 Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA), 92, 592 ESCAPE trial, 159 ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry, 759 Estimated GFR (eGFR), 116, 121 European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EDTA), 11, 35, 36, 515 European Dialysis Working Group (EUDIAL), 360 European Paediatric Dialysis Working Group (EPDWG), 255, 815 European Society of Paediatric Nephrology, 747 Eurotransplant system, 952 Excessive sodium (Na) losses, 257 Exit site infection, 417, 418 Extracorporeal blood volume (EBV), 380 Extracorporeal dialysis diffusion, 19, 20 solute removal adsorption, 24, 25 convection, 20–22 Index high-flux, 24 internal filtration, 22, 23 Extracorporeal liver assist device (ELAD), 901 Extracorporeal liver support (ELS) therapies advantages and disadvantages of, 903 albumin hemodiafiltration, 900 APP, 75 artificial liver support devices, 898–902 bioartificial liver support devices, 901 clinical setting, 896 coagulation products, 895 combined plasma exchange, 901 consumptive coagulopathy, 904 different technical approaches, 896 encephalopathy, 895 goal of, 895 hemodialysis therapies, 901 human serum albumin contains octanoate, 904 implementation of, 902 indications for, 897 acute-on-chronic liver failure, 896–897 cholestatic pruritus, 897–898 MARS and Prometheus therapies, 903 outcome of, 904 plasmapheresis and hemodialysis, 901 plasma protein–bound toxins, 902 protein-bound substances, 902 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 841 Extracorporeal treatment in poisoning (EXTRIP), 737 Extracorporeal volume (ECV), 922, 923 Extrarenal excretion, 117 Extremely low birthweight (ELBW), 194 F Ferumoxytol, 715 Ferumoxytol enhanced MRI, 715, 716 Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), 119 Ficheux’s equation, 366 Fick’s law of diffusion, 19 Filtration fraction (FF), 365, 366 Fistula needle, 368 Fluid balance chronic fluid overload, 213 loop diuretics, 214 lymphatic absorption rate, 213 mechanical complications, 214 NAPRTCS, 212 parameters, 213 PM transport characteristics, 213 population surveys, 212 routine monitoring, 213 sodium and fluid intake, 214 systolic/diastolic BP, 212 total body volume fluctuations, 212 vascular surface area, 213 volume overload, 212 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 147, 750, 793, 936, 948 Forgoing dialysis 981 allocation of resources, 817 disagreement, 816 futility, 816, 817 process of, 815–816 time-limited trials, 817–818 Fouling, 21 French double lumen catheter, 876 Fresenius 5008 with ON-LINEplusTM, 365 Functional hyperpermeability, 254 Fungemia, 405 G Gadolinium, 716, 717 Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA), 710, 717, 718 Gambro AK 200TMULTRA S and Artis® Dialysis System, 364 Gastrostomy tube (G-tube) feeding, 252, 253, 492, 497, 498, 525 Genome-wide association study (GWAS), 161 Geometry of diffusion, 254 GH-insulin like growth factor type (IGF1), 541 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 50, 884 accuracy, 116 CKD-EPI equation, 117 CrCl, 116 definition, 115 eGFR, 116 inulin clearance, 115, 116 serum creatinine, 117 serum protein cystatin C, 117 Glucose-based solutions, 203 Glucose degradation products (GDP), 164, 255 PDS, 230 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, 870 Gonadal hormones, 521–522 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 511, 522 Goodpasture’s disease, 926 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), 933 Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), 398 Gross national income (GNI), 47–50 Group B streptococcus (GBS), 862 Growth hormone (GH), 523, 528 H Haemoconcentration, 361, 362 Haemodiafiltration (HDF), 442, 527, 575 advantages, 370 in adults, 369, 370 in children, 370–374 dialysis efficiency and clearance of toxins, 369 haemodynamic stability, 369 anticoagulation, 368 backfiltration, 366, 367 blood flow, 367 calculation of solute clearances, 366 clearance, 359, 360 982 Haemodiafiltration (HDF) (cont.) convective flow, 367 convective volume, 360, 368, 369 definition, 360 dialysate composition, 367, 368 dialysate flow, 367 dialysis machines, 364, 365 extracorporeal circuit, 367 filtration fraction, 365, 366 haemodialysis, 360 haemofiltration, 360 high-flux membrane, 360, 364, 367 mid-dilution, 362 mixed dilution, 362 modality, 361, 362 post-dilution, 361, 362 pre-dilution, 362 replacement fluid, 367 ultrafiltrate fluid, 360 ultrafiltration volume, 361 ‘ultrapure’ water replacement fluid, 363 sterile and non-pyrogenic fluid, 363 testing water quality, 363, 364 water purification systems, 363 Haemofiltration (HF), 360 Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine, 636 Hagen–Poiseuille law, 20 Health Information Exchange (HIE), 86 Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessment of, 786–787 CHIP, 786 CHQ, 786 comorbidities, 789, 790 patient-and parent-perceived HRQOL, 785 PedsQL ESRD module, 787–789 PedsQL Generic Core Scales, 786 physical health, and educational or vocational outcomes, 785 psychological health, 785 social functioning, 785 SONG-Kids, 786 Hemodialysis (HD)/haemodialysis (HD), 360, 463, 464, 633, 718, 719 acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis, air trap, 350 Alwall twin coil kidney, antimicrobial stewardship, 106, 107 APPs laboratory monitoring, 74 rounding, 73 vascular access, 73, 74 bacterial contamination, 352 batch systems, 348 bicarbonate concentrations, 348, 349 biochemical content, 347, 348 biocompatibility, 353 blood leakage monitors, 350 blood pump, 344 blood tubing, 343, 344 Index calcium concentration, 348 cellophane, chronic HD, 10 clinical use of, coil kidney, 7, complications, component, 347 composition, 346, 347 conductivity monitor, 350, 351 contraindications, 10 descaling, 353 developments, 10 diagnosis, 451 dialysate circuit, 344, 345 dialysate related, 452 dialyzer membranes, 341–343 epidemiology, 48, 49 extracorporeal blood circuit, 341 flow rates, 349 hemodiafiltration, 354 heparin, heparin pump, 344 improvement in, 10 intoxications, 8, ionic dialysance, 352 Kolff artificial kidney, laboratory testing, magnesium concentrations, 348 management, 452 mechanical, 452 membrane-induced reactions, 353 Merrill’s pediatric patient, monitors, 350 morbidity, 10 non-invasive blood volume monitoring, 351, 352 patient reactions, 353–354 potassium concentration, 348 pressure monitors, 349, 350 production of, 349 pump-less system, reuse procedure, 343 reversibility elements, RRF, 165 San Francisco General Hospital, seattle pumpless method, single-needle dialysis, 354 sodium bicarbonate, 347 sodium concentrations, 348 sterilization, 343 temperature of, 349 ultrafiltration control, 349 ultrafiltration monitoring, 10 vascular access, 9, 326–329 water degassing, 347 water purification, 345, 346 Hemolysis, 451 Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 883, 885 Hemorrhagic fever, 884 Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), 899 Hepatitis B infection, 419 Index Hepatitis C infection, 420 Hepcidin, 612, 613 Hernia anatomic weakness, 300 clinical features, 301 diagnosis, 301 incidence, 300 prevention, 301, 302 risk factors, 300, 301 treatment, 302 Heterogeneous syndrome, 884 High cut-off (HCO) class, 24 High-flux membrane, 360, 364, 367 High income countries (HIC), 883 High-osmolar contrast media (HOCM), 711 High-retention onset (HRO) properties, 24 Home-based therapy, 124 Home haemodialysis (HHD) adult, 396, 397 augmentation, 389, 390 dialysis equipment home water conversions, 395, 396 NxStage System One™, 396 ESRD, 389 finances and business case, 392, 393 infrastructure, 392 numerous dialysis centres, 389 paediatric, 397–399 patient selection, 392 prescriptions, 390, 391 safety, 393 anticoagulation, 394 effective training and education program, 395 family centric remote monitoring and support, 394, 395 vascular access, 393, 394 staffing, 395 Hydraulic flux, 20 Hydrothorax clinical symptom, 303 diagnosis, 303 incidence of, 302 pathogenesis, 302, 303 spontaneous leakage, 302 treatment, 303 Hyperammonemic disorders, 913–915 Hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), 242 Hypercalcemia, 158 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 564 Hyperhydration, 553 Hyperinsulinemia, 532 Hyperkalemia, 118, 119, 867, 886 Hyperleukocytosis, 928 hyperparathyroidism, 545 Hyperphosphatemia, 119, 120, 158, 211, 563 Hypertension, 212, 384 ABPM, 590, 595 cardiovascular mortality, 594 ESCAPE Trial group, 593 etiology of, 590–592 983 European and American guidelines for evaluation and management, 594 hospitalization, 593 LVH, 594 masked hypertension, 595 prevalence of, 590 risk factors, 589 treatment adjustment of dry weight/optimization, 595–597 antihypertensive medication, 600–602 dietary intervention, 598, 599 native kidney nephrectomy, 602, 603 optimization of dialysis, 597, 598 pharmacological treatment, 599, 602 Hypocalcemia, 440, 838, 851 Hyponatremia, 838 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 251 Hypoxia inducible factors (HIF), 610, 611 I Ibuprofen, 888 Icodextrin, 598, 770 Icodextrin-based PD solution (ICO), 207 Idiogenic osmoles, 438 Immune dysfunction immunoglobulins, 635 phagocytic cells and receptors, 634, 635 white blood cell differentiation and function, 634 Immunizations BCG vaccine, 642 clinical care, 635 DTaP vaccine, 636 hepatitis B vaccine, 636, 637 Hib conjugate vaccine, 636 inactivated polio virus vaccine, 637 live vaccines, 636 meningococcal and HPV vaccines, 639 MMR vaccine, 637, 638 pneumococcal vaccine, 639 recommendations, 635 routine annual influenza vaccination, 639, 642 schedule, 640–641 vaccination schedule, 635 VZV vaccine, 638, 639 Immunoadsorption, 930–932, 936, 938 Inactivated polio virus vaccine, 637 Inborn errors of metabolism ammonium and leucine, 916 catheter insertion, 916 clinical manifestations, 909–911 clinical outcomes, 918 dialysis machines and tubing, 916–917 dialysis management, 917–918 etiologies, 911, 912 hyperammonemic disorders, 913–915 irreversible brain damage, 909 laboratory investigations, 909–911 metabolic encephalopathy, 909 metabolite removal, 913 ... SLED, 733 SPAD, 734 TPE, 733, 734 extracorporeal therapy, 735, 737 human exposure cases, 725 lithium, 739 management, 725–727 metformin, 740 methanol, 739, 740 National Poison Data System, 725