Luận văn thạc sĩ a study of understatements and hyberboles in vietnamese and english political speeches

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY THAN THI MINH HUNG A STUDY OF UNDERSTATEMENTS AND HYPERBOLES IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH POLITICAL SPEECHES Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Ngoan e BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN THÂN THỊ MINH HƯNG NGHIÊN CỨU NGƠN NGỮ NĨI GIẢM VÀ PHĨNG ĐẠI TRONG CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU CHÍNH TRỊ Ở ANH VÀ VIỆT NAM Chuyên ngành: Ngôn Ngữ Anh Mã ngành: 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: PGS TS Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn e i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other’s person work has been used without due acknowledgements in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution An Nhon, 2021 THÂN THI MINH HUNG e ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my great appreciation to all who have encouraged and helped me in this thesis First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Ngoan, my research supervisor, for his patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this research work Secondly, I would like to offer my special thanks to all the lecturers in Quy Nhon University for their lectures and devotion over the past two years that have helped me a lot in completing this study Finally, I would also give my special thanks to all of my colleagues and family for their continuous support and understanding when undertaking my research e iii ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the aim to examine the structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles in Vietnamese and English political speeches in terms of the structural and functional features and the similarities and differences in the structural and functional features of the understatements and the hyperboles between the two sets of data The data of the research contains 40 speeches made by English politicians and 40 speeches made by Vietnamese politicians from 2018 to 2021 In this study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted to analyze the data which gave a sufficient analysis of the figures of speech based on relevant theories The quantitative techniques provided statistical information such as frequency of occurrence whereas the qualitative approach was employed to analyse the functions and structures of understatements and hyperboles as well as the similarities and differences between them under the light of Harris (2017)’s theory in the approach adapted from (Claridge, 2011, McCarthy & Carter, 2004, Cano Mora, 2006 and Du Thi Trang Anh, 2010) The result of the study revealed that there are no big differences in the structural features of hyperboles in both languages in which single word form is used most frequently Same in English, hyperboles are used more frequent than understatements in Vietnamese political speeches The most obvious finding to emerge from this study related to structural features of understatements is that understatements in phrasal form are used most frequently by both English and Vietnamese politicians Besides, the differences found in this study were the total understatements used in English were more than in Vietnamese and English politicians tended to use understatements to make problems less serious while Vietnamese politicians tended to use understatements to emphasize the enormity of a problem e iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES .vi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aim and Objectives 1.2.1 Aim 1.2.2 Objectives .2 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Scope of the Study 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Definition of terminology 1.7 Intended structure of the thesis CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW .6 2.1 Literature review 2.2 Theoretical background 11 2.2.1 Political speeches 11 2.2.2 Rhetorical devices 12 2.3 Sumary 17 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .19 3.1 Research approach 19 3.2 Data Collection and Analysis 20 3.3 Validity and reliability 25 e v 3.4 Summary 25 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .26 4.1 Overview of Hyperboles and Understatements 26 4.2 Hyperboles in English and Vietnamese political speeches 28 4.2.1 Forms of hyperboles 28 4.2.2 Functions of hyperboles 36 4.3 Understatements in English and Vietnamese political speeches 42 4.3.1 Forms of Understatements 42 4.3.2 Functions of Understatements .50 4.4 Discussion 55 4.5 Summary 56 Chapter CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS .57 5.1 Review of main findings 57 5.2 Implications 58 5.3 Limitation 59 5.4 Suggestions for further studies 59 REFERENCES APPENDIX e vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLS %: Percentage &: And ABBREVIATIONS SFL: Systemic Functional Linguistics Eps: English political speeches Vps: Vietnamese political speeches Eps & Vps: English and Vietnamese political speeches EC: Data on the corpus of English Politicians’ speeches VC Data on the corpus of Vietnamese Politicians’ speeches e vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Framework for data analysis 17 Table 3.1: Framework for analyzing data 20 Table 3.2 Data on the corpus of the English political speeches 22 Table 3.3 Data on the corpus of the Vietnamese political speeches 24 Table 4.1: Forms of hyperboles in English 28 Table 4.2: Forms of hyperboles in Vietnamese 32 Table 4.3: Similarities and Differences in forms of hyperboles in English and Vietnamese political speeches 34 Table 4.4: Functions of hyperboles in English 36 Table 4.5: Functions of hyperboles in Vietnamese 39 Table 4.6: Similarities and Differences in function of hyperboles in English and Vietnamese political speeches 40 Table 4.7: Forms of Understatements in English 43 Table 4.8: Forms of Understatements in Vietnamese 46 Table 4.9: Similarities and Differences in form of Understatements in English and Vietnamese political speeches 48 Table 4.10 Functions of Understatements in English 50 Table 4.11: Functions of Understatements in Vietnamese 52 Table 4.12: Similarities and Differences in function of Understatements in English and Vietnamese political speeches 55 e viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: Hyperboles and Understatements in Vietnamese Political Speeches 26 Figure 4.2: Hyperboles and Understatements in Vietnamese Political Speeches 27 Figure 4.3: Hyperboles and Understatements in English and Vietnamese Political Speeches 27 e 54 d Others The only one understatement used to be a subtle form of sarcasm is in text V7 of Nguyen Lan Hieu on November 2020 He said “Roi tu huyen hoạc go nhạp khau tu Lào, Mien khong phải phá rung đạc dụng Vi t Nam.” (4.71) (Then, pretending that wood in Viet Nam which is not from Vietnam's special-use forests is imported from Laos and Burma) The meaning of the phrase is to lower the belief, and in this case it is understood as a subtle form of sarcasm And in the same text, he once again used understatement to criticize someone subtly as in statement “Mọt nen giáo dục loay hoay t m triet lý…” (4.72) (An education struggling to find philosophy…” This statement understated the disorientation of Vietnamese education, which is the State’s responsibility An example of understatement to avoid hurting the hearer’s feeling and make the hearer sulky is in speech V11of Nguyen Manh Hung on March 2021 He said “Các hội, hiệp hội ICT giải toán hợp tác ngành vốn việc chưa làm tốt” (4.73) (ICT associations and associations must solve the problem of capital cooperation in the industry, which we still have not done well) He used adjective clause “vốn việc chưa làm tốt” (which we still have not done well) to avoid hurting the hearer’s feeling The problem he mentioned was not responsibility of ICT associations and associations, and using understatement here to help listeners not be sulky Understatement using as metaphor appeared in in text V6 of Nguyen Manh Hung on 12 January 2021 He stated “Bất kỳ quốc gia hoá rồng hoá hổ…” (4.74) (Any country which becomes “dragon” or “tiger”…) Tiger or dragon is seen as important and powerful animal, so he meant the developed countries Instead of using direct developed countries, speaker used “dragon” or “tiger” to make his speech more interesting and not to make pressure on listeners 4.3.3.3 Similarities and Differences in function of Understatements in English and Vietnamese political speeches e 55 Table 4.12: Similarities and Differences in function of Understatements in English and Vietnamese political speeches Functions of Understatements in English in Vietnamese Showing politeness 28 12 Emphasizing the enormity of a problem 15 21 society) Being a subtle form of sarcasm Functioning as a metaphor 10 Making problems less serious 35 13 SUM 92 69 Avoiding hurting the hearer’s feeling and making the hearer sulky Criticizing someone subtly (especially the people with higher rank and position in the As can be seen in the above table, the total understatements used in English are more than in Vietnam English politicians tend to use understatements to make problems less serious while Vietnamese politicians tend to use understatements to emphasize the enormity of a problem The second most occurrences in both languages are showing politeness In both languages, politicians use understatements as a subtle form of sarcasm least Because of the differences in culture and language, there are differences in using understatements in Vietnamese and English political speeches Vietnamese people like to beat around the bush so they usually borrow a thing to talk about another thing, so the number of understatements used as a metaphor in Vietnamese speeches is more than in English speeches Other cases cannot be made conclusion because of the limited in number of appearance and the low difference among them 4.4 Discussion Generally, the result showed that the frequency of understatements and e 56 hyperboles in speeches of English politicians is higher than that of Vietnamese politicians This may be explained by a number of reasons Firstly, we have to take communication style and socio-cultural norms As we all know that the Western and English people in particular are more extrovert than the Eastern included Vietnamese people, so they like to share things and tend to talk much in a more free ways than us And hyperboles and understatements are two devices that are used the most to make communication effective, especially in politics, speeches must be accepted and trusted from the listeners As the result the more politicians talk, the more hyperboles and understatements are used The second reason I would like to mention is the social hierarchy Language can be used as a special tool for people in higher status of social hierarchy So in a more developed society like in England, people use more language to get what they want and influenced other people And understatements and hyperboles are used thoroughly by English politicians This study also concluded that hyperboles used much more frequently than understatement Personally, the author think of listeners’ preference, speakers used hyperboles to draw attentions and were to make impression easily Understatements are normally used in negative situations which are not what mostly people want to hear The form of understatements and hyperboles used in political speeches normally appeared in single words or phrases rather than in clauses, which is logically true based on the complexity of the grammatical pattern And this was also confirmed by Cladrige (2011) 4.5 Summary This chapter is concluded with the aim to present the finding and discussion of the result of the study With combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, the outcomes of our study are not only presented in the form of tables and chart but they are also analyzed in terms of description It can be said that during the process of studying hyperboles and understatements, the writer dealt with their forms and their functions and pointed out the similarities and differences in their form and function between the two languages English and Vietnamese e 57 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS From the findings in previous chapter, chapter provides the conclusion and summarizes all the main points of this research, and then suggests some implications in learning English, practicing communication skills as well as doing further researches 5.1 Review of main findings This study was conducted to investigate into forms and functions of Vietnamese and English understatements and hyperboles in 40 political speeches for each language from 2010 up to now with a combination of qualitative and quantitative method The main aim of the study was to examine the structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles in Vietnamese and English political speeches The main frameworks used to analyse those cases were the Harris’s theory in the approach adapted from Claridge (2011), McCarthy & Carter (2004), Cano Mora (2006) and Anh (2010) After analyzing the data, some conclusions were made in the following points: In concern with the structural features of the understatements and the hyperboles used in the investigated English and Vietnamese political speeches: Hyperboles could be formed from single words, phrases or clauses in political speeches They were basic elements in a sentence in traditional grammar It is the same structural features of understatements as hyperboles Relating to functional features of the understatements and the hyperboles used in the investigated English and Vietnamese political speeches, understatements were used to show politeness, emphasize the enormity of a problem, avoid hurting the hearer’s feeling and making the hearer sulky, criticize someone subtly (especially the people with higher rank and position in the society), be a subtle form of sarcasm, function as a metaphor and make problems less serious In spite of different languages and politician, the function of understatements was unchanged It was the same in e 58 hyperboles Politicians in both countries England and Vietnam used hyperbole to emphazise their meanings, evaluate things, express surprise, simplify the facts, intensify interests, contrast differences, show humour, clarify, and be polite In general, English politicians used more understatements and hyperbole than Vietnamese politicians In terms of hyperbole structures, there are no differences in the frequency of the types of forms in both languages Single word form was used most frequently, then the second highest frequencies were phrasal hyperbole, the last place was clausal hyperbole The more complicated the hyperbole form was, the less they appear in the political speeches With reference to phrasal hyperboles, English politicians tend to use more noun and adjective phrase while Vietnamese politicians have no significant tendency Related to hyperbole functions, there are no significant differences in function of English and Vietnamese hyperboles Both Vietnamese and English politicians used most of the hyperboles to emphasize their meaning When it comes to understatement forms, the most obvious finding to emerge from this study was that understatements in phrasal form were used most frequently by English and Vietnamese politicians With regard to understatement functions, there was a difference between two languages which was the total understatements used in English are more than in Vietnam English politicians tended to use understatements to make problems less serious while Vietnamese politicians tended to use understatements to emphasize the enormity of a problem 5.2 Implications It is said that language is the means of thinking and the use of it is individualized from one to one It cannot deny that rhetorical devices play an important role in making speeches more convincing and winning support from the audience, especially understatements and hyperboles This study of understatements and hyperboles in term of structure and function, thus, had both theoretical and practical implication e 59 Theoretically, the study provided a more detail insight into forms and functions of understatements and hyperboles Based on traditional grammar, the investigated forms for both rhetorical devices were word, phrase, and clause And for different intention, they had different functions In this aspect, the study would help save attempt for anyone that is concerned with studying understatement and hyperbole In term of differences in forms and functions of understatement and hyperbole in English and Vietnamese, the writer made some conclusion that are expected to be considered as a source of reference for further studies on literary works Practically, this study is helpful for translators in politics A thorough understanding of understatements and hyperboles will help to avoid being led to inappropriate interpretation of language transferring For communicators, hyperboles and understatements can be used to help achieve the purpose of communication Thus, this study proves to have practical value in daily activities In teaching English, this study can help learners, especially those who have high level of English competence in mastering a language 5.3 Limitation Due to the limit in time and related materials, the study might not have been thoroughly discussed as it should be In adition, books of theorical background on applying understatements and hyperboles in English and Vietnamese are not available which made the study meet dificulties in reaching the best perfectness Because of the small amount of data used in this study, it was difficult to find significant relationships from the data In addition, the context and purposes of each speech are different Besides that, hyperboles and understatements were used with speakers’ intended meaning that caused the limited in the 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Routldge Walliman, Nicolas (2006) Social research methods (Issue 1) SAGE Publications https://doi.org/10.16309/j.cnki.issn.1007-1776.2003.03.004 Willihnganz, J.G (2008) The Rhetorical Analysis Stanford University, https://web.stanford.edu/~jonahw/PWR1/RhetoricalAnalysis.html e APPENDIX 2.1 LIST OF EXAMPLES She gave birth to me, raised me and provided for me from an infant… maybe I owe her one 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 I suppose that getting into a fistfight with the principal was a little bit out of line It turns out that climbing Mount Everest is not so easy If anyone comes to me, and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be my disciple Đồng thời, thơng qua việc chủ trì tổ chức sn sẻ hàng chục hội nghị quan trọng At the same time, through the smooth organization of dozens of important conferences This is the largest legal miscarriage of justice in our history Today, I have the unique honour of being the only COP President-Designate to welcome ministers to the Petersberg Dialogue two years in a row I request that we everything we can to make full use of the opportunity that we have now today and up to Glasgow This will ensure that we have long-term solutions that use technology to reach everyone” Without the Royal Navy’s day-to-day invisible work, our economy would be profoundly affected Good evening, the struggle against Covid is the single biggest crisis the world has faced in my lifetime I am not in a position to answer every single one of his questions at the moment I am more certain than ever that this is a struggle that humanity will win … Never in our history has our collective destiny and our collective health depended so completely on our individual behaviour Member for Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross (Jamie Stone) for his work in supporting the development of this project by Highlands and Islands Enterprise—a project that is so important to all of us The tragic reality of having Covid is that your mild cough can be someone else’s death knell Nhà nước dành quan tâm đặc biệt… The State has been paid special attention Nhận thức toàn xã hội chuyển đổi số thay đổi đột biến The perception of the whole society about digital transformation has changed dramatically Hôm nay, khơng khí nước hân hoan phấn khởi… Today, in joyful and exciting atmosphere, the whole country… Cả nước ta sức thi đua… The whole country are striving for e 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.2 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.3 4.31 ngành Thống kê thực tốt nhiệm vụ bảo đảm thông tin thống kê, thể rõ "con số biết nói” The Statistics sector has performed well the task of ensuring information statistics, clearly showing "a talking number công xây dựng nông thôn đạt nhiều kết đáng ghi nhận New rural construction has achieved many remarkable results Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh coi trọng vai trị nông dân President Ho Chi Minh fully appreciated the role of farmers Hội nghị tổ chức vào thời điểm đặc biệt ý nghĩa The conference was held at a very special and meaningful time Việt Nam có đủ điều kiện mà nhiều quốc gia khơng có Vietnam has the conditions that many countries not have In over 70 years of public service in which carried out with distinction the role of first consort, a job without a description, he went into countless rooms and was introduced to countless lines of people, all of whom were waiting for him to say something All the comments, all the recollections, all the stories that have been told about the Duke of Edinburgh in the past few days will surely be a great comfort to the royal family… And there really is no better place to start than the G7 Why is our economic performance so much worse than those of other countries? Jobs have virtually disappeared overnight There can surely be nobody in the House—or, indeed, the country—who is unaware of the impact of the pandemic on them, on their businesses, their employees and their families Every business in every sector in this country is actually a group of people or often only an individual He would rather enjoy the short-term self-gratification of handing out cash that we have not yet earned, but those who would suffer most are those who can least afford it Và liên tục tiến hóa để trở thành phủ thơng minh And the next is the continuous evolution to become smart government Quan trọng phủ số cung cấp thêm dịch vụ số cho người dân The most important thing of digital government is to provide more digital services to the people Việc hội nhập hội tốt để ngành Thống kê tranh thủ ủng hộ The integration is a very good opportunity for the Statistics industry to take advantage of support from Qua 17 lần tổ chức, Đối thoại Shangri-La khẳng định vị trí, vai trị sức h t diễn đàn hàng đầu đối thoại an ninh khu vực quốc tế, chia sẻ quan điểm để hướng tới hợp tác hịa bình, ổn định phồn vinh khu vực e 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 Over the 17 past organization, the Shangri-La Dialogue has affirmed its position, role as well as its attraction as one of the leading forums for regional and international security dialogues, sharing views to promote regional and international security towards cooperation for peace, stability and prosperity in the region Đất nước ta chưa có đồ, tiềm lực, vị uy tín quốc tế ngày Our country has never had the opportunity, potential, position and international prestige like today biến đổi khí hậu ngày nghiêm trọng Climate change is becoming more and more important làm cho người nghèo tiếp cận dịch vụ tốt it makes the poorest people access the best services Cơng nghệ số ngược lại, nhiều người dùng rẻ Digital technology is the opposite, the more users, the cheaper it will be Chuyển đổi số phát triển ứng dụng công nghệ thông tin, phát triển mang tính đột phá Đột phá chỗ, … (6 times) Digital transformation is the next development of information technology application, but it is a breakthrough development It’s breakthrough because Nhà nước dành quan tâm đặc biệt… The state has paid special attention sinh viên vùng địa bàn đặc biệt khó khăn students in extremely difficult areas However, sometimes, violence does happen… His willingness to borrow “to invest”, as he calls it, means simply a new vast mountain of debt 4.41 Member for Doncaster North (Edward Miliband) was kind enough to send me a letter in my first week in the job asking for reassurances on this matter 4.42 These payments were to begin in mid-July of 2011, but by the end of 2011, many of my affected constituents had not received a penny 4.43 I had thought I might not be able to find a way to thank the Chancellor for his support, when he was Secretary of State for Transport Most are there for non-violent offences, and many are there for really minor 4.44 things like not paying their TV license 4.45 We can see what is happening in France and Spain, and we know, alas, that this virus is no less fatal than it was in the spring 4.46 Perhaps in another era, we would have been tempted to leave it there To be fair, the Arcadia Group was perhaps already vulnerable before covid-19, and likewise Debenhams, but that is no consolation to the thousands of people 4.47 who spend their time worrying about whether their jobs can be saved from the rubble of what were once some of the proudest names on our high streets, or whether they might be next 4.48 Even if you accept that argument which I not the proposal for a border tax is e completely the wrong approach Eventually, at the United Nations Human Rights Council, the Sri Lankan Government signed up to a mechanism, albeit one involving significant 4.49 compromise by those of us who felt it did not go far enough, and who did not trust the Sri Lankan Government to deliver 4.50 4.51 4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.56 4.57 4.58 4.59 Để kịp thời cổ vũ, động viên em HS, SV, TN DTTS đạt thành tích xuất sắc học tập, lao động, sản xuất hoạt động xã hội… To promptly encourage pupils, students, and young people of ethnic minorities to achieve excellent results in study, work, production and social activities Vi c thạ t khó thay đo i tre n va n ch ng ta làm nhu ng thay đo i tu khơng dễ This is difficult because change in the text we have done but change in thinking is not easy Các địa phương, ngành dùng 1% ngân sách hàng năm để phát triển CPĐT, mức trung b nh giới Localities and ministries can use 1% of the annual budget to develop eGovernment, this is the world average Chúng ta ho h o tro ng ru ng nhu ng va n cho ph p nhu ng đ i du n kho i co ng l i ru ng We exhort afforestation but still allow big projects to start at the core of the forest Kinh tế bước phục hồi The economy gradually recovers Công tác khen thưởng có lúc, có việc chưa kịp thời Rewarding activity is sometimes not timely in some cases Và may có để ngành TT&TT định vị lại And this is also a rare opportunity for the information and communication industry to reposition itself Đối với Việt Nam ch ng ta, nguồn lực vật chất hạn chế For Viet Nam, material resources are still very limited Các hội, hiệp hội ICT giải toán hợp tác ngành vốn việc chưa làm tốt ICT associations and associations should solve the problem of cooperation in the industry, which we have not done well However, now that we know your personal interest, Mr Deputy Speaker, maybe we can find some way to so 4.60 And responding to the call that has already been made to slash the time that’s need to develop and deploy vaccines by two thirds to just 100 days By his tireless, unstinting service to the Queen, the Commonwealth, the armed 4.61 forces, the environment, millions of young people and not so young people around the world and countless other causes 4.62 I suspect I probably would… 4.63 I mention, not as the best but as some of the most recent examples… 4.64 That story is not unique More than million people are still unable to e remortgage I have to say, reluctantly, that I support the measures the Government has taken 4.65 to restrict access to the UK from countries most at immediate risk from the new variants of the virus 4.66 The Chancellor, at the beginning of his statement, promised us a Budget to meet the moment I am afraid that I not think he has fulfilled that pledge 4.67 To help businesses hit hard by the pandemic get back on their feet Cũng này, Thủ tướng Chính phủ Phạm Minh Chính gửi thư ch c 4.68 mừng On this occasion, Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh also congratulated chất lượng nguồn nhân lực hạn chế 4.69 The quality of human resources is still limited Vi c thạ t khó thay đo i tre n va n ch ng ta làm nhu ng thay đo i tu khơng dễ 4.70 This is difficult because changes in the text we have done but change in thinking is not easy Ro i tu huye n hoạ c go nhạ p kha u tu Lào, Mie n kho ng phải phá ru ng đạ c dụng Vi t Nam 4.71 Then, pretending that wood in Viet Nam which is not from Vietnam's special-use forests is imported from Laos and Burma 4.72 Mọ t ne n giáo dục loay hoay t m trie t lý An education struggling to find philosophy Các hội, hiệp hội ICT giải toán hợp tác ngành vốn việc chưa làm tốt 4.73 ICT associations and associations must solve the problem of capital cooperation in the industry, which we still have not done well) He used adjective clause “vốn việc chưa làm tốt” (which we still have not done well Bất kỳ quốc gia hoá rồng hoá hổ 4.74 Any country which becomes “dragon” or “tiger" e ... structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles in English and Vietnamese political speeches - To compare and contrast the structural and functional features of understatements and. .. using a quantitative approach in order to make comparisons, and using a qualitative approach in a rhetorical analysis Discussion on forms and functions of English and Vietnamese political speeches. .. in English and Vietnamese political speeches, (2) compare and contrast the structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles in English political speeches and Vietnamese political