Tạp chí khoa học số 2006-06-23

23 June 2006 | $10 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 23 JUNE 2006 1705 CONTENTS CONTENTS continued >> NEWS OF THE WEEK Scientists Steal a Daring Look at Merapi’s 1724 Explosive Potential What Came Before 1918? Archaeovirologist Offers 1725 a First Glimpse The Value of the Stick: Punishment Was a Driver 1727 of Altruism >> Research Article p. 1767 SCIENCESCOPE 1727 China’s Science Ministry Fires a Barrage of Measures 1728 at Misconduct House Panel Tells NSF to Keep Eye on the Prize 1728 Space Scientists Score a Modest Victory in 1729 House Spending Bill Spider Genes and Fossils Spin Tales of the 1730 Original Worldwide Web >> Brevia pp. 1761 and 1762 A ‘Forever’ Seed Bank Takes Root in the Arctic 1730 First Jewelry? Old Shell Beads Suggest Early Use 1731 of Symbols >> Report p. 1785 The Strain Builds in Southern California 1732 E.U. Parliament Approves Funding for Human ES Cells 1732 House Panel Finds Fault With How NIH Handles 1733 Tissue Samples NEWS FOCUS Social Animals Prove Their Smarts 1734 Man’s Best Friend(s) Reveal the Possible Roots of Social Intelligence A Rare Meeting of the Minds 1739 Paleoanthropology’s Unsung Hero DEPARTMENTS 1711 Science Online 1712 This Week in Science 1717 Editors’ Choice 1720 Contact Science 1721 NetWatch 1723 Random Samples 1741 Newsmakers 1813 New Products 1814 Science Careers COVER The pressure-sensing mechanism of bacteriophage P22 that signals when the phage head is full, viewed from the interior. The portal complex (red) is hypothesized to change conformation when the virus is full of DNA (green), which signals the packaging motors to stop. Such a sensor may serve as a drug target in human viruses. See page 1791. Image: G. Johnson and G. Lander EDITORIAL 1715 Biodiversity Research Still Grounded by Iris E. Hendriks, Carlos M. Duarte, Carlo H. R. Heip >> Policy Forum p. 1750; Report p. 1806 1749 LETTERS Looking at Biofuels and Bioenergy T. Dalgaard et al.; 1743 D. Connor and I. Mínguez; T. H. Deluca Response S. E. Koonin Measuring the Efficiency of Biomass Energy K. R. Brower Response B. H. Davison et al. Harvesting Our Meadows for Biofuel? M. W. Palmer Response M. Downing Energy Returns on Ethanol Production C. J. Cleveland et al.; N. Hagens et al.; L. Lynd et al.; R. K. Kaufmann; T. W. Patzek. Response A. E. Farrell et al. Caution on Nominee to Head USGS K. Wayland BOOKS ET AL. Earthquake Nation The Cultural Politics of Japanese 1749 Seismicity 1868–1930 G. Clancey, reviewed by I. Stewart POLICY FORUM Coral Reefs and the Global Network of Marine 1750 Protected Areas C. Mora et al. >> Editorial p. 1715 PERSPECTIVES Gene Expression Needs a Break to Unwind 1752 Before Carrying On J F. Haince et al. >> Report p. 1798 Our Local Astrophysical Laboratory 1753 J. A. Burns and J. N. Cuzzi Threats to Water Supplies in the Tropical Andes 1755 R. S. Bradley et al. A New Way to Burn Fat 1756 J. G. Neels and J. M. Olefsky >> Research Article p. 1763 A Direct Proxy for Oceanic Phosphorus? 1758 E. A. Boyle >> Report p. 1788 Very Energetic γ-Rays from Microquasars and 1759 Binary Pulsars I. F. Mirabel >> Report p. 1771 Volume 312, Issue 5781 Success with proteins —made possible by QIAGEN’s expertise! QIAGEN’s comprehensive protein portfolio will help you rise to the challenge of working with proteins. QIAGEN provides easy-to-use, integrated sol utions to help you succeed with: ■ Expression ■ Purification ■ Detection ■ Assay ■ Crystallization ■ MALDI sample prep ■ Proteomicssample prep ■ Automation ■ Fractionation * Image shows E. coli gyrase A C-terminal domain cr ystals. Courtesy of Alex Ruthenburg from Prof. Verdine’s laborator y, Har vard University, Boston, USA. For up-to-date trademarks anddisclaimers, see www.qiagen.com . PROTTAG0406S1WW © 2006 QIAGEN, all rights reser v ed. Systems Biology — Proteins and Proteomics Standardized solutions for proteins WWW. QIAGEN. COM Find a standardized solution for your protein challenge at www.qiagen.com/protein ! More reproducibility, streamlined crystallization* More proteins, purer, faster Mor e peptide matches, more pro tei nhits www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 23 JUNE 2006 1707 CONTENTS continued >> CONTENTS TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS OCEAN SCIENCE Comment on “Nature of Phosphorus Limitation 1748 in the Ultraoligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean” M. S. Hale and R. B. Rivkin full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/312/5781/1748c Response to Comment on “Nature of Phosphorus Limitation in the Ultraoligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean” T. F. Thingstad et al. full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/312/5781/1748d BREVIA EVOLUTION Early Cretaceous Spider Web with Its Prey 1761 E. Peñalver, D. A. Grimaldi, X. Delclòs A spider web with entrapped wasps and a beetle within 110-million-year-old amber documents that web-spinning spiders had already evolved. >> News story p. 1730 EVOLUTION Silk Genes Support the Single Origin of Orb Webs 1762 J. E. Garb, T. DiMauro, V. Vo, C. Y. Hayashi Sequence analyses of the genes for spider silk proteins show that orb-webs, which allow spiders to catch flying prey, have a single, ancient origin in the late Jurassic. >> News story p. 1730 RESEARCH ARTICLES CELL SIGNALING TRB3 Links the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase COP1 1763 to Lipid Metabolism L. Qi et al. A protein that regulates the degradation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, confers resistance to diet-induced obesity. >> Perspective p. 1756 PSYCHOLOGY Costly Punishment Across Human Societies 1767 J. Henrich et al. People from 15 different cultures are all willing to punish others who exhibit selfish behavior that increases societal inequity, but the extent varies widely. >> News story p. 1727 REPORTS ASTRONOMY Variable Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission 1771 from the Microquasar LS I +61 303 J. Albert et al. The motion of two co-orbiting stars modulates their emission of very-high-energy gamma rays such that the highest emissions occur when the stars are not closest together. >> Perspective p. 1759 SCIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org CLIMATE CHANGE Early Pleistocene Glacial Cycles and the Integrated Summer Insolation Forcing P. Huybers Early glacial cycles may have had a 40,000-year cycle because glaciers are more sensitive to integrated summer solar heating than to the 23,000-year cycles in peak heating. 10.1126/science.1125249 CLIMATE CHANGE Plio-Pleistocene Ice Volume, Antarctic Climate, and the Global δ 18 O Record M. E. Raymo, L. E. Lisiecki, K. H. Nisancioglu Early glacial cycles appear to have a 40,000-year cycle because the opposing 23,000-year insolation cycles in the Northern and Southern hemispheres may have canceled one another. 10.1126/science.1123296 MEDICINE α-Synuclein Blocks ER-Golgi Traffic and Rab1 Rescues Neuron Loss in Parkinson’s Models A. A. Cooper et al. An abnormal protein that causes a defect in membrane trafficking may account for some of the pathology of Parkinson’s disease. 10.1126/science.1129462 CELL BIOLOGY Arginylation of Beta Actin Regulates Actin Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility M. Karakozova et al. Addition of an amino acid to actin modulates its properties, affecting (for example) its localization and the formation of lamella in motile cells. 10.1126/science.1129344 CELL BIOLOGY A Clamping Mechanism Involved in SNARE-Dependent Exocytosis C. G. Giraudo, W. S. Eng, T. J. Melia, J. E. Rothman The protein complexin prevents synaptic vesicles from fusing until calcium is sensed by another protein, synaptotagmin, to initiate fusion. 10.1126/science.1129450 Roche Applied Science set the standard for transfection with FuGENE® 6 Transfection Reagent. With the launch of FuGENE® HD Transfection Reagent, Roche again takes transfection to a higher level, enabling the results you need to move your research forward. ■ Achieve new levels of transfection efficiency in cell lines not transfected well by other reagents (Figure 1). ■ Generate physiologically relevant data you can trust by using a reagent that has exceptionally low cytotoxicity. ■ Produce higher levels of protein expression over extended periods with scalability that other reagents cannot provide. ■ Accelerate the move to development by using this unique non-liposomal reagent that is free of animal-derived components. Cover new ground and move closer to new discovery. For more information and a list of successfully transfected cell lines, visit www.roche-applied-science.com/fugene Roche Diagnostics GmbH Roche Applied Science 68298 Mannheim Germany Cover new ground One reagent for superior results www.roche-applied-science.com NEW FuGENE ® HD Transfection Reagent FuGENE is a registered trademark of Fugent, L.L.C., USA. © 2006 Roche Diagnostics GmbH. All rights reserved. Figure 1: GFP expression in RAW 264.7 cells, 48 hours following transfection using (A) FuGENE ® HD Transfection Reagent or (B) a transfection reagent (L2k) from another supplier. (A) FuGENE ® HD Transfection Reagent (B) L2k www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 23 JUNE 2006 1709 CONTENTS continued >> REPORTS CONTINUED ASTRONOMY The Spiral Structure of the Outer Milky Way 1773 in Hydrogen E. S. Levine, L. Blitz, C. Heiles Imaging the distribution and density of atomic hydrogen in the Milky Way shows that our Galaxy forms a multiarmed spiral that is not symmetric about its axis. PHYSICS Optical Conformal Mapping 1777 U. Leonhardt In theory, the tunable dielectric and magnetic properties of metamaterials could be used in stealth technologies to pass light completely around an object and cloak it from view. >> Report p. 1780 PHYSICS Controlling Electromagnetic Fields 1780 J. B. Pendry et al. The tunable dielectric and magnetic properties of metamaterials could be used in stealth technologies to cloak an object from view. >> Report p. 1777 MATERIALS SCIENCE Nanoassembly of a Fractal Polymer: A Molecular 1782 “Sierpinski Hexagonal Gasket” G. R. Newkome et al. Ligands with twofold and threefold symmetry, joined by iron and ruthenium ions, self-assemble to form 10-nanometer hexagons that in turn assemble into increasingly larger hexagons. ANTHROPOLOGY Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria 1785 M. Vanhaeren et al. A few drilled sea shells from two inland sites imply that humans developed ornamentation, a form of symbolic behavior, by about 100,000 years ago. >> News story p. 1731 OCEANOGRAPHY Phosphorus in Cold-Water Corals as a Proxy 1788 for Seawater Nutrient Chemistry P. Montagna et al. A cold-water coral takes up phosphorus in an amount proportional to its concentration in local seawater, making it a potential archive of past ocean productivity. >> Perspective p. 1758 STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY The Structure of an Infectious P22 Virion Shows 1791 the Signal for Headful DNA Packaging G. C. Lander et al. During assembly of an infectious virus, DNA is packed into the viral head through a protein portal; when the head is full, pressure on the portal causes it to close. SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals Mail postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2006 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individual membership and subscription (51 issues): $139 ($74 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $650; Foreign postage extra: Mexico, Caribbean (surface mail) $55; other countries (air assist delivery) $85. First class, airmail, student, and emeritus rates on request. Canadian rates with GST available upon request, GST #1254 88122. Publications Mail Agreement Number 1069624. Printed in the U.S.A. Change of address: Allow 4 weeks, giving old and new addresses and 8-digit account number. Postmaster: Send change of address to AAAS, P.O. Box 96178, Washington, DC 20090–6178. Single-copy sales: $10.00 current issue, $15.00 back issue prepaid includes surface postage; bulk rates on request. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by AAAS to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that $18.00 per article is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification code for Science is 0036-8075. Scienceis indexed in the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature and in several specialized indexes. 1715 & 1806 VIROLOGY Metagenomic Analysis of Coastal RNA 1795 Virus Communities A. I. Culley et al. Previously unknown RNA viruses are abundant in coastal marine ecosystems; a few dominant species probably infect protists and plants. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY A Topoisomerase IIβ–Mediated dsDNA Break 1798 Required for Regulated Transcription B G. Ju Estrogen-initiated gene transcription involves enzymatically driven DNA cleavage, repair, and local reconfiguration of chromatin. >> Perspective p. 1752 NEUROSCIENCE The Muscle Protein Dok-7 Is Essential 1802 for Neuromuscular Synaptogenesis K. Okada A newly described protein is required for normal formation of the neuromuscular junction, where it binds to a signaling protein and causes receptor clustering. ECOLOGY Depletion, Degradation, and Recovery Potential 1806 of Estuaries and Coastal Seas H. K. Lotze Historical data show that human impacts on coastal environments have been similar across the globe, even in quite different ecosystems. >> Editorial p. 1715 CELL BIOLOGY JETLAG Resets the Drosophila Circadian Clock by 1809 Promoting Light-Induced Degradation of TIMELESS K. Koh, X. Zheng, A. Sehgal A light pulse changes the phase of the Drosophila circadian clock by activating a protein that marks a clock component for rapid degradation. CONTENTS Visit us on the Web at discover.bio-rad.com Call toll free at 1-800-4BIORAD (1-800-424-6723); outside the US, contact yourlocal sales office. Western Blotting Systems and Reagents The complete blotting solution is easy to spot. The industry leader in innovative and powerful protein blotting equipment, Bio-Rad offers an extensive line of blotting kits, membranes, and reagents to meet all your blotting needs. ■ An array of versatile electrophoretic transfer systems for efficient transfer of proteins fr om a broad range of gel sizes ■ Microfiltration or dot-blotting devices for easy, reproducible binding of proteins and nucleic acids to membranes ■ HRP- and AP-based chemiluminescent and colorimetric detection kits and substrates — for all western blotting applications ■ High-quality blotting-grade reagents to simplify your blotting experience ■ A wide range of precut membranes and membrane sandwiches in nitrocellulose, supported nitrocellulose, and PVDF formats For more information on protein blotting equipment and reagents, contact your local Bio-Rad representative or visit us on the Web at discover.bio-rad.com www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 23 JUNE 2006 1711 ONLINE SCIENCE’S STKE www.stke.org SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT PROTOCOL: A High-Throughput Screening Method to Identify Small Molecule Inhibitors of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Coactivator Binding L. A. Arnold et al. A fluorescence polarization assay can be used for drug discovery. DIRECTORY Find collaborators and colleagues in this list of cell signaling researchers. SCIENCENOW www.sciencenow.org DAILY NEWS COVERAGE Columbia Lab Issues Four Additional Retractions First author implies cover-up. Pandas Times Two Genetic census technique doubles estimate of a key giant panda population. Mind Reading Is Child’s Play Neurons that help us predict the actions of others start working after motor skills have developed. SCIENCE CAREERS www.sciencecareers.org CAREER RESOURCES FOR SCIENTISTS US: Getting Lucky K. Flanagan You might get lucky waiting for an offer, but chance favors the prepared mind. UK: Researchers Learn the Business T. J. Reynolds New courses popping up across the U.K. teach researchers about science-related enterprise. MISCINET: Educated Woman, Chapter 52—What, Me Write? M. P. DeWhyse In the throes of her dissertation, Micella has contracted a severe case of writer’s block. GRANTSNET: International Grants and Fellowship Index A. Kotok Find the latest funding opportunities from Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Making your own luck beats the odds. SCIENCE’S SAGE KE www.sageke.org SCIENCE OF AGING KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT EXPERIMENTAL RODENT STRAINS Check out the biological characteristics of inbred and hybrid strains used to study aging. CLASSIC PAPERS View historical (pre-1990) articles on aging-related topics. Separate individual or institutional subscriptions to these products may be required for full-text access. www.sciencemag.org Rodents for aging-related research. Thyroid receptor bound to L3, an inhibitor. SCIENCEPODCAST Listen to the 23 June edition of the Science Podcast to hear about a possible route to practical cloaking devices, new views on animal cognition, and early evidence of human jewelry making. www.sciencemag.org/about/podcast.dtl tion, and incomplete preservation, and so their utility often is limited by their inherent uncer- tainties. Montagna et al. (p. 1788; see the Per- spective by Boyle) present evidence that the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus incor- porates P into its skeleton in amounts propor- tional to the concentration of P in ambient sea- water. Such a direct proxy would make robust reconstructions of long-term variations in ocean P content possible and allow changes in the resi- dence times and the sources of deep-water masses to be detected. Unmasking Spiral Arms The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, but its precise shape and even the number and extent of spiral arms has been difficult to discern. For example, the brightness of the 21-cen- timer hyperfine transi- tion of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) falls off rapidly away from the Galaxy’s center and fluctuates greatly over the sky, so it has been hard to pick out spiral arms against this back- ground. Levine et al. (p. 1773, published online 1 June) applied a technique similar to “unsharp” masking to previ- ous survey maps that essentially removes a coarse template of the large-scale emission and reveals finer details. The maps show spiral structures out to distances of 25 kiloparsecs from the Galactic center that fit a logarithmic spiral form. Energy Extreme Microquasars are binary star systems with twin radio-emitting jets that resemble those of quasars, albeit on smaller scales. Radiation from these jets arises from particles moving at rela- tivistic speeds in high magnetic fields, but little is known about the jets’ composition or how they are formed. Albert et al. (p. 1771, published online 18 May; see the Perspective by Mirabel) have used the Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescope to moni- tor monthly variations caused by very high energy gamma rays (>100 gigaelectron volts) from a microquasar. A comparison of the phases of the gamma-ray variability with those of radio waves and x-rays shows that the gamma-ray emission peak does not coincide with the time when the two stars are closest to one another, which suggests that there is a strong orbital modula- tion of the emission processes. Further analysis of the emission favors an underlying leptonic over a hadronic process. Cold-Water Recorder Phosphate ultimately limits biological productivity in the ocean, and much of what is understood about past productivity depends on knowing how phosphorus (P) was distributed in the sea. Unfortunately, reconstructions of ocean phosphate contents have always relied on indi- rect proxies that can be affected by other factors such as temperature, carbonate ion concentra- Ancient Accessorizing Art or other forms of symbolic expression are found in many early human sites that date to about 50,000 years ago, but earlier evidence of such modern cultural behavior has been sparse. Vanhaeren et al. (p. 1785; see the news story by Balter) now describe a few gastropod shells apparently modified for jewelry that were col- lected previously from two inland sites in west- ern Asia and North Africa. Both sites date to older than 100,000 years ago, about 25,000 years earlier than similar but more abundant drilled shells found in South Africa. Examination shows that these shells were drilled by humans, presumably for threading and wear. Phasing Out Fat The protein known as TRB3 is a pseudokinase (a kinase-like protein that lacks kinase activity) synthesized in fasting animals. TRB3 modulates insulin signaling and is related to a Drosophila protein that coordinates mitosis and morpho- genesis during development. Qi et al. (p. 1763; see the Perspective by Neels and Olefsky) find that overexpression of TRB3 in mice confers resistance to diet-induced obesity. This effect appears to be the result of decreased activity of acetyl−coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and con- sequent decreased synthesis of fatty acids. TRB3 directly interacts with ACC to promote its degra- dation via the E3 ubiquitin ligase constitutive photomorphogenic protein 1. Understanding the regulation of lipid metabolism may promote therapeutic strategies for the control of obesity. EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY AND PHIL SZUROMI 23 JUNE 2006 VOL 312 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org 1712 CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): IMAGE CREATED BY D. SCHURIG; LEVINE ET AL. Extending the Art of Concealment Stealth technology relies on impedance matching that absorbs impinging radiation, thereby denying the observer a back-reflected signal. However, an observer on the far side of the “hidden” object can still see a shadow. Using properties of metamaterials, artificial materials with tunable dielectric and magnetic properties, Pendry et al. (p. 1780, published online 25 May) and Leonhardt (p. 1777, published online 25 May) present theoretical studies proposing that such materi- als could be used to steer electromagnetic radiation around an object, subsequently allowing the radiation to proceed as if it had not been scattered from the object at all (see the 26 May news story by Cho). This sophisticated version of stealth would be both reflectionless and shadowless. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 23 JUNE 2006 1713 CREDIT: KOH ET AL. This Week in Science Limits on Cultural Variation Behavior does not always agree with claimed intent—hence, “Do as I say, not as I do.” In order to assess variations in the assessment of fairness and punishment across the breadth of humanity, Henrich et al. (p. 1767; see the news story by Bhattacharjee) have complemented existing evi- dence from questionnaire-based surveys by adapting three economic games—the ultimatum game, third party punishment, and the dictator game—and by sampling 15 small-scale societies distinctly dissimilar to the commonly used pool of students in industrialized countries. Individuals across populations become more willing to administer punishment (even when they must “pay to punish”) as inequality increases, and this willingness co-varies with altruistic behavior. Getting a Headful Double-stranded DNA viruses pump their genome into preassembled procapsids until the particles are filled to capacity with internal pressures higher than corked champagne. How is this internal “headful” density signaled to the outside packaging machinery? Insight comes from a 17 angstrom resolution asymmetric reconstruction of the infectious P22 virion by Lander et al. (p. 1791, pub- lished online 18 May). DNA is tightly spooled around the P22 portal, which is in a different confor- mation from the isolated portal. The authors suggest that DNA tightens around the portal as pack- aging density increases. When the headful density is reached, a conformational switch signals the termination of packaging. Flies and jetlag Circadian clocks can be reset to a new phase by a brief expo- sure to light, but the molecular details of this resetting are not clear. In Drosophila, a light-sensitive protein crypto- chrome undergoes a conformational change in response to light and binds to a clock component, the protein TIMELESS (TIM). This interaction then triggers TIM degradation and effectively resetting the clock. By screening mutant flies that show reduced sensitivity to this light-induced resetting, Koh et al. (p. 1809) identify a gene, termed jetlag, that is neces- sary for degradation of TIM after the light pulse. JETLAG exists in a complex with TIM and increases its ubiquitination, a tag that marks the protein for degradation. Thus, JETLAG is an F-box protein that targets TIM for ubiquitination and con- sequent rapid degradation in response to light. TopoIIβ Gets to Work DNA topoisomerases regulate conformational changes in DNA topology by catalyzing DNA strand breakage and rejoining. Topoisomerase IIβ (TopoIIβ) alters DNA conformation near gene promoters, and associates with sequence-specific transcription factors and chromatin modifying and remodeling factors. Ju et al. (p. 1798; see the Perspective by Haince et al.) now show that DNA TopoIIβ gener- ates double-strand breaks at transcriptional promoters when these genes are activated in a signal- dependent manner. Subsequently, DNA repair enzymes are activated, and there is a resultant exchange in histone composition and local chromatin structure. Moving to the Seaside Humans have settled by coasts since prehistoric times. Recent impacts of such settlement have been far better documented than historical and prehistorical effects. Lotze et al. (p. 1806) quantified detailed historical baselines for 12 estuarine and coastal ecosystems in North America, Europe, and Australia since the onset of human occupation. Patterns of change were surprisingly similar at all sites. Overexploitation and habitat loss alone explained ~95% of all species declines, extinctions, and consequent shifts in diversity and ecosystem functioning. Significant recovery in upper trophic levels was seen where those impacts were restrained, indicating that well-targeted management can reverse destructive trends. . Hero DEPARTMENTS 1711 Science Online 1712 This Week in Science 1717 Editors’ Choice 1720 Contact Science 1721 NetWatch 1723 Random Samples 1741 Newsmakers 1813 New Products 1814 Science Careers COVER The. www.aaasmember.org. science_ editors@aaas.org (for general editorial queries) science_ letters@aaas.org (for queries about letters) science_ reviews@aaas.org (for returning manuscript reviews) science_ bookrevs@aaas.org. international cooperation in science and its applications; promote the responsible conduct and use of science and technology; foster education in science and technology for everyone; enhance the science and technology workforce