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12 May 2006 | $10 Need More Information? Give Us A Call: Stratagene US and Canada Order: 800-424-5444 x3 Technical Service: 800-894-1304 x2 Stratagene Japan K.K. Order: 3-5821-8077 Technical Service: 3-5821-8076 A MPLIF I C AT I ON C E LL BI O L O G Y C L ONI N G MIC R O A RRA Y S N U C L E I C A C I D A N A L Y S I S PROTEIN FUNCTION & A NA LYS I S QU A NTI T A T I V E P C R S O F T W A R E S O L U T I ONS www.stratagene.com Stratagene Europe Order: 00800-7000-7000 Technical Service: 00800-7400-7400 Performance runs in the family. Choose the personal QPCR system that’s right for you. MX3005P ™ System Most Flexible Stratagene now offers two affordable, fully-featured quantitative PCR (QPCR) systems. The new five-color Mx3005P ™ QPCR System includes expanded features to support a wider range of real-time QPCR applications, such as simultaneous five-target detection and alternative QPCR probe chemistries. The Mx3000P ® QPCR System is still the most affordably priced four-color 96-well system available. Mx3000P ® is a registered trademarkof Stratagene in the United States. Mx3005P ™ and MxPro ™ are trademarks of Stratagene in the United States. • A four- or five-color instrument, with user-selected filters • Advanced optical system design for true multiplexing capability, and wider application support • MxPro ™ QPCR Software with enhanced data analysis and export functionality MX3000P ® System Most Affordable GE Healthcare When it comes to life sciences, GE Healthcare is setting the standard. Tens of thousands of scientists in over 100 countries around the world rely on our products every day. We have delivered more than 60 000 research protein purification systems, 1500 BioProcess ™ systems and 12 000 BioProcess columns worldwide. Our Amersham family of consumables, with its 60-year heritage, is trusted to provide accurate results time and time again. But we’re never content to stand still. We constantly strive for new innovations for tomorrow’s research and drug development. And the result is groundbreaking products like the ÄKTAdesign ™ platform, IN Cell Analyzer, Ad-A-Gene Vectors, and MabSelect ™ media. Thanks to our technological achievements and global presence, we’re able to help you turn your scientific ideas into reality – bringing science to life and helping transform healthcare. We call it Life Science Re-imagined. Discover more at www.gehealthcare.com/life Bringing science to life GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, a General Electric Company. Björkgatan 30, 751 84 Uppsala, Sweden. © 2006 General Electric Company - All rights reserved. GE04-06 www.dowellstubbs.com www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 12 MAY 2006 801 CONTENTS CONTENTS continued >> DEPARTMENTS 807 Science Online 809 This Week in Science 815 Editors’ Choice 818 Contact Science 821 NetWatch 823 Random Samples 843 Newsmakers 931 New Products 932 Science Careers For related online content, see page 807 or go to www.sciencemag.org/sciext/virology EDITORIAL 813 More Silliness on the Hill by Donald Kennedy 832 & 852 Volume 312, Issue 5775 COVER The structure of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, a plant virus, in its open and closed forms, with a section of the capsid removed from the closed form to illustrate the interior cavity. This virus serves as a biotemplate for viral-based nanomaterials applications. See the Perspective on page 873, which is part of a special section beginning on page 869. Image: J. Hilmer, created with UCSF Chimera SPECIAL SECTION Topics in Virology NEWS OF THE WEEK Crisis Deepens as Scientists Fail to Rejigger 824 Space Research No Doubt About It, the World Is Warming 825 Decision on NF-κB Patent Could Have 827 Broad Implications for Biotech SCIENCESCOPE 827 Bill Would Require Free Public Access to 828 Research Papers Solid Hydrogen Not So Super After All 828 Senate Panel Chair Asks Why NSF Funds Social Sciences 829 Research Budgets Are Tight Pending 831 Science Policy Review A Call to Improve South Africa’s Journals 831 NEWS FOCUS Polio Eradication: Is It Time to Give Up? 832 >> Policy Forum p. 852 A Cure for the Common Trial 835 Probing the Social Brain 838 A Hawaiian Upstart Prepares to Monitor the 840 Starry Heavens STKE INTRODUCTION Paradigms in the Virosphere 869 NEWS Did DNA Come From Viruses? 870 PERSPECTIVE Viruses: Making Friends with Old Foes 873 T. Douglas and M. Young REVIEWS Aggresomes and Autophagy Generate Sites for Virus Replication 875 T. Wileman Type 1 Interferons and the Virus-Host Relationship: 879 A Lesson in Détente A. García-Sastre and C. A. Biron *Samples to qualified customers where available, while supplies last. ©2006 Promega Corporation. 14095-AD-MD New PureYield ™ plasmid preps deliver transfection-quality DNAin record time.Recover up to 1mg of plasmid DNAinless than 60 minutes (maxiprep) or up to 200μg in only 30 minutes (midiprep). No post-elution alcohol precipitation required. Race through your next plasmid prep. Request a FREE SAMPLE* at: www.promega.com/pureyield PROMEGA CORPORATION • www.promega.com 200 150 100 50 0 Minutes Leading Brand Time Required PureYield Midip r ep PureYield Max ip r ep Over 3Hours Break the midiprep speed limit. and m axiprep \/ www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 12 MAY 2006 803 CONTENTS continued >> SCIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org POLICY FORUM: Finding Criminals Through DNA of Their Relatives F. R. Bieber, C. H. Brenner, D. Lazer 10.1126/science.1122655 GENETICS A New Genus of African Monkey, Rungwecebus: Morphology, Ecology, and Molecular Phylogenetics T. R. B. Davenport et al. Molecular phylogenetics and morphology indicate that a recently described monkey defines a new extant African primate genus. 10.1126/science.1125631 PLANT SCIENCE AXR4 Is Required for Localization of the Auxin Influx Facilitator AUX1 S. Dharmasiri et al. An intracellular protein directs a hormone transporter to a specific destination in the plant’s root that allows it to grow selectively downward in response to gravity. >> Perspective p. 858 10.1126/science.1122847 MATERIALS SCIENCE Nanoassembly of a Fractal Polymer: A Molecular Sierpinski “Hexagonal Gasket” G. R. Newkome et al. Ligands with twofold and threefold symmetry, joined by iron and ruthenium ions, self-assemble to form 10-nanometer hexagons that in turn assemble into increasingly larger hexagons. 10.1126/science.1125894 GEOCHEMISTRY Biomarker Evidence for a Major Preservation Pathway of Sedimentary Organic Carbon Y. Hebting et al. Laboratory and field studies show that reduced carbon is preserved in rocks and oil via inorganic reactions involving sulfur species, not bacterial processing as had been thought. >> Science Express Perspective by J. M. Hayes 10.1126/science.1126372 PERSPECTIVE: The Pathway of Carbon in Nature J. M. Hayes >> Science Express Research Article by Y. Hebting et al. 10.1126/science.1128966 CONTENTS LETTERS Multiple Outbreaks and Flu Containment Plans 845 M. Lipsitch, J. M. Robins, C. E. Mills, C. T. Bergstrom Migratory Birds and Avian Flu R. Fergus et al. Reconsidering the Antiquity of Leprosy R. Pinhasi, R. Foley, H. D. Donoghue Species Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning D. E. Bunker and S. Naeem Response C. Wills and K. Harms Increase in Foreign Grad Students R. M. Yeh BOOKS ET AL. J. D. Bernal The Sage of Science 849 A. Brown, reviewed by S. de Charadevian Darwin’s Other Islands 850 P. Armstrong, reviewed by A. Sponsel POLICY FORUMS Progress Toward Rotavirus Vaccines 851 U. D. Parashar and R. I. Glass Is Polio Eradication Realistic? 852 I. Arita, M. Nakane, F. Fenner >> News story p. 832 Who Should Get Influenza Vaccine When Not All Can? 854 E. J. Emanuel and A. Wertheimer PERSPECTIVES Photosymbiosis and the Evolution of Modern 857 Coral Reefs G. D. Stanley Jr. Auxin Transport, but in Which Direction? 858 T. Sieberer and O. Leyser >> Brevia p. 883; Report p. 914; Science Express Report by S. Dharmasiri et al. Toward Devices Powered by Biomolecular Motors 860 H. Hess >> Report p. 910 Regulating Energy Balance: The Substrate Strikes Back 861 J. S. Flier >> Report p. 927 Collective Defect Behavior Under Stress 864 L. Kubin >> Report p. 889 Ships’ Logs and Archeomagnetism 865 M. Kono >> Report p. 900 TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS Comment on “Evidence for Positive Epistasis in HIV-1” 848 K. Wang, J. E. Mittler, R. Samudrala full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/312/5775/848b Response to Comment on “Evidence for Positive Epistasis in HIV-1” S. Bonhoeffer et al. full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/312/5775/848c BREVIA PLANT SCIENCE Polar PIN Localization Directs Auxin Flow in Plants 883 J. Wi´sniewska et al. The local distribution of auxin transport proteins within cells controls the direction of auxin flow in plants. >> Perspective p. 858 DAVENPORT et al. Innovative DNA and RNA prep technologies designed to save time and produce better data downstream. Innovative ChargeSwitch ® technology delivers fast, simple, effective nucleic acid purification from all types of samples. Save time and eliminate steps with fast, inhibitor-free purification. Allwithoutethanolorchaotropicsalts.Andit’sjustoneexampleofhowInvitrogenistransformingsample prep. For good. Get ready at www.invitrogen.co m / napq. ESS R UTINE. MRE RE OLUT ONARY. © 2006 Invitrogen Corporation. All rights reserved. These products may be covered by one or more Limited Use Label Licenses (see the Invitrogen catalog or our website, www.invitrogen.com). www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 12 MAY 2006 805 CONTENTS CONTENTS continued >> REPORTS MATERIALS SCIENCE Virus-Enabled Synthesis and Assembly of Nanowires 885 for Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes K. T. Nam et al. Viruses provide a template for growing cobalt oxide nanowires that can be used as battery electrodes, and cobalt oxide–gold hybrid wires that enhance the capacity of nanobatteries. MATERIALS SCIENCE Formation and Subdivision of Deformation 889 Structures During Plastic Deformation B. Jakobsen et al. X-ray observations reveal that as copper is stretched, grains become ordered along dislocations, and some grains located elsewhere shrink, grow, or split. >> Perspective p. 864 PHYSICS Simultaneous Negative Phase and Group Velocity of 892 Light in a Metamaterial G. Dolling, C. Enkrich, M. Wegener, C. M. Soukoulis, S. Linden Light passing through a material with a negative index of refraction simultaneously exhibits negative phase and group velocities. PHYSICS Observation of Backward Pulse Propagation Through 895 a Medium with a Negative Group Velocity G. M. Gehring et al. A light pulse is reshaped as it passes through an optical fiber with a negative refractive index, causing the peak to travel in a backward direction, opposing the flow of energy. PALEONTOLOGY Statistical Independence of Escalatory Ecological 897 Trends in Phanerozoic Marine Invertebrates J. S. Madin et al. A rich marine fossil database implies that although carnivores and their prey have both diversified greatly, their interactions were not the main cause of this evolving diversity. GEOPHYSICS Fall in Earth’s Magnetic Field Is Erratic 900 D. Gubbins, A. L. Jones, C. C. Finlay Early directional measurements of Earth’s magnetic field combined with archaeological samples show that the field’s strength only began to decline after 1840. >> Perspective p. 865 MEDICINE Impaired Control of IRES-Mediated Translation in 902 X-Linked Dyskeratosis Congenita A. Yoon et al. A rare disease that increases cancer susceptibility is caused by defective protein synthesis from messenger RNAs that are translated from an internal start site. SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals Mail postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2006 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individual membership and subscription (51 issues): $139 ($74 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $650; Foreign postage extra: Mexico, Caribbean (surface mail) $55; other countries (air assist delivery) $85. First class, airmail, student, and emeritus rates on request. Canadian rates with GST available upon request, GST #1254 88122. Publications Mail Agreement Number 1069624. Printed in the U.S.A. Change of address: Allow 4 weeks, giving old and new addresses and 8-digit account number. Postmaster: Send change of address to AAAS, P.O. Box 96178, Washington, DC 20090–6178. Single-copy sales: $10.00 current issue, $15.00 back issue prepaid includes surface postage; bulk rates on request. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by AAAS to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that $18.00 per article is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification code for Science is 0036-8075. Science is indexed in the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature and in several specialized indexes. 858, 883, & 914 BIOCHEMISTRY RNA Recognition and Cleavage by a Splicing 906 Endonuclease S. Xue, K. Calvin, H. Li The two catalytic subunits of a dimeric enzyme that cleaves RNA at two sites interact reciprocally. MATERIALS SCIENCE Molecular Sorting by Electrical Steering of 910 Microtubules in Kinesin-Coated Channels M. G. L. van den Heuvel, M. P. de Graaff, C. Dekker Microtubules moving through kinesin motor–coated channels can be steered by alternating electric fields. >> Perspective p. 860 PLANT SCIENCE PIN Proteins Perform a Rate-Limiting Function in 914 Cellular Auxin Efflux J. Petrá˘s ek et al. Inserting a specific plant protein and its regulated hormone auxin into nonplant cells shows that the protein can move auxin out of cells on its own. >> Perspective p. 858 MICROBIOLOGY Oceanographic Basis of the Global Surface 918 Distribution of Prochlorococcus Ecotypes H. A. Bouman et al. A global census of an abundant photosynthetic marine bacterium reveals that its distribution is predicted by light, nutrients, and other oceanographic parameters. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Wnt Gradient Formation Requires Retromer 921 Function in Wnt-Producing Cells D. Y. M. Coudreuse et al. A multiprotein complex that transports molecules into cells is required for formation of a protein gradient that patterns developing tissues in animals. NEUROSCIENCE Ischemia Opens Neuronal Gap Junction 924 Hemichannels R. J. Thompson, N. Zhou, B. A. MacVicar When neurons are deprived of oxygen and glucose, the gap-junctional channels between them open, interfering with appropriate ion flow. NEUROSCIENCE Hypothalamic mTOR Signaling Regulates Food Intake 927 D. Cota et al. In addition to responding to carbohydrates and fat in the blood, neurons in the brain can also be activated by blood-borne amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. >> Perspective p. 861 amplification Visit us on the Web at discover.bio-rad.com Call toll free at 1-800-4BIORAD (1-800-424-6723); outside the US, contact yourlocal sales office. Notice regarding Bio-Rad thermal cyclers and real-time systems. 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GE04-06 www.dowellstubbs.com www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 12 MAY 2006 801 CONTENTS CONTENTS continued >> DEPARTMENTS 807 Science Online 809 This Week in Science 815 Editors’ Choice 818 Contact Science 821. bringing science to life and helping transform healthcare. We call it Life Science Re-imagined. Discover more at www.gehealthcare.com/life Bringing science to life GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences. 3Hours Break the midiprep speed limit. and m axiprep / www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 312 12 MAY 2006 803 CONTENTS continued >> SCIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org POLICY FORUM: Finding Criminals